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Vélib'

March 13, 2023

Vélib' is a large-scale public bicycle sharing system in Paris, France. Launched on 15 July 2007, the system encompassed around 14,500 bicycles and 1,400 bicycle stations,[3][4] located across Paris and in some surrounding municipalities, with an average daily ridership of 85,811 in 2011.[5] The name Vélib' is a portmanteau of the French words vélo ("bicycle") and liberté ("freedom").[6]

Vélib'
Overview
OwnerSomupi and the city of Paris
LocaleParis, France, and surrounding cities
Transit typeBicycle sharing system
Number of stations1,397[1]
Daily ridership108,090 (2014)
285,830 annual subscribers (2014)[2]
Operation
Began operation15 July 2007
Ended operation31 December 2017
Operator(s)JCDecaux (2007–2017)
Number of vehicles18,200[3]

Vélib' was operated originally as a concession by the French advertising corporation JCDecaux.[7] As of 2014, Vélib' was the world's 12th-largest bikesharing program by the number of bicycles in circulation; the rest of the top 18 are in Chinese cities.[8] As of July 2013, Velib' had the highest market penetration with 1 bike per 97 inhabitants, followed by Vélo'v in Lyon with 1 bike per 121 residents, and Hangzhou in China with 1 per 145.[9] Since December 2011, Vélib' had been complemented by Autolib', an electric car sharing scheme operating on similar principles.[10][11]

As of 2018, Velib' has been rebranded as Vélib' Métropole, and is now operated by Smovengo.[12]

History

 
A Vélib station with its distinctive grey bicycles.

The initiative was proposed by Paris mayor and French Socialist Party member Bertrand Delanoë. The system was launched on 15 July 2007 following Lyon's success of its contactless system Vélo'v in May 2005, the pioneering scheme in June 1998 of LE vélo STAR in Rennes, the first free public network (25 stations) with electronic identification of the bikes but which used magnetic cards[13][14] or earlier the simple bicycle-sharing system of La Rochelle in 1974. Velib' initially introduced to the city 7,000 bicycles, distributed among 750 automated rental stations, with fifteen or more bicycle parking slots each. The following year the initiative was enlarged to some 16,000 bicycles and 1,200 rental stations,[15] with roughly one station every 300 metres (980 ft) throughout the city centre. making Vélib' the third-most-extensive system of its kind in the world in 2013, surpassed in station numbers only by systems in Hangzhou and Wuhan in China.[16] During its first year in operation, Vélib' reported 20 million trips made,[16] and at its sixth anniversary, a total of 173 million journeys were reported.[9][17]

As of 1 January 2018, Velib' has been rebranded as Vélib' Métropole. It is now operated by Smovengo. The service is operating in Paris and 64 surrounding cities. After many technical issues at relaunch,[18] the City of Paris set an ultimatum to resolve service problems by September 2018[19] which seemed to work as the system is slowly recovering in January 2019.[20] Velib' now also offers electric bicycles, in turquoise, distinct from its regular bicycles in green.

System

The system's bicycles are produced in Hungary by the French bicycle company Mercier and are repaired by JCDecaux.[21] The price per bicycle has been variously stated as US$500,[22] $1,300 (if provided by JCDecaux),[23] €300 ,[24] $3,460,[6] or $3,500[25] apiece. They are three-speed bicycles, each weighing approximately 22.5 kilograms (50 pounds).[26] Vélib' bikes are equipped with a locking system, a front basket and always-on LED lighting powered by a front-hub dynamo.

Each Vélib' station is equipped with an automatic rental terminal, a map of other nearby stations and stands for dozens of bicycles. The rental terminals also display information about neighbouring Vélib' stations, including location, number of available bicycles and open stands. If a user arrives with a rented bicycle at a station without open spots, the terminal grants another fifteen minutes of free rental time. A fleet of 23 bicycle-transporting vehicles are used daily to redistribute bicycles between empty and full stations.

Rates

 
An automated Vélib' pay station.

Current system prices are available on the Vélib website.

To use the system, users buy a subscription, which allows an unlimited number of rentals. With a subscription, bike rental is free for the first half-hour of every individual trip; an unlimited number of such free trips can be made per day. A trip that lasts longer than 30 minutes incurs an additional charge for each subsequent 30‑minute period. The increasing price scale is intended to keep the bikes in circulation. A Vélib' Passion subscription allows the user to have the first 45 minutes free on each trip, its price is reduced for users aged under 27, and for students receiving a scholarship.

Some stations located above an altitude of 60 metres are called V+. They give any user returning a bicycle from a non-V+ station 15 free minutes of rental: if a rental lasts more than 30 minutes, 15 minutes will be deducted to calculate the amount the user has to pay, meaning that, for example, a 45-minute trip to a V+ station is free. If the rental lasts 30 minutes or less, the 15 minutes are added to a bonus V+ account, and can be used for future rentals exceeding 30 minutes.

A credit card or debit card with a PIN is required to sign up for the program and to rent the bikes. The credit/debit card is charged a €300 deposit, to protect against bikes not being returned. The credit card is required to contain an EMV chip to get a subscription at a station;[27] short-term subscription can also be purchased online. 1‑day and 1‑week subscribers are given a subscription number to be used for future rentals during their subscription period, while 1‑year subscribers are sent an RFID card. All types of sign-up can also be attached to a Navigo pass. The RFID card and Navigo pass allow direct use of the card readers at Vélib stations.

Rate examples (add 15 free minutes for a Vélib' Passion subscription)
time 30 min 1 h 1 h 30 2 h 5 h 10 h 20 h
rate free €1 €3 €7 €31 €71 €151

Financing

 
Bike attachment points at a Vélib' station.

The system was originally financed by the JCDecaux advertising corporation, in return for the city of Paris signing over the income from a substantial portion of on‑street advertising hoardings. JCDecaux won the contract over a rival bid from Clear Channel.[6]

JCDecaux paid the system start-up costs, totalling about $140 million[clarification needed], and employed around 285 people full-time to operate the system and repair bikes, under a ten-year contract. The city received all revenue from the program, as well as a fee of about $4.3 million[clarification needed] a year. In return, JCDecaux received exclusive control over 1,628 city-owned billboards; the city receives about half of that advertising space at no charge for public-interest advertising[23] (slightly different numbers were reported in July 2008).[6] This model was first used in France in 1998 by Adshel (now part of Clear Channel) in Rennes.

Due to an unexpectedly high rate of vandalism compared to the Lyon bicycle hire system, the Paris City Council agreed to pay replacement costs of $500 per vandalised bicycle, leading to unexpected costs of up to €2 million per year.[28]

Issues

 
Velib' station at night, Cadet Street.

Theft and vandalism

At least 3,000 bicycles were stolen in the first year of operation, a number far greater than had been initially anticipated.[6] By August 2009, of 20,600 bikes introduced into service, about 16,000 – some 80% of the total – had been replaced due to vandalism or theft; of the latter, fully 8,000 were stolen.[28][29] Stolen Vélib' bicycles turned up in shipping containers destined for North Africa, and in cities as far away as Brașov and Bucharest, Romania.[25][30] Vandalized cycles were sometimes thrown in the River Seine, or hung from lampposts.[25] In 2009, the New York Times reported that it was common to see Vélib' bicycles in their docking stations with flat tires, broken pedals, or other damage.[25] In 2012, however, the Financial Times reported that "attrition rates have fallen significantly" since the first two years of the program. While maintenance continues to be an issue, the FT attributed this to "the difficulty of keeping up with the results of heavy use" of the "popular service", in addition to willful damage or theft.[31]

JCDecaux officials told reporters that they underestimated the degree of potential losses from vandalism and theft, which had not significantly affected earlier JCDecaux-administered bike sharing programs in France, such as Vélo'v in Lyon. In 2009 and in 2012, repair and maintenance efforts in Paris were reportedly running at some 1,500 Vélib bicycles per day, focusing mainly on tire re-inflation.[25][31] "The system is very costly in terms of implementation," the head of JCDecaux's board of directors said in 2012. "But since 2011 it has achieved budgetary balance, after losing money during the first three years."[32] While JCDecaux does not disclose exact figures, according to Inter Press Service the system was expected to be profitable in 2012 as well.

Vandalism and theft of Vélib' cycles received a wave of press coverage in 2009, with some stories citing JCDecaux staff as their only source.[33] Some French officials and academics said that while real problems existed, such coverage exaggerated their scope, reflecting an effort by JCDecaux to strengthen its bargaining position in financial negotiations with Paris authorities. "Decaux is using media sensationalism to obtain more money from the city of Paris," said Denis Baupin, the city's former Deputy Mayor for Transportation. "It's in large part a PR issue," commented Luc Nadal of the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy.[33] JCDecaux declined reporters' requests for comment.

Sociologist Bruno Marzloff interpreted the unexpected vandalism rate as a symptom of revolt against French society by the suburban and urban poor, especially immigrant youth resentful of what they perceive as privileged bo-bos or "bourgeois-bohemians", the trend-conscious French urban middle class that are seen as the principal users of the Vélib' system. "One must relate this to other incivilities, and especially the burning of cars," Marzloff said in 2009. referring to the 2005 riots in the capital's working-class suburbs. He described Vélib' vandalism as in part "a form of rebellion" against social exclusion, an "outcry ... that means, 'We don't have the right to mobility like other people, to get to Paris it's a huge pain, we don't have cars, and when we do, it's too expensive and too far.' "[25]

The program's critics have cited the Vélib' program as a prime example of the economic principle of the tragedy of the commons.[34] Supporters say that despite its initial problems, Vélib has become a model of innovation in urban public services.[35][36]

Maintenance

Issues have surfaced on how to safeguard riders from hiring a returned and damaged Vélib cycle or a cycle requiring immediate maintenance. To indicate when there is a problem with the bike, it has become common for returning users to rotate the seat through 180 degrees to point backward. While this practice assists staff in determining which bikes require immediate attention, it depends for its success on substantial voluntary user compliance.[37]

 
BSoD on a Vélib' station in 2009.

Timing differences of up to 30 minutes exist between clocks of different rental stations due to poor synchronisation, and may give rise to overbilling or underbilling.[38] The mayor of Paris has given assurances that overcharges will be reimbursed.[39] Rental stations use the Microsoft Windows operating system and have been known to crash, giving the infamous blue screen of death.

Demand

 
A Vélib bicycle rack with nearly all its bicycles taken.

There are frequent disparities between the availability of rental bicycles and the number of rental slots. Each rental station indicates the number of bicycles available at the nearest stations.

Demand can be high during the working week and during transport strikes. Although rental bicycles are not dedicated, it has been known for people to chain a bicycle to its station so that it will remain available to them for a subsequent trip. Vélib' has declared this to be uncivic behaviour, and Vélib' employees are authorised to cut the locks in these cases.[40]

Stations at greater elevations generally experience greater demand. In addition, there is a net inflow of bicycles from the outskirts to the city centre earlier in the day, and a net flow outwards in the evening. Thus, depending on the time of day, Vélib needs to manage the demand at its outermost and centremost stations. Consequently, bicycles may be completely unavailable in some locations, whilst parking problems exist for others.

Vélib' faces logistical issues, and must relocate bikes during the course of each day. There are proposals to make adjustments to the system's pricing mechanism.[41] The "bonus V'+" bonus system was put in place on 14 June 2008 in an effort to adjust the demand level. Fifteen minutes of free cycling time is credited to users who rent bicycles from stations without the logo (mostly situated at the edge of the city and more than 60 m above sea level) and drop bicycles off at stations where the logo is displayed.[42]

Due to continuing high demand, the Vélib' scheme was extended to neighbouring councils (up to 1.5 km beyond the boundaries of Paris) in 2008.[43] Four thousand bicycles have since been distributed to 29 towns on the outskirts of Paris.[25]

See also

References

  1. ^ List and map of stations Vélib', opendata of the City of Paris, on opendata.paris.fr.
  2. ^ "Bilan des déplacements à Paris en 2014" (PDF). Mairie de Paris. 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  3. ^ a b As of 9 February 2016
  4. ^ Purkayastha, Debapratim and Faheem, Hadiya (2009). "Velib': Paris's Public Bike Sharing System". www.icmrindia.org. Retrieved 7 July 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Bilan des déplacements à Paris 2011 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ a b c d e Steven Erlanger (13 July 2008). "A New Fashion Catches On in Paris: Cheap Bicycle Rentals". The New York Times.
  7. ^ "Vélib' peine à trouver un second souffle". Le Figaro (in French). 25 March 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
  8. ^ List of bicycle sharing systems#Bicycle sharing systems
  9. ^ a b Mairie de Paris (15 July 2013). [Paris celebrates six years of its Vélib' (in infographic)] (in French). NewsRing. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
  10. ^ "Paris tests Autolib' electric car-sharing program". Deutsche Welle. 20 October 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
  11. ^ "What's new in France and Spain for 2012". Chicago Tribune. 10 January 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
  12. ^ Faheem, Hadiya and Purkayastha, Debapratim (2019). "Vélib' 2.0: Paris's Bike-Sharing System Hits a Bumpy Road". www.icmrindia.org. Retrieved 7 July 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Paul DeMaio (September 2017). "Bike-sharing: History, Impacts, Models of Provision, and Future". Journal of Public transportation. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  14. ^ "Rennes Vélo à la Carte". Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  15. ^ Some extended stations are counted twice in the official figures of 1,450 stations; statistics have never shown 20,600 bikes.
  16. ^ a b Janet Larsen (25 April 2013). "Bike-Sharing Programs Hit the Streets in Over 500 Cities Worldwide". Earth Policy Institute. Retrieved 29 April 2013.
  17. ^ Staff (12 October 2013). "Bike-sharing – Taking off the stabilisers". The Economist. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
  18. ^ Chrisafis, Angelique (4 May 2018). "Wheels come off Paris bike-share scheme after hi-tech upgrade". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  19. ^ "Last vélo in Paris". Politico. 7 August 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018.[verification needed]
  20. ^ "A Paris, une difficile première année pour le nouveau Vélib'" (in French). 3 January 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.[verification needed]
  21. ^ [Paris wants to cycle]. Sueddeutsche Zeitung (in German). 3 April 2007. Archived from the original on 2 June 2008.
  22. ^ Kurczewski, Nick (11 February 2009). "Vandalism Vexes Paris Bike-Rental System". The New York Times. pp. A10. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
  23. ^ a b Anderson, John Ward (24 March 2007). "Paris Embraces Plan to Become City of Bikes". The Washington Post. pp. A10. ISSN 0740-5421. Retrieved 6 July 2008.
  24. ^ Agnès Poirier (2 August 2007). "Vive la velorution". The Guardian.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g Erlanger, Steven; De La Baume, Maïa (30 October 2009). "French Ideal of Bicycle-Sharing Meets Reality". The New York Times.
  26. ^ The Vélib's nontraditional frame lacks a horizontal top tube, requiring the frame to be built very heavily to compensate against fatigue failure, resulting in a substantial increase in bike weight.
  27. ^ Office du Tourisme de Paris. ParisInfo.com. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
  28. ^ a b Eleanor Beardsley (3 August 2009). "Rental Bikes in Paris Prove Popular With Vandals". Morning Edition. NPR.
  29. ^ "Thefts puncture Paris bike scheme". BBC News. 10 February 2009. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
  30. ^ "On a retrouvé des Vélib'... en Roumanie !!!". Caradisiac.com. 2 July 2008. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
  31. ^ a b Carnegy, Hugh (26 July 2012). "Better By Bike". Financial Times. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
  32. ^ Godoy, Julio (18 July 2012). "The Bicycle Revolution in Paris, Five Years Later". Inter Press Service. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
  33. ^ a b Fried, Ben. "Reports of Vélib's Demise Greatly Exaggerated". Streetsblog. OpenPlans. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
  34. ^ Perry, Mark J. (31 October 2009). "Tragedy of the Commons: French Bicycle-Sharing Program Goes Flat; 80% of Bikes Stolen or Damaged". American Enterprise Institute. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
  35. ^ Rieple, Alison. "The Future Of Innovation .. Designing Innovative Business Models And Services". The Future of Innovation Project. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
  36. ^ Barz, Sara. "Show Me the Data! or Stuff I've Read About Vélib', part 4 of 4". An Urbanist in Paris. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
  37. ^ Reminder on this practice by an administrator on the Vélib' blog. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
  38. ^ "Synchronisation horaire des stations" (in French). 13 September 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2008.
  39. ^ "Vélib' : premier bilan" (in French). 29 July 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2008.
  40. ^ "Les Velib ne se reservent pas". Velib.paris.fr. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
  41. ^ Vélib' trop d'offre et trop de demande, Libération, Pierre-Yves Geoffard, lundi 8 octobre 2007
  42. ^ (in French). 13 June 2008. Archived from the original on 7 July 2008. Retrieved 2 August 2008.
  43. ^ "Paris propose Vélib' aux villes voisines". Le Figaro (in French). 22 October 2007. Retrieved 24 October 2008.

Further reading

  • Kate Betts (5 October 2007). . Time. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007.
  • Angela Doland (13 July 2007). . Newsday. Archived from the original on 14 October 2007.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vélib' Métropole.
  • Official website

March 13, 2023
vélib, this, article, require, cleanup, meet, wikipedia, quality, standards, specific, problem, references, please, help, improve, this, article, december, 2022, learn, when, remove, this, template, message, large, scale, public, bicycle, sharing, system, pari. This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia s quality standards The specific problem is References Please help improve this article if you can December 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Velib is a large scale public bicycle sharing system in Paris France Launched on 15 July 2007 the system encompassed around 14 500 bicycles and 1 400 bicycle stations 3 4 located across Paris and in some surrounding municipalities with an average daily ridership of 85 811 in 2011 5 The name Velib is a portmanteau of the French words velo bicycle and liberte freedom 6 Velib OverviewOwnerSomupi and the city of ParisLocaleParis France and surrounding citiesTransit typeBicycle sharing systemNumber of stations1 397 1 Daily ridership108 090 2014 285 830 annual subscribers 2014 2 OperationBegan operation15 July 2007Ended operation31 December 2017Operator s JCDecaux 2007 2017 Number of vehicles18 200 3 Velib was operated originally as a concession by the French advertising corporation JCDecaux 7 As of 2014 update Velib was the world s 12th largest bikesharing program by the number of bicycles in circulation the rest of the top 18 are in Chinese cities 8 As of July 2013 update Velib had the highest market penetration with 1 bike per 97 inhabitants followed by Velo v in Lyon with 1 bike per 121 residents and Hangzhou in China with 1 per 145 9 Since December 2011 Velib had been complemented by Autolib an electric car sharing scheme operating on similar principles 10 11 As of 2018 Velib has been rebranded as Velib Metropole and is now operated by Smovengo 12 Contents 1 History 2 System 2 1 Rates 2 2 Financing 3 Issues 3 1 Theft and vandalism 3 2 Maintenance 3 3 Demand 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksHistory Edit A Velib station with its distinctive grey bicycles The initiative was proposed by Paris mayor and French Socialist Party member Bertrand Delanoe The system was launched on 15 July 2007 following Lyon s success of its contactless system Velo v in May 2005 the pioneering scheme in June 1998 of LE velo STAR in Rennes the first free public network 25 stations with electronic identification of the bikes but which used magnetic cards 13 14 or earlier the simple bicycle sharing system of La Rochelle in 1974 Velib initially introduced to the city 7 000 bicycles distributed among 750 automated rental stations with fifteen or more bicycle parking slots each The following year the initiative was enlarged to some 16 000 bicycles and 1 200 rental stations 15 with roughly one station every 300 metres 980 ft throughout the city centre making Velib the third most extensive system of its kind in the world in 2013 surpassed in station numbers only by systems in Hangzhou and Wuhan in China 16 During its first year in operation Velib reported 20 million trips made 16 and at its sixth anniversary a total of 173 million journeys were reported 9 17 As of 1 January 2018 Velib has been rebranded as Velib Metropole It is now operated by Smovengo The service is operating in Paris and 64 surrounding cities After many technical issues at relaunch 18 the City of Paris set an ultimatum to resolve service problems by September 2018 19 which seemed to work as the system is slowly recovering in January 2019 20 Velib now also offers electric bicycles in turquoise distinct from its regular bicycles in green System EditThe system s bicycles are produced in Hungary by the French bicycle company Mercier and are repaired by JCDecaux 21 The price per bicycle has been variously stated as US 500 22 1 300 if provided by JCDecaux 23 300 24 3 460 6 or 3 500 25 apiece They are three speed bicycles each weighing approximately 22 5 kilograms 50 pounds 26 Velib bikes are equipped with a locking system a front basket and always on LED lighting powered by a front hub dynamo Each Velib station is equipped with an automatic rental terminal a map of other nearby stations and stands for dozens of bicycles The rental terminals also display information about neighbouring Velib stations including location number of available bicycles and open stands If a user arrives with a rented bicycle at a station without open spots the terminal grants another fifteen minutes of free rental time A fleet of 23 bicycle transporting vehicles are used daily to redistribute bicycles between empty and full stations Rates Edit An automated Velib pay station Current system prices are available on the Velib website To use the system users buy a subscription which allows an unlimited number of rentals With a subscription bike rental is free for the first half hour of every individual trip an unlimited number of such free trips can be made per day A trip that lasts longer than 30 minutes incurs an additional charge for each subsequent 30 minute period The increasing price scale is intended to keep the bikes in circulation A Velib Passion subscription allows the user to have the first 45 minutes free on each trip its price is reduced for users aged under 27 and for students receiving a scholarship Some stations located above an altitude of 60 metres are called V They give any user returning a bicycle from a non V station 15 free minutes of rental if a rental lasts more than 30 minutes 15 minutes will be deducted to calculate the amount the user has to pay meaning that for example a 45 minute trip to a V station is free If the rental lasts 30 minutes or less the 15 minutes are added to a bonus V account and can be used for future rentals exceeding 30 minutes A credit card or debit card with a PIN is required to sign up for the program and to rent the bikes The credit debit card is charged a 300 deposit to protect against bikes not being returned The credit card is required to contain an EMV chip to get a subscription at a station 27 short term subscription can also be purchased online 1 day and 1 week subscribers are given a subscription number to be used for future rentals during their subscription period while 1 year subscribers are sent an RFID card All types of sign up can also be attached to a Navigo pass The RFID card and Navigo pass allow direct use of the card readers at Velib stations Rate examples add 15 free minutes for a Velib Passion subscription time 30 min 1 h 1 h 30 2 h 5 h 10 h 20 hrate free 1 3 7 31 71 151Financing Edit Bike attachment points at a Velib station The system was originally financed by the JCDecaux advertising corporation in return for the city of Paris signing over the income from a substantial portion of on street advertising hoardings JCDecaux won the contract over a rival bid from Clear Channel 6 JCDecaux paid the system start up costs totalling about 140 million clarification needed and employed around 285 people full time to operate the system and repair bikes under a ten year contract The city received all revenue from the program as well as a fee of about 4 3 million clarification needed a year In return JCDecaux received exclusive control over 1 628 city owned billboards the city receives about half of that advertising space at no charge for public interest advertising 23 slightly different numbers were reported in July 2008 6 This model was first used in France in 1998 by Adshel now part of Clear Channel in Rennes Due to an unexpectedly high rate of vandalism compared to the Lyon bicycle hire system the Paris City Council agreed to pay replacement costs of 500 per vandalised bicycle leading to unexpected costs of up to 2 million per year 28 Issues Edit Velib station at night Cadet Street Theft and vandalism Edit At least 3 000 bicycles were stolen in the first year of operation a number far greater than had been initially anticipated 6 By August 2009 of 20 600 bikes introduced into service about 16 000 some 80 of the total had been replaced due to vandalism or theft of the latter fully 8 000 were stolen 28 29 Stolen Velib bicycles turned up in shipping containers destined for North Africa and in cities as far away as Brașov and Bucharest Romania 25 30 Vandalized cycles were sometimes thrown in the River Seine or hung from lampposts 25 In 2009 the New York Times reported that it was common to see Velib bicycles in their docking stations with flat tires broken pedals or other damage 25 In 2012 however the Financial Times reported that attrition rates have fallen significantly since the first two years of the program While maintenance continues to be an issue the FT attributed this to the difficulty of keeping up with the results of heavy use of the popular service in addition to willful damage or theft 31 JCDecaux officials told reporters that they underestimated the degree of potential losses from vandalism and theft which had not significantly affected earlier JCDecaux administered bike sharing programs in France such as Velo v in Lyon In 2009 and in 2012 repair and maintenance efforts in Paris were reportedly running at some 1 500 Velib bicycles per day focusing mainly on tire re inflation 25 31 The system is very costly in terms of implementation the head of JCDecaux s board of directors said in 2012 But since 2011 it has achieved budgetary balance after losing money during the first three years 32 While JCDecaux does not disclose exact figures according to Inter Press Service the system was expected to be profitable in 2012 as well Vandalism and theft of Velib cycles received a wave of press coverage in 2009 with some stories citing JCDecaux staff as their only source 33 Some French officials and academics said that while real problems existed such coverage exaggerated their scope reflecting an effort by JCDecaux to strengthen its bargaining position in financial negotiations with Paris authorities Decaux is using media sensationalism to obtain more money from the city of Paris said Denis Baupin the city s former Deputy Mayor for Transportation It s in large part a PR issue commented Luc Nadal of the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy 33 JCDecaux declined reporters requests for comment Sociologist Bruno Marzloff interpreted the unexpected vandalism rate as a symptom of revolt against French society by the suburban and urban poor especially immigrant youth resentful of what they perceive as privileged bo bos or bourgeois bohemians the trend conscious French urban middle class that are seen as the principal users of the Velib system One must relate this to other incivilities and especially the burning of cars Marzloff said in 2009 referring to the 2005 riots in the capital s working class suburbs He described Velib vandalism as in part a form of rebellion against social exclusion an outcry that means We don t have the right to mobility like other people to get to Paris it s a huge pain we don t have cars and when we do it s too expensive and too far 25 The program s critics have cited the Velib program as a prime example of the economic principle of the tragedy of the commons 34 Supporters say that despite its initial problems Velib has become a model of innovation in urban public services 35 36 Maintenance Edit Issues have surfaced on how to safeguard riders from hiring a returned and damaged Velib cycle or a cycle requiring immediate maintenance To indicate when there is a problem with the bike it has become common for returning users to rotate the seat through 180 degrees to point backward While this practice assists staff in determining which bikes require immediate attention it depends for its success on substantial voluntary user compliance 37 BSoD on a Velib station in 2009 Timing differences of up to 30 minutes exist between clocks of different rental stations due to poor synchronisation and may give rise to overbilling or underbilling 38 The mayor of Paris has given assurances that overcharges will be reimbursed 39 Rental stations use the Microsoft Windows operating system and have been known to crash giving the infamous blue screen of death Demand Edit A Velib bicycle rack with nearly all its bicycles taken There are frequent disparities between the availability of rental bicycles and the number of rental slots Each rental station indicates the number of bicycles available at the nearest stations Demand can be high during the working week and during transport strikes Although rental bicycles are not dedicated it has been known for people to chain a bicycle to its station so that it will remain available to them for a subsequent trip Velib has declared this to be uncivic behaviour and Velib employees are authorised to cut the locks in these cases 40 Stations at greater elevations generally experience greater demand In addition there is a net inflow of bicycles from the outskirts to the city centre earlier in the day and a net flow outwards in the evening Thus depending on the time of day Velib needs to manage the demand at its outermost and centremost stations Consequently bicycles may be completely unavailable in some locations whilst parking problems exist for others Velib faces logistical issues and must relocate bikes during the course of each day There are proposals to make adjustments to the system s pricing mechanism 41 The bonus V bonus system was put in place on 14 June 2008 in an effort to adjust the demand level Fifteen minutes of free cycling time is credited to users who rent bicycles from stations without the logo mostly situated at the edge of the city and more than 60 m above sea level and drop bicycles off at stations where the logo is displayed 42 Due to continuing high demand the Velib scheme was extended to neighbouring councils up to 1 5 km beyond the boundaries of Paris in 2008 43 Four thousand bicycles have since been distributed to 29 towns on the outskirts of Paris 25 See also EditVelib Metropole Intermodal passenger transport Outline of cycling Dutch OV fiets bike sharing program BIXI Montreal a similar product in Montreal Quebec References Edit List and map of stations Velib opendata of the City of Paris on opendata paris fr Bilan des deplacements a Paris en 2014 PDF Mairie de Paris 2014 Retrieved 9 February 2016 a b As of 9 February 2016 Purkayastha Debapratim and Faheem Hadiya 2009 Velib Paris s Public Bike Sharing System www icmrindia org Retrieved 7 July 2020 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Bilan des deplacements a Paris 2011 Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine a b c d e Steven Erlanger 13 July 2008 A New Fashion Catches On in Paris Cheap Bicycle Rentals The New York Times Velib peine a trouver un second souffle Le Figaro in French 25 March 2010 Retrieved 9 May 2011 List of bicycle sharing systems Bicycle sharing systems a b Mairie de Paris 15 July 2013 Paris fete les six ans de son Velib en infographie Paris celebrates six years of its Velib in infographic in French NewsRing Archived from the original on 19 October 2013 Retrieved 19 October 2013 Paris tests Autolib electric car sharing program Deutsche Welle 20 October 2011 Retrieved 24 October 2011 What s new in France and Spain for 2012 Chicago Tribune 10 January 2012 Retrieved 13 January 2012 Faheem Hadiya and Purkayastha Debapratim 2019 Velib 2 0 Paris s Bike Sharing System Hits a Bumpy Road www icmrindia org Retrieved 7 July 2020 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Paul DeMaio September 2017 Bike sharing History Impacts Models of Provision and Future Journal of Public transportation Retrieved 1 February 2021 Rennes Velo a la Carte Retrieved 1 February 2021 Some extended stations are counted twice in the official figures of 1 450 stations statistics have never shown 20 600 bikes a b Janet Larsen 25 April 2013 Bike Sharing Programs Hit the Streets in Over 500 Cities Worldwide Earth Policy Institute Retrieved 29 April 2013 Staff 12 October 2013 Bike sharing Taking off the stabilisers The Economist Retrieved 19 October 2013 Chrisafis Angelique 4 May 2018 Wheels come off Paris bike share scheme after hi tech upgrade The Guardian Retrieved 8 August 2018 Last velo in Paris Politico 7 August 2018 Retrieved 21 August 2018 verification needed A Paris une difficile premiere annee pour le nouveau Velib in French 3 January 2019 Retrieved 4 February 2019 verification needed Paris will radeln Paris wants to cycle Sueddeutsche Zeitung in German 3 April 2007 Archived from the original on 2 June 2008 Kurczewski Nick 11 February 2009 Vandalism Vexes Paris Bike Rental System The New York Times pp A10 Retrieved 4 November 2009 a b Anderson John Ward 24 March 2007 Paris Embraces Plan to Become City of Bikes The Washington Post pp A10 ISSN 0740 5421 Retrieved 6 July 2008 Agnes Poirier 2 August 2007 Vive la velorution The Guardian a b c d e f g Erlanger Steven De La Baume Maia 30 October 2009 French Ideal of Bicycle Sharing Meets Reality The New York Times The Velib s nontraditional frame lacks a horizontal top tube requiring the frame to be built very heavily to compensate against fatigue failure resulting in a substantial increase in bike weight Office du Tourisme de Paris ParisInfo com Retrieved 10 January 2013 a b Eleanor Beardsley 3 August 2009 Rental Bikes in Paris Prove Popular With Vandals Morning Edition NPR Thefts puncture Paris bike scheme BBC News 10 February 2009 Retrieved 27 May 2010 On a retrouve des Velib en Roumanie Caradisiac com 2 July 2008 Retrieved 10 January 2013 a b Carnegy Hugh 26 July 2012 Better By Bike Financial Times Retrieved 26 May 2013 Godoy Julio 18 July 2012 The Bicycle Revolution in Paris Five Years Later Inter Press Service Retrieved 26 May 2013 a b Fried Ben Reports of Velib s Demise Greatly Exaggerated Streetsblog OpenPlans Retrieved 26 May 2013 Perry Mark J 31 October 2009 Tragedy of the Commons French Bicycle Sharing Program Goes Flat 80 of Bikes Stolen or Damaged American Enterprise Institute Retrieved 8 June 2013 Rieple Alison The Future Of Innovation Designing Innovative Business Models And Services The Future of Innovation Project Retrieved 26 May 2013 Barz Sara Show Me the Data or Stuff I ve Read About Velib part 4 of 4 An Urbanist in Paris Retrieved 26 May 2013 Reminder on this practice by an administrator on the Velib blog Retrieved 29 July 2013 Synchronisation horaire des stations in French 13 September 2007 Retrieved 2 August 2008 Velib premier bilan in French 29 July 2007 Retrieved 2 August 2008 Les Velib ne se reservent pas Velib paris fr Retrieved 25 October 2011 Velib trop d offre et trop de demande Liberation Pierre Yves Geoffard lundi 8 octobre 2007 Le Bonus V sera en service dans une centaine de stations Velib des le 14 juin in French 13 June 2008 Archived from the original on 7 July 2008 Retrieved 2 August 2008 Paris propose Velib aux villes voisines Le Figaro in French 22 October 2007 Retrieved 24 October 2008 Further reading EditKate Betts 5 October 2007 Paris s Bicycle Days Time Archived from the original on 17 October 2007 Angela Doland 13 July 2007 Paris on two wheels Newsday Archived from the original on 14 October 2007 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Velib Metropole Official website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Velib 27 amp oldid 1140782891, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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