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The usage of a language is the ways in which its written and spoken variations are routinely employed by its speakers; that is, it refers to "the collective habits of a language's native speakers",[1] as opposed to idealized models of how a language works or (should work) in the abstract. For instance, Fowler characterized usage as "the way in which a word or phrase is normally and correctly used" and as the "points of grammar, syntax, style, and the choice of words."[2] In everyday usage, language is used differently, depending on the situation and individual.[3] Individual language users can shape language structures and language usage based on their community.[4]
In the descriptive tradition of language analysis, by way of contrast, "correct" tends to mean functionally adequate for the purposes of the speaker or writer using it, and adequately idiomatic to be accepted by the listener or reader; usage is also, however, a concern for the prescriptive tradition, for which "correctness" is a matter of arbitrating style.[5][6]
Everyday language users, including editors and writers, look at dictionaries, style guides, usage guides, and other published authoritative works to help inform their language decisions. This takes place because of the perception that Standard English is determined by language authorities.[8] For many language users, the dictionary is the source of correct language use, as far as accurate vocabulary and spelling go.[9] Modern dictionaries are not generally prescriptive, but they often include "usage notes" which may describe words as "formal", "informal", "slang", and so on.[10] "Despite occasional usage notes, lexicographers generally disclaim any intent to guide writers and editors on the thorny points of English usage."[1]
Historyedit
According to Jeremy Butterfield, "The first person we know of who made usage refer to language was Daniel Defoe, at the end of the seventeenth century". Defoe proposed the creation of a language society of 36 individuals who would set prescriptive language rules for the approximately six million English speakers.[5]
The Latin equivalent usus was a crucial term in the research of Danish linguists Otto Jespersen and Louis Hjelmslev.[11] They used the term to designate usage that has widespread or significant acceptance among speakers of a language, regardless of its conformity to the sanctioned standard language norms.[12]
Nebeská, Iva (2017). "ÚZUS". In Karlík, Petr; Nekula, Marek; Pleskalová, Jana (eds.). Nový encyklopedický slovník češtiny (in Czech).
Markowski, Andrzej (2005). Kultura języka polskiego. Teoria. Zagadnienia leksykalne (in Polish). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. ISBN83-01-14526-9.
^ abUniversity of Chicago (2010). "Grammar versus usage". The Chicago Manual of Style (16th ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN978-0226104201.
^Smith, N. (2006-01-01), Brown, Keith (ed.), "History of Linguistics: Discipline of Linguistics", Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics (Second Edition), Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 341–355, doi:10.1016/b0-08-044854-2/04446-1, ISBN978-0-08-044854-1, retrieved 2023-11-01
^von Mengden, Ferdinand; Coussé, Evie (2014), "Introduction. The role of change in usage-based conceptions of language", Studies in Functional and Structural Linguistics, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 1–20, retrieved 2023-11-01
^ abButterfield, Jeremy (2008). Damp Squid: The English Language Laid Bare. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 137–138. ISBN9780199574094.
^Curzan, Anne (2014). Fixing English: Prescriptivism and Language History. Cambridge UP. ISBN978-1107020757.
^Korpysz, Tomasz (2017-01-29). "Uwaga na uzus". Porady (in Polish). Idziemy. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
^Frandsen, Jacob (2014-03-20). "Interpreting Standard Usage Empirically". Theses and Dissertations.
^Fronk, Amanda (2014-06-10). "Determining Dictionary and Usage Guide Agreement with Real-World Usage: A Diachronic Corpus Study of American English". Theses and Dissertations.
^R. Thomas Berner, "Usage Notes in the Oxford American Dictionary", The Journal of General Education33:3:239–246 (Fall 1981)
^Dace Strelēvica-Ošiņa (2019), "The Language of Correctness: Some Terms of Latin Origin", Antiquitas Viva, 5: 191, doi:10.22364/av5.16, ISSN 2255-9779
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You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Polish December 2019 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the Polish article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 1 392 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Polish Wikipedia article at pl Uzus jezykowy see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated pl Uzus jezykowy to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation The usage of a language is the ways in which its written and spoken variations are routinely employed by its speakers that is it refers to the collective habits of a language s native speakers 1 as opposed to idealized models of how a language works or should work in the abstract For instance Fowler characterized usage as the way in which a word or phrase is normally and correctly used and as the points of grammar syntax style and the choice of words 2 In everyday usage language is used differently depending on the situation and individual 3 Individual language users can shape language structures and language usage based on their community 4 In the descriptive tradition of language analysis by way of contrast correct tends to mean functionally adequate for the purposes of the speaker or writer using it and adequately idiomatic to be accepted by the listener or reader usage is also however a concern for the prescriptive tradition for which correctness is a matter of arbitrating style 5 6 Common usage may be used as one of the criteria of laying out prescriptive norms for codified standard language usage 7 Everyday language users including editors and writers look at dictionaries style guides usage guides and other published authoritative works to help inform their language decisions This takes place because of the perception that Standard English is determined by language authorities 8 For many language users the dictionary is the source of correct language use as far as accurate vocabulary and spelling go 9 Modern dictionaries are not generally prescriptive but they often include usage notes which may describe words as formal informal slang and so on 10 Despite occasional usage notes lexicographers generally disclaim any intent to guide writers and editors on the thorny points of English usage 1 History editAccording to Jeremy Butterfield The first person we know of who made usage refer to language was Daniel Defoe at the end of the seventeenth century Defoe proposed the creation of a language society of 36 individuals who would set prescriptive language rules for the approximately six million English speakers 5 The Latin equivalent usus was a crucial term in the research of Danish linguists Otto Jespersen and Louis Hjelmslev 11 They used the term to designate usage that has widespread or significant acceptance among speakers of a language regardless of its conformity to the sanctioned standard language norms 12 See also editError linguistics English writing style Idiom language structure Common English usage misconceptions List of English words with disputed usageReferences editNebeska Iva 2017 UZUS In Karlik Petr Nekula Marek Pleskalova Jana eds Novy encyklopedicky slovnik cestiny in Czech Markowski Andrzej 2005 Kultura jezyka polskiego Teoria Zagadnienia leksykalne in Polish Warsaw Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN ISBN 83 01 14526 9 a b University of Chicago 2010 Grammar versus usage The Chicago Manual of Style 16th ed Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0226104201 H W Fowler s A Dictionary of Modern English Usage Smith N 2006 01 01 Brown Keith ed History of Linguistics Discipline of Linguistics Encyclopedia of Language amp Linguistics Second Edition Oxford Elsevier pp 341 355 doi 10 1016 b0 08 044854 2 04446 1 ISBN 978 0 08 044854 1 retrieved 2023 11 01 von Mengden Ferdinand Cousse Evie 2014 Introduction The role of change in usage based conceptions of language Studies in Functional and Structural Linguistics Amsterdam John Benjamins Publishing Company pp 1 20 retrieved 2023 11 01 a b Butterfield Jeremy 2008 Damp Squid The English Language Laid Bare Oxford Oxford University Press pp 137 138 ISBN 9780199574094 Curzan Anne 2014 Fixing English Prescriptivism and Language History Cambridge UP ISBN 978 1107020757 Korpysz Tomasz 2017 01 29 Uwaga na uzus Porady in Polish Idziemy Retrieved 2019 02 10 Frandsen Jacob 2014 03 20 Interpreting Standard Usage Empirically Theses and Dissertations Fronk Amanda 2014 06 10 Determining Dictionary and Usage Guide Agreement with Real World Usage A Diachronic Corpus Study of American English Theses and Dissertations R Thomas Berner Usage Notes in the Oxford American Dictionary The Journal of General Education 33 3 239 246 Fall 1981 Dace Strelevica Osina 2019 The Language of Correctness Some Terms of Latin Origin Antiquitas Viva 5 191 doi 10 22364 av5 16 ISSN 2255 9779 Markowski 2005 p 21 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Usage language amp oldid 1184444723, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
