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Welsh Marches

The Welsh Marches (Welsh: Y Mers) is an imprecisely defined area along the border between England and Wales in the United Kingdom. The precise meaning of the term has varied at different periods.

The English term Welsh March (in Medieval Latin Marchia Walliae)[1] was originally used in the Middle Ages to denote the marches between England and the Principality of Wales, in which Marcher lords had specific rights, exercised to some extent independently of the king of England. In modern usage, "the Marches" is often used to describe those English counties which lie along the border with Wales, particularly Shropshire and Herefordshire, and sometimes adjoining areas of Wales. However, at one time the Marches included all of the historic counties of Cheshire, Shropshire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire and Gloucestershire.

Etymology edit

The term March is from the 13th-century Middle English marche ("border region, frontier"). The term was borrowed from Old French marche ("limit, boundary"), itself borrowed from a Frankish term derived from Proto-Germanic *markō ("border, area"). The term is a doublet of English mark, and is cognate with German Mark ("boundary").[2] Cognates are found in the English toponyms "Mercia" and "Mersey", and in continental place-names containing mark, such as "Denmark".

The term is distantly related to the verb march, both ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *mereg-, "edge" or "boundary".

Origins: Mercia and the Welsh edit

 
Offa's Dyke near Clun in Shropshire

After the decline and fall of the Roman Empire which occupied southern Britain until about AD 410, the area which is now Wales comprised a number of separate Romano-British kingdoms, including Powys in the east. Over the next few centuries, the Angles, Saxons and others gradually conquered and settled in eastern and southern Britain. The kingdom of Mercia, under Penda, became established around Lichfield, and initially established strong alliances with the Welsh kings.

However, his successors sought to expand Mercia further westwards into what is now Cheshire, Shropshire and Herefordshire. As the power of Mercia grew, a string of garrisoned market towns such as Shrewsbury and Hereford defined the borderlands as much as Offa's Dyke, a stronger and longer boundary earthwork erected by order of Offa of Mercia between AD 757 and 796. The Dyke still exists, and can best be seen at Knighton, close to the modern border between England and Wales.[3] Campaigns and raids from Powys led, possibly around about AD 820, to the building of Wat's Dyke, a boundary earthwork extending from the Severn valley near Oswestry to the Dee estuary.[4][5]

In the centuries which followed, Offa's Dyke largely remained the frontier between the Welsh and English. Æthelstan, often seen as the first king of a united England, summoned the British kings to a meeting at Hereford in AD 926, and according to William of Malmesbury laid down the boundary between Wales and England, particularly the disputed southern stretch where he specified that the River Wye should form the boundary.[6]

By the mid-eleventh century, Wales was united under Gruffydd ap Llywelyn of Gwynedd, until his death in 1063.[citation needed]

The Marches in the Middle Ages edit

Immediately after the Norman Conquest, King William of England installed three of his most trusted confidants, Hugh d'Avranches, Roger de Montgomerie, and William FitzOsbern, as Earls of Chester, Shrewsbury and Hereford respectively, with responsibilities for containing and subduing the Welsh. The process took a century and was never permanently effective.[7]

The term "March of Wales" was first used in the Domesday Book of 1086. Over the next four centuries, Norman lords established mostly small marcher lordships between the Dee and Severn, and further west. Military adventurers went to Wales from Normandy and elsewhere and after raiding an area of Wales, then fortified it and granted land to some of their supporters.[8]

One example was Bernard de Neufmarché, responsible for conquering and pacifying the Welsh kingdom of Brycheiniog. The precise dates and means of formation of the lordships varied, as did their size.

 
Wales in the 14th Century showing Marcher Lordships

The March, or Marchia Wallie, was to a greater or lesser extent independent of both the English monarchy and the Principality of Wales or Pura Wallia, which remained based in Gwynedd in the north west of the country. By about AD 1100 the March covered the areas which would later become Monmouthshire and much of Flintshire, Montgomeryshire, Radnorshire, Brecknockshire, Glamorgan, Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire. Ultimately, this amounted to about two-thirds of Wales.[4][9][10]

During the period, the Marches were a frontier society in every sense, and a stamp was set on the region that lasted into the time of the Industrial Revolution. Hundreds of small castles were built in the border area in the 12th and 13th centuries, predominantly by Norman lords as assertions of power as well as defences against Welsh raiders and rebels. The area still contains Britain's densest concentration of motte-and-bailey castles. The Marcher lords encouraged immigration from all the Norman-Angevin realms, and encouraged trade from "fair haven" ports like Cardiff. Peasants went to Wales in large numbers: Henry I encouraged Bretons, Flemings, Normans, and English settlers to move into the south of Wales. Many new towns were established, some such as Chepstow, Monmouth, Ludlow and Newtown becoming successful trading centres, and these tended also to be a focus of English settlement. At the same time, the Welsh continued to attack English soil and supported rebellions against the Normans.[4]

The Norman lords each had similar rights to the Welsh princes. Each owed personal allegiance, as subjects, to the English king whom they were bound to support in times of war, but their lands were exempt from royal taxation and they possessed rights which elsewhere were reserved to the crown, such as the rights to create forests, markets and boroughs.[10]

The lordships were geographically compact and jurisdictionally separate one from another, and their privileges differentiated them from English lordships. Marcher lords ruled their lands by their own law—sicut regale ("like unto a king") as Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester stated[11] — whereas in England fief-holders were directly accountable to the king. The crown's powers in the Marches were normally limited to those periods when the king held a lordship in its own hands, such as when it was forfeited for treason or on the death of the lord without a legitimate heir whereupon the title reverted to the Crown in escheat. At the top of a culturally diverse, intensely feudalised and local society, the Marcher barons combined the authority of feudal lord and vassal of the King among their Normans, and of supplanting the traditional tywysog among their conquered Welsh. However, Welsh law was sometimes used in the Marches in preference to English law, and there were disputes as to which code should be used to decide a particular case. From this developed the distinctive March law.[4][5][11]

The Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284 followed the conquest of the Principality by Edward I of England. It assumed the lands held by the Princes of Gwynedd under the title "Prince of Wales" as legally part of the lands of the Crown, and established shire counties on the English model over those areas. The Marcher Lords were progressively tied to the English kings by the grants of lands and lordships in England, where control was stricter, and where many marcher lords spent most of their time, and through the English kings' dynastic alliances with the great magnates. The Council of Wales and the Marches, administered from Ludlow Castle, was initially established in 1472 by Edward IV of England to govern the lands held under the Principality of Wales which had become directly administered by the English crown following the Edwardian conquest of Wales in the 13th century.[12]

The end of Marcher powers edit

Marches in Wales Act 1534
Act of Parliament
 
Long titleAn Act that Murthers and Felonies done or committed within any Lordship Marcher in Wales, shall be inquired of at the Sessions holden within the Shire Grounds next adjoining; with many goods Orders for Ministration of Justice there to be had.
Citation26 Hen. 8. c. 6
Dates
Royal assent18 December 1534

By the 16th century, many marcher lordships had passed into the hands of the crown, as the result of the accessions of Henry IV, who was previously Duke of Lancaster, and Edward IV, the heir of the Earls of March; of the attainder of other lords during the Wars of the Roses; and of other events. The crown was also directly responsible for the government of the Principality of Wales, which had its own institutions and was, like England, divided into counties. The jurisdiction of the remaining marcher lords was therefore seen as an anomaly, and their independence from the crown enabled criminals from England to evade justice by moving into the area and claiming "marcher liberties".[citation needed]

Under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 introduced under Henry VIII, the jurisdiction of the marcher lords was abolished in 1536. The Acts had the effect of annexing Wales with England and creating a single state and legal jurisdiction, commonly referred to as England and Wales. The powers of the marcher lordships were abolished, and their areas were organised into the new Welsh counties of Denbighshire, Montgomeryshire, Radnorshire, Brecknockshire, Monmouthshire, and Carmarthenshire. The counties of Pembrokeshire and Glamorgan were created by adding other districts to existing lordships. In place of assize courts of England, there were Courts of Great Sessions. These administered English law, in contrast with the marcher lordships, which had administered Welsh law for their Welsh subjects. Some lordships were added to adjoining English counties: Ludlow, Clun, Caus and part of Montgomery were incorporated into Shropshire; Wigmore, Huntington, Clifford and most of Ewyas were included in Herefordshire; and that part of Chepstow east of the River Wye was included in Gloucestershire.[4]

The Council of Wales, based at Ludlow Castle, was reconstituted as the Council of Wales and the Marches, with statutory responsibilities for the whole of Wales together with, initially, Cheshire, Shropshire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire and Gloucestershire. The City of Bristol was exempted in 1562, and Cheshire in 1569.[13][14]

The Council was eventually abolished in 1689, following the "Glorious Revolution" which overthrew James II (VII of Scotland) and established William III (William of Orange) as king.[citation needed]

List of Marcher lordships and successor shires edit

List of Marcher lordships and successor shires:[8]

The Marches today edit

 
Welsh Marches Line
 
A Class 175 'Coradia' running through currently closed Dinmore railway station, Herefordshire on the Welsh Marches Line on an Arriva Trains Wales service.

There is no modern legal or official definition of the extent of the Welsh Marches. However, the term the Welsh Marches (or sometimes just the Marches) is commonly used to describe those English counties which lie along the border with Wales, particularly Shropshire and Herefordshire.[16] The term is also sometimes applied to parts of Powys, Monmouthshire and Wrexham.[17]

The Welsh Marches Line is a railway line from Newport in the south of Wales to Shrewsbury, via Abergavenny, Hereford, and Craven Arms.

The Marches Way is a long distance footpath which connects Chester in the north of England, via Whitchurch, Shrewsbury, Leominster and Abergavenny to the Welsh capital, Cardiff.

The Marches School is a secondary school in Oswestry, Shropshire. The school has several meeting rooms named in Welsh, and has students and staff from both sides of the border.

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Often rendered Marcia Wallie in documents.
  2. ^ "march". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  3. ^ David Hill and Margaret Worthington, Offa's Dyke – history and guide, Tempus Publishing, 2003; ISBN 0-7524-1958-7
  4. ^ a b c d e John Davies, A History of Wales, Penguin, 1993; ISBN 0-14-028475-3
  5. ^ a b Trevor Rowley, The Welsh Border – archaeology, history and landscape, Tempus Publishing, 1986; ISBN 0-7524-1917-X
  6. ^ Roderick, A. J. (1952). "The feudal relation between the English crown and the Welsh princes". The Journal of the Historical Association. 37 (131): 201–212. doi:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1952.tb00238.x. from the original on 27 August 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  7. ^ "Norman Castles". www.castlewales.com. from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 20 December 2008.
  8. ^ a b Max Lieberman, The March of Wales, 1067–1300: a borderland of medieval Britain, University of Wales Press, 2008; ISBN 978-0-7083-2115-7
  9. ^ Davies, R. R., The Age of Conquest: Wales 1063–1415 (Oxford 1987, 2000 edition), pp. 271–88.
  10. ^ a b Paul Courtney, The Marcher Lordships: Origins, Descent and Organization, in The Gwent County History Vol. 2, University of Wales Press, Cardiff, 2008; ISBN 978-0-7083-2072-3
  11. ^ a b Nelson, Lynn H., 1966. The Normans in South Wales 10 April 2005 at the Wayback Machine, 1070–1171 (Austin and London: University of Texas Press)
  12. ^ William Searle Holdsworth, A History of English Law, Little, Brown, and Company, 1912, pg. 502
  13. ^ "Welsh Joint Education Committee: The Council of Wales and the Marches". from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 20 December 2008.
  14. ^ Marriott, Sir John Arthur Ransome (17 June 1938). This Realm of England; Monarchy, Aristocracy, Democracy. Books for Libraries Press. ISBN 9780836956115. from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2016 – via Google Books.
  15. ^ P. Brown, P. King, and P. Remfry, 'Whittington Castle: The marcher fortress of the Fitz Warin family', Shropshire Archaeology and History LXXIX (2004), 106–127.
  16. ^ "The Marches". The Marches Local Enterprise Partnership. from the original on 23 July 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016."The Welsh Marches". Ludlow.org.uk. from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
  17. ^ "The Autumn Epic, Welsh Marches, Powys". TheGuardian.com. 2 March 2007. from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016."Discover Herefordshire and the Southern Marches". Countryfile.com. from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016."Chirk Castle – Magnificent medieval fortress of the Welsh Marches". NationalTrust.org.uk. from the original on 10 July 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2016.

References edit

Attribution

Further reading edit

  • Allott, Andrew. 2011, Marches. Collins New Naturalist Library. London.
  • Davies, R. R., The Age of Conquest: Wales 1063–1415 (Oxford 1987, 2000 edition), pp. 271–88.
  • Davies, R. R. Lordship and Society in the March of Wales, 1282–1400 (1978).
  • Freeman, Edward Augustus Freeman, 1871. The History of the Norman Conquest of England: Its Causes and Its Results, (Clarendon Press, London)
  • Froude, James Anthony, 1881. History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Death of Elizabeth (London, Published by C. Scribner's sons) pp. 380–384.
  • Lieberman, Max (2001). The Medieval March of Wales: The Creation and Perception of a Frontier, 1066–1283. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76978-5. OCLC 459211474.
  • Reeves, A. Compton (1983), The Marcher Lords
  • Skeel, C. A. J. "The Council in the Marches of Wales", Hugh Rees Ltd. London (1904)

52°N 3°W / 52°N 3°W / 52; -3

welsh, marches, welsh, mers, imprecisely, defined, area, along, border, between, england, wales, united, kingdom, precise, meaning, term, varied, different, periods, english, term, welsh, march, medieval, latin, marchia, walliae, originally, used, middle, ages. The Welsh Marches Welsh Y Mers is an imprecisely defined area along the border between England and Wales in the United Kingdom The precise meaning of the term has varied at different periods The English term Welsh March in Medieval Latin Marchia Walliae 1 was originally used in the Middle Ages to denote the marches between England and the Principality of Wales in which Marcher lords had specific rights exercised to some extent independently of the king of England In modern usage the Marches is often used to describe those English counties which lie along the border with Wales particularly Shropshire and Herefordshire and sometimes adjoining areas of Wales However at one time the Marches included all of the historic counties of Cheshire Shropshire Herefordshire Worcestershire and Gloucestershire Contents 1 Etymology 2 Origins Mercia and the Welsh 3 The Marches in the Middle Ages 4 The end of Marcher powers 4 1 List of Marcher lordships and successor shires 5 The Marches today 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further readingEtymology editThe term March is from the 13th century Middle English marche border region frontier The term was borrowed from Old French marche limit boundary itself borrowed from a Frankish term derived from Proto Germanic markō border area The term is a doublet of English mark and is cognate with German Mark boundary 2 Cognates are found in the English toponyms Mercia and Mersey and in continental place names containing mark such as Denmark The term is distantly related to the verb march both ultimately derived from Proto Indo European mereg edge or boundary Origins Mercia and the Welsh edit nbsp Offa s Dyke near Clun in ShropshireAfter the decline and fall of the Roman Empire which occupied southern Britain until about AD 410 the area which is now Wales comprised a number of separate Romano British kingdoms including Powys in the east Over the next few centuries the Angles Saxons and others gradually conquered and settled in eastern and southern Britain The kingdom of Mercia under Penda became established around Lichfield and initially established strong alliances with the Welsh kings However his successors sought to expand Mercia further westwards into what is now Cheshire Shropshire and Herefordshire As the power of Mercia grew a string of garrisoned market towns such as Shrewsbury and Hereford defined the borderlands as much as Offa s Dyke a stronger and longer boundary earthwork erected by order of Offa of Mercia between AD 757 and 796 The Dyke still exists and can best be seen at Knighton close to the modern border between England and Wales 3 Campaigns and raids from Powys led possibly around about AD 820 to the building of Wat s Dyke a boundary earthwork extending from the Severn valley near Oswestry to the Dee estuary 4 5 In the centuries which followed Offa s Dyke largely remained the frontier between the Welsh and English AEthelstan often seen as the first king of a united England summoned the British kings to a meeting at Hereford in AD 926 and according to William of Malmesbury laid down the boundary between Wales and England particularly the disputed southern stretch where he specified that the River Wye should form the boundary 6 By the mid eleventh century Wales was united under Gruffydd ap Llywelyn of Gwynedd until his death in 1063 citation needed The Marches in the Middle Ages editImmediately after the Norman Conquest King William of England installed three of his most trusted confidants Hugh d Avranches Roger de Montgomerie and William FitzOsbern as Earls of Chester Shrewsbury and Hereford respectively with responsibilities for containing and subduing the Welsh The process took a century and was never permanently effective 7 The term March of Wales was first used in the Domesday Book of 1086 Over the next four centuries Norman lords established mostly small marcher lordships between the Dee and Severn and further west Military adventurers went to Wales from Normandy and elsewhere and after raiding an area of Wales then fortified it and granted land to some of their supporters 8 One example was Bernard de Neufmarche responsible for conquering and pacifying the Welsh kingdom of Brycheiniog The precise dates and means of formation of the lordships varied as did their size nbsp Wales in the 14th Century showing Marcher LordshipsThe March or Marchia Wallie was to a greater or lesser extent independent of both the English monarchy and the Principality of Wales or Pura Wallia which remained based in Gwynedd in the north west of the country By about AD 1100 the March covered the areas which would later become Monmouthshire and much of Flintshire Montgomeryshire Radnorshire Brecknockshire Glamorgan Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire Ultimately this amounted to about two thirds of Wales 4 9 10 During the period the Marches were a frontier society in every sense and a stamp was set on the region that lasted into the time of the Industrial Revolution Hundreds of small castles were built in the border area in the 12th and 13th centuries predominantly by Norman lords as assertions of power as well as defences against Welsh raiders and rebels The area still contains Britain s densest concentration of motte and bailey castles The Marcher lords encouraged immigration from all the Norman Angevin realms and encouraged trade from fair haven ports like Cardiff Peasants went to Wales in large numbers Henry I encouraged Bretons Flemings Normans and English settlers to move into the south of Wales Many new towns were established some such as Chepstow Monmouth Ludlow and Newtown becoming successful trading centres and these tended also to be a focus of English settlement At the same time the Welsh continued to attack English soil and supported rebellions against the Normans 4 The Norman lords each had similar rights to the Welsh princes Each owed personal allegiance as subjects to the English king whom they were bound to support in times of war but their lands were exempt from royal taxation and they possessed rights which elsewhere were reserved to the crown such as the rights to create forests markets and boroughs 10 The lordships were geographically compact and jurisdictionally separate one from another and their privileges differentiated them from English lordships Marcher lords ruled their lands by their own law sicut regale like unto a king as Gilbert de Clare 7th Earl of Gloucester stated 11 whereas in England fief holders were directly accountable to the king The crown s powers in the Marches were normally limited to those periods when the king held a lordship in its own hands such as when it was forfeited for treason or on the death of the lord without a legitimate heir whereupon the title reverted to the Crown in escheat At the top of a culturally diverse intensely feudalised and local society the Marcher barons combined the authority of feudal lord and vassal of the King among their Normans and of supplanting the traditional tywysog among their conquered Welsh However Welsh law was sometimes used in the Marches in preference to English law and there were disputes as to which code should be used to decide a particular case From this developed the distinctive March law 4 5 11 The Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284 followed the conquest of the Principality by Edward I of England It assumed the lands held by the Princes of Gwynedd under the title Prince of Wales as legally part of the lands of the Crown and established shire counties on the English model over those areas The Marcher Lords were progressively tied to the English kings by the grants of lands and lordships in England where control was stricter and where many marcher lords spent most of their time and through the English kings dynastic alliances with the great magnates The Council of Wales and the Marches administered from Ludlow Castle was initially established in 1472 by Edward IV of England to govern the lands held under the Principality of Wales which had become directly administered by the English crown following the Edwardian conquest of Wales in the 13th century 12 The end of Marcher powers editMarches in Wales Act 1534Act of Parliament nbsp Parliament of EnglandLong titleAn Act that Murthers and Felonies done or committed within any Lordship Marcher in Wales shall be inquired of at the Sessions holden within the Shire Grounds next adjoining with many goods Orders for Ministration of Justice there to be had Citation26 Hen 8 c 6DatesRoyal assent18 December 1534By the 16th century many marcher lordships had passed into the hands of the crown as the result of the accessions of Henry IV who was previously Duke of Lancaster and Edward IV the heir of the Earls of March of the attainder of other lords during the Wars of the Roses and of other events The crown was also directly responsible for the government of the Principality of Wales which had its own institutions and was like England divided into counties The jurisdiction of the remaining marcher lords was therefore seen as an anomaly and their independence from the crown enabled criminals from England to evade justice by moving into the area and claiming marcher liberties citation needed Under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 1542 introduced under Henry VIII the jurisdiction of the marcher lords was abolished in 1536 The Acts had the effect of annexing Wales with England and creating a single state and legal jurisdiction commonly referred to as England and Wales The powers of the marcher lordships were abolished and their areas were organised into the new Welsh counties of Denbighshire Montgomeryshire Radnorshire Brecknockshire Monmouthshire and Carmarthenshire The counties of Pembrokeshire and Glamorgan were created by adding other districts to existing lordships In place of assize courts of England there were Courts of Great Sessions These administered English law in contrast with the marcher lordships which had administered Welsh law for their Welsh subjects Some lordships were added to adjoining English counties Ludlow Clun Caus and part of Montgomery were incorporated into Shropshire Wigmore Huntington Clifford and most of Ewyas were included in Herefordshire and that part of Chepstow east of the River Wye was included in Gloucestershire 4 The Council of Wales based at Ludlow Castle was reconstituted as the Council of Wales and the Marches with statutory responsibilities for the whole of Wales together with initially Cheshire Shropshire Herefordshire Worcestershire and Gloucestershire The City of Bristol was exempted in 1562 and Cheshire in 1569 13 14 The Council was eventually abolished in 1689 following the Glorious Revolution which overthrew James II VII of Scotland and established William III William of Orange as king citation needed List of Marcher lordships and successor shires edit See also List of Marcher lordships nbsp Chester Shrewsbury Oswestry Ludlow Hereford Gloucester Wrexham Welshpool Monmouth Map illustrating the traditional counties considered to form the Welsh Marches List of Marcher lordships and successor shires 8 FlintshireFlint Hawarden Hopedale Maelor Saesneg MoldDenbighshireBromfield and Yale Chirkland Denbigh Ruthin Dyffryn Clwyd MontgomeryshireCaus part Cedewain Ceri Montgomery part Powys RadnorshireCwmwd Deuddor Elfael Glasbury Gwrtheyrnion Maelienydd RadnorBrecknockshireBlaenllyfni Brecon Builth HayMonmouthshireAbergavenny Caerleon Chepstow part Ewyas Lacy part Gwynllwg Wentloog Monmouth Usk GlamorganLordship of Glamorgan Lordship of GowerCarmarthenshireCantref Bychan Kidwelly Emlyn Llansteffan Laugharne St ClearsPembrokeshireCemais Cilgerran Haverford Llawhaden Narberth Pebidiog Pembroke Transferred to English shiresBishop s Castle Shropshire Caus part Shropshire Chepstow part Gloucestershire Clifford Herefordshire Clun Shropshire Ewyas Lacy part Herefordshire Kington Herefordshire Knighton partly in Shropshire Huntington Herefordshire Montgomery part Shropshire Oswestry Shropshire Whittington Shropshire 15 Wigmore Herefordshire The Marches today edit nbsp Welsh Marches Line nbsp A Class 175 Coradia running through currently closed Dinmore railway station Herefordshire on the Welsh Marches Line on an Arriva Trains Wales service There is no modern legal or official definition of the extent of the Welsh Marches However the term the Welsh Marches or sometimes just the Marches is commonly used to describe those English counties which lie along the border with Wales particularly Shropshire and Herefordshire 16 The term is also sometimes applied to parts of Powys Monmouthshire and Wrexham 17 The Welsh Marches Line is a railway line from Newport in the south of Wales to Shrewsbury via Abergavenny Hereford and Craven Arms The Marches Way is a long distance footpath which connects Chester in the north of England via Whitchurch Shrewsbury Leominster and Abergavenny to the Welsh capital Cardiff The Marches School is a secondary school in Oswestry Shropshire The school has several meeting rooms named in Welsh and has students and staff from both sides of the border See also editMarches for other examples including Scottish Marches between England and Scotland Council of the Marches Earl of March some of the dynastic families controlling the Welsh Marches Welsh Lost Lands England Wales border A49 main road that runs north south through the Marches Honour of Richmond History of Gwynedd during the High Middle Ages Category Towns of the Welsh Marches Category Counties of the Welsh MarchesNotes edit Often rendered Marcia Wallie in documents march Online Etymology Dictionary Retrieved 1 November 2023 David Hill and Margaret Worthington Offa s Dyke history and guide Tempus Publishing 2003 ISBN 0 7524 1958 7 a b c d e John Davies A History of Wales Penguin 1993 ISBN 0 14 028475 3 a b Trevor Rowley The Welsh Border archaeology history and landscape Tempus Publishing 1986 ISBN 0 7524 1917 X Roderick A J 1952 The feudal relation between the English crown and the Welsh princes The Journal of the Historical Association 37 131 201 212 doi 10 1111 j 1468 229X 1952 tb00238 x Archived from the original on 27 August 2020 Retrieved 27 August 2020 Norman Castles www castlewales com Archived from the original on 20 December 2008 Retrieved 20 December 2008 a b Max Lieberman The March of Wales 1067 1300 a borderland of medieval Britain University of Wales Press 2008 ISBN 978 0 7083 2115 7 Davies R R The Age of Conquest Wales 1063 1415 Oxford 1987 2000 edition pp 271 88 a b Paul Courtney The Marcher Lordships Origins Descent and Organization in The Gwent County History Vol 2 University of Wales Press Cardiff 2008 ISBN 978 0 7083 2072 3 a b Nelson Lynn H 1966 The Normans in South WalesArchived 10 April 2005 at the Wayback Machine 1070 1171 Austin and London University of Texas Press William Searle Holdsworth A History of English Law Little Brown and Company 1912 pg 502 Welsh Joint Education Committee The Council of Wales and the Marches Archived from the original on 4 March 2009 Retrieved 20 December 2008 Marriott Sir John Arthur Ransome 17 June 1938 This Realm of England Monarchy Aristocracy Democracy Books for Libraries Press ISBN 9780836956115 Archived from the original on 15 May 2019 Retrieved 7 February 2016 via Google Books P Brown P King and P Remfry Whittington Castle The marcher fortress of the Fitz Warin family Shropshire Archaeology and History LXXIX 2004 106 127 The Marches The Marches Local Enterprise Partnership Archived from the original on 23 July 2016 Retrieved 30 June 2016 The Welsh Marches Ludlow org uk Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 Retrieved 30 June 2016 The Autumn Epic Welsh Marches Powys TheGuardian com 2 March 2007 Archived from the original on 22 August 2016 Retrieved 30 June 2016 Discover Herefordshire and the Southern Marches Countryfile com Archived from the original on 15 August 2016 Retrieved 30 June 2016 Chirk Castle Magnificent medieval fortress of the Welsh Marches NationalTrust org uk Archived from the original on 10 July 2016 Retrieved 30 June 2016 References editAttribution nbsp This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 March Earls of Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 17 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 685 688 Further reading editAllott Andrew 2011 Marches Collins New Naturalist Library London Davies R R The Age of Conquest Wales 1063 1415 Oxford 1987 2000 edition pp 271 88 Davies R R Lordship and Society in the March of Wales 1282 1400 1978 Freeman Edward Augustus Freeman 1871 The History of the Norman Conquest of England Its Causes and Its Results Clarendon Press London Froude James Anthony 1881 History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Death of Elizabeth London Published by C Scribner s sons pp 380 384 Lieberman Max 2001 The Medieval March of Wales The Creation and Perception of a Frontier 1066 1283 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 76978 5 OCLC 459211474 Reeves A Compton 1983 The Marcher Lords Skeel C A J The Council in the Marches of Wales Hugh Rees Ltd London 1904 52 N 3 W 52 N 3 W 52 3 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Welsh Marches amp oldid 1201033634, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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