Studies that are in vivo (Latin for "within the living"; often not italicized in English[1][2][3]) are those in which the effects of various biological entities are tested on whole, living organisms or cells, usually animals, including humans, and plants, as opposed to a tissue extract or dead organism. This is not to be confused with experiments done in vitro ("within the glass"), i.e., in a laboratory environment using test tubes, Petri dishes, etc. Examples of investigations in vivo include: the pathogenesis of disease by comparing the effects of bacterial infection with the effects of purified bacterial toxins; the development of non-antibiotics, antiviral drugs, and new drugs generally; and new surgical procedures. Consequently, animal testing and clinical trials are major elements of in vivo research. In vivo testing is often employed over in vitro because it is better suited for observing the overall effects of an experiment on a living subject. In drug discovery, for example, verification of efficacy in vivo is crucial, because in vitro assays can sometimes yield misleading results with drug candidate molecules that are irrelevant in vivo (e.g., because such molecules cannot reach their site of in vivo action, for example as a result of rapid catabolism in the liver).[4]
The English microbiologist Professor Harry Smith and his colleagues in the mid-1950s found that sterile filtrates of serum from animals infected with Bacillus anthracis were lethal for other animals, whereas extracts of culture fluid from the same organism grown in vitro were not. This discovery of anthraxtoxin through the use of in vivo experiments had a major impact on studies of the pathogenesis of infectious disease.
The maxim in vivo veritas ("in a living thing [there is] truth")[5] is a play on in vino veritas, ("in wine [there is] truth"), a well-known proverb.
In microbiology, in vivo is often used to refer to experimentation done in a whole organism, rather than in live isolated cells, for example, cultured cells derived from biopsies. In this situation, the more specific term is ex vivo. Once cells are disrupted and individual parts are tested or analyzed, this is known as in vitro.
Methods of use
According to Christopher Lipinski and Andrew Hopkins, "Whether the aim is to discover drugs or to gain knowledge of biological systems, the nature and properties of a chemical tool cannot be considered independently of the system it is to be tested in. Compounds that bind to isolated recombinant proteins are one thing; chemical tools that can perturb cell function another; and pharmacological agents that can be tolerated by a live organism and perturb its systems are yet another. If it were simple to ascertain the properties required to develop a lead discovered in vitro to one that is active in vivo, drug discovery would be as reliable as drug manufacturing."[6] Studies on In vivo behavior, determined the formulations of set specific drugs and their habits in a Biorelevant (or Biological relevance) medium.[7]
See also
Look up in vivo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
^Atanasov AG, Waltenberger B, Pferschy-Wenzig EM, Linder T, Wawrosch C, Uhrin P, et al. (December 2015). "Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant-derived natural products: A review". Biotechnology Advances. 33 (8): 1582–1614. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.08.001. PMC4748402. PMID 26281720.
^Life Science Technologies, Cell Signaling: In Vivo Veritas, Science Magazine, 2007
^Lipinski C, Hopkins A (December 2004). "Navigating chemical space for biology and medicine". Nature. 432 (7019): 855–61. Bibcode:2004Natur.432..855L. doi:10.1038/nature03193. PMID 15602551. S2CID 4416216.
^Klein S (September 2010). "The use of biorelevant dissolution media to forecast the in vivo performance of a drug". The AAPS Journal. 12 (3): 397–406. doi:10.1208/s12248-010-9203-3. PMC2895438. PMID 20458565.
January 07, 2023
vivo, other, uses, vivo, disambiguation, studies, that, vivo, latin, within, living, often, italicized, english, those, which, effects, various, biological, entities, tested, whole, living, organisms, cells, usually, animals, including, humans, plants, opposed. For other uses see In Vivo disambiguation Studies that are in vivo Latin for within the living often not italicized in English 1 2 3 are those in which the effects of various biological entities are tested on whole living organisms or cells usually animals including humans and plants as opposed to a tissue extract or dead organism This is not to be confused with experiments done in vitro within the glass i e in a laboratory environment using test tubes Petri dishes etc Examples of investigations in vivo include the pathogenesis of disease by comparing the effects of bacterial infection with the effects of purified bacterial toxins the development of non antibiotics antiviral drugs and new drugs generally and new surgical procedures Consequently animal testing and clinical trials are major elements of in vivo research In vivo testing is often employed over in vitro because it is better suited for observing the overall effects of an experiment on a living subject In drug discovery for example verification of efficacy in vivo is crucial because in vitro assays can sometimes yield misleading results with drug candidate molecules that are irrelevant in vivo e g because such molecules cannot reach their site of in vivo action for example as a result of rapid catabolism in the liver 4 The English microbiologist Professor Harry Smith and his colleagues in the mid 1950s found that sterile filtrates of serum from animals infected with Bacillus anthracis were lethal for other animals whereas extracts of culture fluid from the same organism grown in vitro were not This discovery of anthrax toxin through the use of in vivo experiments had a major impact on studies of the pathogenesis of infectious disease The maxim in vivo veritas in a living thing there is truth 5 is a play on in vino veritas in wine there is truth a well known proverb Contents 1 In vivo vs ex vivo research 2 Methods of use 3 See also 4 ReferencesIn vivo vs ex vivo research EditIn microbiology in vivo is often used to refer to experimentation done in a whole organism rather than in live isolated cells for example cultured cells derived from biopsies In this situation the more specific term is ex vivo Once cells are disrupted and individual parts are tested or analyzed this is known as in vitro Methods of use EditAccording to Christopher Lipinski and Andrew Hopkins Whether the aim is to discover drugs or to gain knowledge of biological systems the nature and properties of a chemical tool cannot be considered independently of the system it is to be tested in Compounds that bind to isolated recombinant proteins are one thing chemical tools that can perturb cell function another and pharmacological agents that can be tolerated by a live organism and perturb its systems are yet another If it were simple to ascertain the properties required to develop a lead discovered in vitro to one that is active in vivo drug discovery would be as reliable as drug manufacturing 6 Studies on In vivo behavior determined the formulations of set specific drugs and their habits in a Biorelevant or Biological relevance medium 7 See also Edit Look up in vivo in Wiktionary the free dictionary Ex vivo In natura In ovo In papyro In silico In simulacra In situ In utero In vitro In vivo imaging VivisectionReferences Edit Merriam Webster Merriam Webster s Collegiate Dictionary Merriam Webster archived from the original on 2020 10 10 retrieved 2014 04 20 Iverson C Flanagin A Fontanarosa PB Glass RM Gregoline B Lurie SJ Meyer HS Winker MA Young RK eds 2007 12 1 1 Use of Italics AMA Manual of Style 10th ed Oxford Oxfordshire Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 517633 9 American Psychological Association 2010 4 21 Use of Italics The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6th ed Washington DC APA ISBN 978 1 4338 0562 2 Atanasov AG Waltenberger B Pferschy Wenzig EM Linder T Wawrosch C Uhrin P et al December 2015 Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant derived natural products A review Biotechnology Advances 33 8 1582 1614 doi 10 1016 j biotechadv 2015 08 001 PMC 4748402 PMID 26281720 Life Science Technologies Cell Signaling In Vivo Veritas Science Magazine 2007 Lipinski C Hopkins A December 2004 Navigating chemical space for biology and medicine Nature 432 7019 855 61 Bibcode 2004Natur 432 855L doi 10 1038 nature03193 PMID 15602551 S2CID 4416216 Klein S September 2010 The use of biorelevant dissolution media to forecast the in vivo performance of a drug The AAPS Journal 12 3 397 406 doi 10 1208 s12248 010 9203 3 PMC 2895438 PMID 20458565 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title In vivo amp oldid 1095400574, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
