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Wikipedia

Mebendazole

March 13, 2024

Mebendazole (MBZ), sold under the brand name Vermox among others, is a medication used to treat a number of parasitic worm infestations.[5] This includes ascariasis, pinworm infection, hookworm infections, guinea worm infections, hydatid disease, and giardia, among others.[5] It is taken by mouth.[5]

Mebendazole
Clinical data
Trade namesVermox,[1] Ovex, others
Other namesMBZ
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa682315
License data
Pregnancy
category
Routes of
administration		By mouth
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: S2 (Pharmacy medicine) / S5 and S6 for treatment of animals
  • CA: ℞-only / and OTC for treatment of animals[3]
  • UK: POM (Prescription only) / P[4]
  • US: ℞-only
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability2–10%
Protein binding95%
MetabolismExtensive liver
Elimination half-life3–6 hours
ExcretionFeces, urine (5–10%)
Identifiers
  • Methyl (5-benzoyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)carbamate
CAS Number
  • 31431-39-7 Y
PubChem CID
  • 4030
DrugBank
  • DB00643 Y
ChemSpider
  • 3890 Y
UNII
  • 81G6I5V05I
KEGG
  • D00368 Y
ChEBI
  • CHEBI:6704 Y
ChEMBL
  • ChEMBL685 Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
  • DTXSID4040682
ECHA InfoCard100.046.017
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC16H13N3O3
Molar mass295.298 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • Interactive image
Melting point288.5 °C (551.3 °F)
  • COC(=O)Nc3nc2ccc(C(=O)c1ccccc1)cc2[nH]3
  • InChI=1S/C16H13N3O3/c1-22-16(21)19-15-17-12-8-7-11(9-13(12)18-15)14(20)10-5-3-2-4-6-10/h2-9H,1H3,(H2,17,18,19,21) Y
  • Key:OPXLLQIJSORQAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y
  (verify)

Mebendazole is usually well tolerated.[5] Common side effects include headache, vomiting, and ringing in the ears.[5] If used at large doses it may cause bone marrow suppression.[5] It is unclear if it is safe in pregnancy.[5][2] Mebendazole is a broad-spectrum antihelminthic agent of the benzimidazole type.[5]

Mebendazole came into use in 1971, after it was developed by Janssen Pharmaceutica in Belgium.[6] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[7] Mebendazole is available as a generic medication.[8]

Medical use edit

Mebendazole is a highly effective, broad-spectrum antihelmintic indicated for the treatment of nematode infestations, including roundworm, hookworm, whipworm, threadworm (pinworm), and the intestinal form of trichinosis prior to its spread into the tissues beyond the digestive tract. Other drugs are used to treat worm infections outside the digestive tract, as mebendazole is poorly absorbed into the bloodstream.[9] Mebendazole is used alone in those with mild to moderate infestations. It kills parasites relatively slowly, and in those with very heavy infestations, it can cause some parasites to migrate out of the digestive system, leading to appendicitis, bile duct problems, or intestinal perforation. To avoid this, heavily infested patients may be treated with piperazine, either before or instead of mebendazole. Piperazine paralyses the parasites, causing them to pass in the feces.[10] It is also used rarely in the treatment of cystic echinococcosis, also known as hydatid disease. Evidence for effectiveness for this disease, however, is poor.[11]

Mebendazole and other benzimidazole antithelmetics are active against both larval and adult stages of nematodes, and in the cases of roundworm and whipworm, kill the eggs, as well. Paralysis and death of the parasites occurs slowly, and elimination in the feces may require several days.[9]

Special populations edit

Mebendazole has been shown to cause ill effects in pregnancy in animal models, and no adequate studies of its effects in human pregnancy have been conducted.[2] Whether it can be passed by breastfeeding is unknown.[12][2]

Adverse effects edit

Mebendazole sometimes causes diarrhea, abdominal pain, and elevated liver enzymes. In rare cases, it has been associated with a dangerously low white blood cell count, low platelet count, and hair loss,[12][13] with a risk of agranulocytosis in rare cases.

Drug interactions edit

Carbamazepine and phenytoin lower serum levels of mebendazole. Cimetidine does not appreciably raise serum mebendazole (in contrast to the similar drug albendazole), consistent with its poor systemic absorption.[14][15]

Stevens–Johnson syndrome and the more severe toxic epidermal necrolysis can occur when mebendazole is combined with high doses of metronidazole.[16]

Mechanism edit

Mebendazole works by selectively inhibiting the synthesis of microtubules via binding to the colchicine binding site of β-tubulin, thereby blocking polymerisation of tubulin dimers in intestinal cells of parasites.[17] Disruption of cytoplasmic microtubules leads to blocking the uptake of glucose and other nutrients, resulting in the gradual immobilization and eventual death of the helminths.[9]

Poor absorption in the digestive tract makes mebendazole an efficient drug for treating intestinal parasitic infections with limited adverse effects. However mebendazole has an impact on mammalian cells, mostly by inhibiting polymeration of tubulin dimers, thereby disrupting essential microtubule structures such as mitotic spindle.[18] Disassembly of the mitotic spindle then leads to apoptosis mediated via dephosphorylation of Bcl-2 which allows pro-apoptotic protein Bax to dimerize and initiate programmed cell death.[19]

Society and culture edit

Availability edit

Mebendazole is available as a generic medication.[8] Mebendazole is distributed in international markets by Johnson and Johnson and a number of generic manufacturers.[20]

Economics edit

In the United States, mebendazole is sometimes sold at about 200 times the price of the same medication in other countries.[21][22][23]

Research edit

Several studies show mebendazole exhibits potent antitumor properties. mebendazole significantly inhibited cancer cell growth, migration, and metastatic formation of adrenocortical carcinoma, both in vitro and in vivo.[24] Treatment of lung cancer cell lines with mebendazole caused mitotic arrest, followed by apoptotic cell death with the feature of caspase activation and cytochrome c release.[25] Mebendazole induced a dose- and time-dependent apoptotic response in human lung cancer cell lines,[26] and apoptosis via Bcl-2 inactivation in chemoresistant melanoma cells.[27] The anti-cancer effect of mebendazole comes from preclinical studies and case reports.[28]

References edit

  1. ^ Ebadi M (2008). Desk reference of clinical pharmacology (2nd ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 403. ISBN 9781420047448. from the original on 8 September 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d "Mebendazole Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 29 July 2020. from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  3. ^ "Vermox Product information". Health Canada. 25 April 2012. from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
  4. ^ . Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h "Mebendazole". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
  6. ^ Mehlhorn, Heinz (2001). Encyclopedic reference of parasitology. 107 tables (2 ed.). Berlin [u.a.]: Springer. p. 259. ISBN 9783540668299. from the original on 8 September 2017.
  7. ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  8. ^ a b Hamilton, Richard J. (2012). Tarascon pocket pharmacopoeia (13 ed.). Burlington, Mass.: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 33. ISBN 9781449624286. from the original on 8 September 2017.
  9. ^ a b c Petri WA in Brunton LL, Chabner BA, Knollmann BC, Ed. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12th ed., Chapter 42. McGraw-Hill, 2011 New York.
  10. ^ Martin AR in Wilson and Gisvold's Textbook of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 8th edition, Doerge RF, ed. J.B. Lippincott, 1982, Chapter 4
  11. ^ "Mebendazole". drugs.com. from the original on 22 February 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  12. ^ a b Finberg R, Fingeroth J in Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo, Ed. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2012, Chapter 217.
  13. ^ Andersohn F, Konzen C, Garbe E (May 2007). "Systematic review: agranulocytosis induced by nonchemotherapy drugs". Annals of Internal Medicine. 146 (9): 657–65. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-146-9-200705010-00009. PMID 17470834. S2CID 15585536.
  14. ^ . Medicine chest. Archived from the original on 6 February 2007. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
  15. ^ Luder PJ, Siffert B, Witassek F, Meister F, Bircher J (1986). "Treatment of hydatid disease with high oral doses of mebendazole. Long-term follow-up of plasma mebendazole levels and drug interactions". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 31 (4): 443–8. doi:10.1007/bf00613522. PMID 3816925. S2CID 41447486.
  16. ^ Chen KT, Twu SJ, Chang HJ, Lin RS (March 2003). "Outbreak of Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis associated with mebendazole and metronidazole use among Filipino laborers in Taiwan". American Journal of Public Health. 93 (3): 489–92. doi:10.2105/ajph.93.3.489. PMC 1447769. PMID 12604501.
  17. ^ Lacey E (April 1990). "Mode of action of benzimidazoles". Parasitology Today. 6 (4): 112–5. doi:10.1016/0169-4758(90)90227-U. PMID 15463312.
  18. ^ De Witt M, Gamble A, Hanson D, Markowitz D, Powell C, Al Dimassi S, et al. (April 2017). "Repurposing Mebendazole as a Replacement for Vincristine for the Treatment of Brain Tumors". Molecular Medicine. 23: 50–56. doi:10.2119/molmed.2017.00011. PMC 5403762. PMID 28386621.
  19. ^ Blagosklonny MV, Giannakakou P, el-Deiry WS, Kingston DG, Higgs PI, Neckers L, Fojo T (January 1997). "Raf-1/bcl-2 phosphorylation: a step from microtubule damage to cell death". Cancer Research. 57 (1): 130–5. PMID 8988053. from the original on 10 February 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  20. ^ , zenRx Research, archived from the original on 30 June 2015, retrieved 12 June 2014
  21. ^ "US drugmaker charges 200 times UK price for common worm pill". Financial Times. 18 December 2016.
  22. ^ "A Pinworm Medication Is Being Tested As A Potential Anti-Cancer Drug". NPR. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
  23. ^ Islam N, Chowdhury NA (March 1976). "Mebendazole and pyrantel pamoate as broad-spectrum anthelmintics". The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health (1): 81–84. PMID 1027113.
  24. ^ Martarelli D, Pompei P, Baldi C, Mazzoni G (April 2008). "Mebendazole inhibits growth of human adrenocortical carcinoma cell lines implanted in nude mice". Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 61 (5): 809–17. doi:10.1007/s00280-007-0538-0. hdl:11581/9643. PMID 17581752. S2CID 23045194.
  25. ^ Sasaki J, Ramesh R, Chada S, Gomyo Y, Roth JA, Mukhopadhyay T (November 2002). "The anthelmintic drug mebendazole induces mitotic arrest and apoptosis by depolymerizing tubulin in non-small cell lung cancer cells". Molecular Cancer Therapeutics. 1 (13): 1201–9. PMID 12479701.
  26. ^ Mukhopadhyay T, Sasaki J, Ramesh R, Roth JA (September 2002). "Mebendazole elicits a potent antitumor effect on human cancer cell lines both in vitro and in vivo". Clinical Cancer Research. 8 (9): 2963–9. PMID 12231542.
  27. ^ Doudican N, Rodriguez A, Osman I, Orlow SJ (August 2008). "Mebendazole induces apoptosis via Bcl-2 inactivation in chemoresistant melanoma cells". Molecular Cancer Research. 6 (8): 1308–15. doi:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-07-2159. PMID 18667591.
  28. ^ Pantziarka P, Bouche G, Meheus L, Sukhatme V, Sukhatme VP (2014). "Repurposing Drugs in Oncology (ReDO)-mebendazole as an anti-cancer agent". ecancermedicalscience. 8: 443. doi:10.3332/ecancer.2014.443. PMC 4096024. PMID 25075217.

External links edit

  • "Mebendazole". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.

March 13, 2024
mebendazole, sold, under, brand, name, vermox, among, others, medication, used, treat, number, parasitic, worm, infestations, this, includes, ascariasis, pinworm, infection, hookworm, infections, guinea, worm, infections, hydatid, disease, giardia, among, othe. Mebendazole MBZ sold under the brand name Vermox among others is a medication used to treat a number of parasitic worm infestations 5 This includes ascariasis pinworm infection hookworm infections guinea worm infections hydatid disease and giardia among others 5 It is taken by mouth 5 MebendazoleClinical dataTrade namesVermox 1 Ovex othersOther namesMBZAHFS Drugs comMonographMedlinePlusa682315License dataUS DailyMed MebendazolePregnancycategoryAU B3 2 Routes ofadministrationBy mouthATC codeP02CA01 WHO QP52AC09 WHO Legal statusLegal statusAU S2 Pharmacy medicine S5 and S6 for treatment of animals CA only and OTC for treatment of animals 3 UK POM Prescription only P 4 US onlyPharmacokinetic dataBioavailability2 10 Protein binding95 MetabolismExtensive liverElimination half life3 6 hoursExcretionFeces urine 5 10 IdentifiersIUPAC name Methyl 5 benzoyl 1H benzimidazol 2 yl carbamateCAS Number31431 39 7 YPubChem CID4030DrugBankDB00643 YChemSpider3890 YUNII81G6I5V05IKEGGD00368 YChEBICHEBI 6704 YChEMBLChEMBL685 YCompTox Dashboard EPA DTXSID4040682ECHA InfoCard100 046 017Chemical and physical dataFormulaC 16H 13N 3O 3Molar mass295 298 g mol 13D model JSmol Interactive imageMelting point288 5 C 551 3 F SMILES COC O Nc3nc2ccc C O c1ccccc1 cc2 nH 3InChI InChI 1S C16H13N3O3 c1 22 16 21 19 15 17 12 8 7 11 9 13 12 18 15 14 20 10 5 3 2 4 6 10 h2 9H 1H3 H2 17 18 19 21 YKey OPXLLQIJSORQAM UHFFFAOYSA N Y verify Mebendazole is usually well tolerated 5 Common side effects include headache vomiting and ringing in the ears 5 If used at large doses it may cause bone marrow suppression 5 It is unclear if it is safe in pregnancy 5 2 Mebendazole is a broad spectrum antihelminthic agent of the benzimidazole type 5 Mebendazole came into use in 1971 after it was developed by Janssen Pharmaceutica in Belgium 6 It is on the World Health Organization s List of Essential Medicines 7 Mebendazole is available as a generic medication 8 Contents 1 Medical use 1 1 Special populations 2 Adverse effects 2 1 Drug interactions 3 Mechanism 4 Society and culture 4 1 Availability 4 2 Economics 5 Research 6 References 7 External linksMedical use editMebendazole is a highly effective broad spectrum antihelmintic indicated for the treatment of nematode infestations including roundworm hookworm whipworm threadworm pinworm and the intestinal form of trichinosis prior to its spread into the tissues beyond the digestive tract Other drugs are used to treat worm infections outside the digestive tract as mebendazole is poorly absorbed into the bloodstream 9 Mebendazole is used alone in those with mild to moderate infestations It kills parasites relatively slowly and in those with very heavy infestations it can cause some parasites to migrate out of the digestive system leading to appendicitis bile duct problems or intestinal perforation To avoid this heavily infested patients may be treated with piperazine either before or instead of mebendazole Piperazine paralyses the parasites causing them to pass in the feces 10 It is also used rarely in the treatment of cystic echinococcosis also known as hydatid disease Evidence for effectiveness for this disease however is poor 11 Mebendazole and other benzimidazole antithelmetics are active against both larval and adult stages of nematodes and in the cases of roundworm and whipworm kill the eggs as well Paralysis and death of the parasites occurs slowly and elimination in the feces may require several days 9 Special populations edit Mebendazole has been shown to cause ill effects in pregnancy in animal models and no adequate studies of its effects in human pregnancy have been conducted 2 Whether it can be passed by breastfeeding is unknown 12 2 Adverse effects editMebendazole sometimes causes diarrhea abdominal pain and elevated liver enzymes In rare cases it has been associated with a dangerously low white blood cell count low platelet count and hair loss 12 13 with a risk of agranulocytosis in rare cases Drug interactions edit Carbamazepine and phenytoin lower serum levels of mebendazole Cimetidine does not appreciably raise serum mebendazole in contrast to the similar drug albendazole consistent with its poor systemic absorption 14 15 Stevens Johnson syndrome and the more severe toxic epidermal necrolysis can occur when mebendazole is combined with high doses of metronidazole 16 Mechanism editMebendazole works by selectively inhibiting the synthesis of microtubules via binding to the colchicine binding site of b tubulin thereby blocking polymerisation of tubulin dimers in intestinal cells of parasites 17 Disruption of cytoplasmic microtubules leads to blocking the uptake of glucose and other nutrients resulting in the gradual immobilization and eventual death of the helminths 9 Poor absorption in the digestive tract makes mebendazole an efficient drug for treating intestinal parasitic infections with limited adverse effects However mebendazole has an impact on mammalian cells mostly by inhibiting polymeration of tubulin dimers thereby disrupting essential microtubule structures such as mitotic spindle 18 Disassembly of the mitotic spindle then leads to apoptosis mediated via dephosphorylation of Bcl 2 which allows pro apoptotic protein Bax to dimerize and initiate programmed cell death 19 Society and culture editAvailability edit Mebendazole is available as a generic medication 8 Mebendazole is distributed in international markets by Johnson and Johnson and a number of generic manufacturers 20 Economics edit In the United States mebendazole is sometimes sold at about 200 times the price of the same medication in other countries 21 22 23 Research editSeveral studies show mebendazole exhibits potent antitumor properties mebendazole significantly inhibited cancer cell growth migration and metastatic formation of adrenocortical carcinoma both in vitro and in vivo 24 Treatment of lung cancer cell lines with mebendazole caused mitotic arrest followed by apoptotic cell death with the feature of caspase activation and cytochrome c release 25 Mebendazole induced a dose and time dependent apoptotic response in human lung cancer cell lines 26 and apoptosis via Bcl 2 inactivation in chemoresistant melanoma cells 27 The anti cancer effect of mebendazole comes from preclinical studies and case reports 28 References edit Ebadi M 2008 Desk reference of clinical pharmacology 2nd ed Boca Raton CRC Press p 403 ISBN 9781420047448 Archived from the original on 8 September 2017 a b c d Mebendazole Use During Pregnancy Drugs com 29 July 2020 Archived from the original on 28 October 2020 Retrieved 30 September 2020 Vermox Product information Health Canada 25 April 2012 Archived from the original on 13 May 2021 Retrieved 12 June 2022 Mebendazole Archived from the original on 23 October 2016 Retrieved 29 April 2016 a b c d e f g h Mebendazole The American Society of Health System Pharmacists Archived from the original on 7 September 2015 Retrieved 18 August 2015 Mehlhorn Heinz 2001 Encyclopedic reference of parasitology 107 tables 2 ed Berlin u a Springer p 259 ISBN 9783540668299 Archived from the original on 8 September 2017 World Health Organization 2019 World Health Organization model list of essential medicines 21st list 2019 Geneva World Health Organization hdl 10665 325771 WHO MVP EMP IAU 2019 06 License CC BY NC SA 3 0 IGO a b Hamilton Richard J 2012 Tarascon pocket pharmacopoeia 13 ed Burlington Mass Jones amp Bartlett Learning p 33 ISBN 9781449624286 Archived from the original on 8 September 2017 a b c Petri WA in Brunton LL Chabner BA Knollmann BC Ed Goodman and Gilman s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 12th ed Chapter 42 McGraw Hill 2011 New York Martin AR in Wilson and Gisvold s Textbook of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry 8th edition Doerge RF ed J B Lippincott 1982 Chapter 4 Mebendazole drugs com Archived from the original on 22 February 2015 Retrieved 25 January 2015 a b Finberg R Fingeroth J in Longo DL Fauci AS Kasper DL Hauser SL Jameson JL Loscalzo Ed Harrison s Principles of Internal Medicine 18th ed McGraw Hill 2012 Chapter 217 Andersohn F Konzen C Garbe E May 2007 Systematic review agranulocytosis induced by nonchemotherapy drugs Annals of Internal Medicine 146 9 657 65 doi 10 7326 0003 4819 146 9 200705010 00009 PMID 17470834 S2CID 15585536 Drug Interactions Medicine chest Archived from the original on 6 February 2007 Retrieved 6 May 2008 Luder PJ Siffert B Witassek F Meister F Bircher J 1986 Treatment of hydatid disease with high oral doses of mebendazole Long term follow up of plasma mebendazole levels and drug interactions European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 31 4 443 8 doi 10 1007 bf00613522 PMID 3816925 S2CID 41447486 Chen KT Twu SJ Chang HJ Lin RS March 2003 Outbreak of Stevens Johnson syndrome toxic epidermal necrolysis associated with mebendazole and metronidazole use among Filipino laborers in Taiwan American Journal of Public Health 93 3 489 92 doi 10 2105 ajph 93 3 489 PMC 1447769 PMID 12604501 Lacey E April 1990 Mode of action of benzimidazoles Parasitology Today 6 4 112 5 doi 10 1016 0169 4758 90 90227 U PMID 15463312 De Witt M Gamble A Hanson D Markowitz D Powell C Al Dimassi S et al April 2017 Repurposing Mebendazole as a Replacement for Vincristine for the Treatment of Brain Tumors Molecular Medicine 23 50 56 doi 10 2119 molmed 2017 00011 PMC 5403762 PMID 28386621 Blagosklonny MV Giannakakou P el Deiry WS Kingston DG Higgs PI Neckers L Fojo T January 1997 Raf 1 bcl 2 phosphorylation a step from microtubule damage to cell death Cancer Research 57 1 130 5 PMID 8988053 Archived from the original on 10 February 2019 Retrieved 9 February 2019 Global Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Database zenRx Research archived from the original on 30 June 2015 retrieved 12 June 2014 US drugmaker charges 200 times UK price for common worm pill Financial Times 18 December 2016 A Pinworm Medication Is Being Tested As A Potential Anti Cancer Drug NPR Retrieved 2 February 2023 Islam N Chowdhury NA March 1976 Mebendazole and pyrantel pamoate as broad spectrum anthelmintics The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 1 81 84 PMID 1027113 Martarelli D Pompei P Baldi C Mazzoni G April 2008 Mebendazole inhibits growth of human adrenocortical carcinoma cell lines implanted in nude mice Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 61 5 809 17 doi 10 1007 s00280 007 0538 0 hdl 11581 9643 PMID 17581752 S2CID 23045194 Sasaki J Ramesh R Chada S Gomyo Y Roth JA Mukhopadhyay T November 2002 The anthelmintic drug mebendazole induces mitotic arrest and apoptosis by depolymerizing tubulin in non small cell lung cancer cells Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 1 13 1201 9 PMID 12479701 Mukhopadhyay T Sasaki J Ramesh R Roth JA September 2002 Mebendazole elicits a potent antitumor effect on human cancer cell lines both in vitro and in vivo Clinical Cancer Research 8 9 2963 9 PMID 12231542 Doudican N Rodriguez A Osman I Orlow SJ August 2008 Mebendazole induces apoptosis via Bcl 2 inactivation in chemoresistant melanoma cells Molecular Cancer Research 6 8 1308 15 doi 10 1158 1541 7786 MCR 07 2159 PMID 18667591 Pantziarka P Bouche G Meheus L Sukhatme V Sukhatme VP 2014 Repurposing Drugs in Oncology ReDO mebendazole as an anti cancer agent ecancermedicalscience 8 443 doi 10 3332 ecancer 2014 443 PMC 4096024 PMID 25075217 External links edit Mebendazole Drug Information Portal U S National Library of Medicine Portal nbsp Medicine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mebendazole amp oldid 1190946834, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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