Confederate Memorial Day
Confederate Memorial Day (called Confederate Heroes Day in Texas and Florida, and Confederate Decoration Day in Tennessee) is a holiday observed in several Southern U.S. states on various dates since the end of the American Civil War. The holiday was originally publicly presented as a day to remember the estimated 258,000 Confederate soldiers who died during the American Civil War.[1]
| Confederate Memorial Day | |
|---|---|
Standard government headstone for unknown Confederate soldier, Beechgrove, Tennessee | |
| Also called | Confederate Heroes Day, Confederate Decoration Day |
| Observed by | Southern states (United States) |
| Type | Cultural |
| Observances | Remembrance of Confederate soldiers who died during the American Civil War |
| Date | |
| Frequency | annual |
| First time | April 26, 1866 |
| Related to | |
The holiday originated at a local level by Ladies' Memorial Associations to care for the graves of Confederate dead.[2] In 1866, General John A. Logan commanded the posts of Grand Army of the Republic to strew flowers on the graves of Union soldiers, which observance later became the national Memorial Day. In a speech to veterans in Salem, Illinois, on July 4, 1866, Logan referred to the various dates of observance adopted in the South for the practice, saying "…traitors in the South have their gatherings day after day, to strew garlands of flowers upon the graves of Rebel soldiers..."[3]
The Southern Poverty Law Center has condemned the holiday as part of a campaign of "racial terror" on the part of white supremacists - "an organized propaganda campaign, created to instill fear and ensure the ongoing oppression of formerly enslaved people."[4] Writers and historians have pointed out that the holiday's official recognition by states often coincided with the height of Jim Crow racism around the United States, decades after the war ended.[5][6] Renewed interest also revived the holiday in some places during the beginning of the civil rights movement in the 1950s.[7]
It is currently an official state holiday in Alabama, Mississippi, South Carolina and Texas (where state employees are entitled to a paid day off work), while it is commemorated in Kentucky, Florida, North Carolina, and Tennessee.[8][9][10][11][12][13][14] It was also formerly recognized in Missouri, Louisiana, and Virginia.[15] In Georgia, a state holiday is still observed on the 4th Monday in April however, since 2016, it is referred to simply as a "State Holiday". Several states celebrate the date on or near April 26, when the last major Confederate field army surrendered at Bennett Place, North Carolina in 1865.[16]
Origins edit
In the spring of 1866 the Ladies Memorial Association of Columbus, Georgia, passed a resolution to set aside one day annually to memorialize the Confederate war dead. Mary Ann Williams, the association secretary, was directed to pen a letter inviting ladies associations in every former Confederate state to join them in the observance.[17] Their invitation was written in March 1866 and sent to all of the principal cities in the former Confederacy, including Atlanta;[18] Macon;[19] Montgomery; Memphis; Richmond; St. Louis; Alexandria; Columbia;[20] and New Orleans, as well as smaller towns like Staunton, Virginia;[21] Anderson, South Carolina;[22] and Wilmington, North Carolina.[23] The actual date for the holiday was selected by Elizabeth Rutherford Ellis.[24] She chose April 26, the first anniversary of Confederate General Johnston's surrender to Union Major General Sherman at Bennett Place. For many in the Confederacy, that date in 1865 marked the end of the Civil War.[17]
The first official celebration as a public holiday occurred in 1874, following a proclamation by the Georgia legislature.[25] By 1916, ten states celebrated it, on June 3, the birthday of CSA President Jefferson Davis.[25] Other states chose late April dates, or May 10, commemorating Davis' capture.[25]
Historians have pointed out that the holiday's official recognition by states often coincided with the height of Jim Crow racism around the United States.[5][6] In some places, the holiday attracted revived interest as a reaction to the early civil rights movement in the 1950s.[7]
Connection to Memorial Day edit
In their book, The Genesis of the Memorial Day Holiday in America, Bellware and Gardiner assert that the national Memorial Day holiday is a direct offshoot of the observance begun by the Ladies Memorial Association of Columbus, Georgia in 1866. In a few places, most notably Columbus, Mississippi[26] and Macon, Georgia,[27] both Confederate and Union graves were decorated during the first observance. The day was even referred to as Memorial Day by The Baltimore Sun on May 8, 1866, after the ladies organization that started it. The name Confederate Memorial Day was not used until the Northern observance was initiated in 1868.[28]
While initially cool to the idea of a Northern version of the holiday, General John A. Logan was eventually won over. His General Order No. 11, issued May 5, 1868, commanded the posts of Grand Army of the Republic to strew flowers on the graves of Union soldiers. The Grand Army of the Republic eventually adopted the name Memorial Day at their national encampment in 1882.[29]
Many theories have been offered as to how Logan became aware of the former Confederate tradition he imitated in 1868. In her autobiography, his wife Mary Logan claims she told him about it after a trip to Virginia in the spring of that year.[30] His secretary and his adjutant also claim they told him about it. John Murray of Waterloo, New York, claims it was he who inspired Logan in 1868. Bellware and Gardiner, however, offer proof that Logan was aware of the Southern tributes long before any of them had a chance to mention it to him.[31] In a speech to veterans in Salem, Illinois, on July 4, 1866, Logan referred to the various dates of observance adopted in the South for the practice saying "…traitors in the South have their gatherings day after day, to strew garlands of flowers upon the graves of Rebel soldiers..."[3]
Statutory holidays edit
Confederate Memorial Day is a statutory holiday in Alabama on the fourth Monday in April, in Mississippi on the final Monday in April, and in South Carolina on May 10.[32][33][34][35][14] In all of these states, state offices are closed on this day (in Texas a so-called "skeleton crew" is required however staff are later compensated for their work on the holiday.[36]
In Georgia, the fourth Monday in April was formerly celebrated as Confederate Memorial Day, but beginning in 2016, in response to the Charleston church shooting, the names of Confederate Memorial Day and Robert E. Lee's Birthday were struck from the state calendar and the statutory holidays were designated simply as "state holidays".[37] Florida also continues to officially designate Confederate Memorial Day on the fourth Monday in April, although state offices remain open.[38]
North Carolina also designates the holiday on May 10, although state offices remain open and localities may choose whether to observe it.[39][40]
In June 2022, the Louisiana State Legislature voted to remove Confederate Memorial Day, as well as Robert E. Lee Day, from the state's calendar of official holidays.[41]
| State | Recognized | Derecognized | Type | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | 1901[42] | - | State holiday | Last Monday in April |
| Florida | 1895[43] | - | Commemoration | Fourth Monday in April |
| Georgia | 1874[25] | 2016[37] | 4th Monday in April is now called "State Holiday" | Fourth Monday in April |
| Kentucky | ? | - | Commemoration | |
| Louisiana | c. 1925[44] | 2022[41] | State holiday | April 26 |
| Mississippi | ? | - | State holiday | Last Monday in April |
| Missouri | ? | ? | ||
| North Carolina | ? | - | Commemoration | May 10 |
| South Carolina | 1896[45] | - | State holiday (made non-optional in 2000[8]) | May 10 |
| Tennessee | 1903[11] | - | Annual proclamation required by law | June 3 |
| Texas | 1973[46] | - | State Holiday (with skeletal crew workers later compensated) | January 19 |
| Virginia | 1899[47] | 2020[47] |
Related holidays edit
Tennessee edit
In Tennessee, the governor is required by law to proclaim Confederate Decoration Day each June 3.[11]
Texas edit
In Texas, Robert E. Lee's birthday (January 19) was made a state holiday in 1931.[48] In 1973, "Lee Day" was renamed "Confederate Heroes Day", consolidating it with a holiday celebrating Jefferson Davis and putting it the day after Martin Luther King Day.[46] The official state description of the holiday states it is held "in honor of Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee, and other Confederate heroes;".[46] State offices remain open but employees may have an optional day off.
Controversy edit
The holiday has been condemned by the Southern Poverty Law Center as part of a campaign of "racial terror" on the part of white supremacists, "an organized propaganda campaign, created to instill fear and ensure the ongoing oppression of formerly enslaved people".[4] Critics often cite the fact that the Confederacy was formed for the purpose of protecting slavery.[49] Some commemorations have been met with groups of protesters.[50]
Various proposals have been made in the legislatures of the states still recognizing it to remove it from the list of state holidays or commemorations, or to replace it with Juneteenth.[51][49]
The campaign for de-recognition of the holiday overlaps with that for removal of Confederate monuments and memorials, and is often highlighted after incidents of racial violence, such as the Charleston church shooting, the 2017 Charlottesville car attack,[52] and the 2020 murder of George Floyd.
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Boyer, Paul S., ed. (2001). The Oxford Companion to United States History. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 132. ISBN 0-19-508209-5.
- ^ Frank, Lisa Tendrich, The World of the Civil War: A Daily Life Encyclopedia, Volume I, p.517.
- ^ a b "Illinois – Gen. Logan on Reconstruction," New York Tribune July 14, 1866 p. 5". Library of Congress. July 14, 1866. from the original on April 30, 2018. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
- ^ a b Confederate Memorial Day remains legal holiday in Florida, other southern states
- ^ a b Coaston, Jane (April 23, 2018). "Confederate Memorial Day: when multiple states celebrate treason in defense of slavery". Vox. from the original on April 13, 2022. Retrieved June 10, 2022.
- ^ a b Frank, Lisa Tendrich (July 28, 2015). "Confederate%20Memorial%20day%20became" The World of the Civil War: A Daily Life Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Daily Life Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 517. ISBN 978-1-4408-2979-6. Retrieved June 10, 2022.
- ^ a b Cox, Karen L. (February 23, 2021). No Common Ground: Confederate Monuments and the Ongoing Fight for Racial Justice. UNC Press Books. ISBN 978-1-4696-6268-8.
- ^ a b "Code of Laws – Title 53 – Chapter 5 – Legal Holidays". www.scstatehouse.gov. from the original on May 18, 2018. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
- ^ "Confederate Memorial Day still recognized in Alabama and across the South". AL.com. from the original on May 18, 2018. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
- ^ "Alabama Code Title 1. General Provisions § 1-3-8". Findlaw. from the original on May 18, 2018. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
- ^ a b c Allison, Natalie (July 12, 2019). "Gov. Bill Lee Signs Nathan Bedford Forrest Day Proclamation, Is Not Considering Law Change." June 10, 2022, at the Wayback Machine The Tennessean (Tennessean.com). Retrieved July 12, 2019.
- ^ Orlando Sentinel Editorial Board (April 20, 2021). "Pandering to the base: Florida protects Confederate holidays, makes felons of protesters – Editorial". Orlando Sentinel. from the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2021.
- ^ Reimann, Nicholas (April 26, 2021). "State Offices Close For 'Confederate Memorial Day' In Alabama And Mississippi – Here's Why It's (Still) An Official Holiday There". Forbes. from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2021.
- ^ a b "GOVERNMENT CODE CHAPTER 662. HOLIDAYS AND RECOGNITION DAYS, WEEKS, AND MONTHS". statutes.capitol.texas.gov. Retrieved January 21, 2024.
- ^ Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. Washington, DC: United States Government Publishing Office. 1925. p. 68.
- ^ Woolf, Henry Bosley, ed. (1976). Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary. Springfield, Massachusetts: G. & C. Merriam Co. p. 236. ISBN 0-87779-338-7. OL 5207141M.
- ^ a b Lucian Lamar Knight (1914). "Georgia's Landmarks, Memorials, and Legends ...: Under the code duello ..." Books.google.com. p. 156. from the original on January 16, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- ^ "The Soldiers' Graves". Digital Library of Georgia. Atlanta Intelligencer. March 21, 1866. p. 2. from the original on February 28, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
- ^ ""Woman's Honor to the Gallant Dead," Macon Telegraph, March 26, 1866, p. 5". Digital Library of Georgia. from the original on June 10, 2022. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
- ^ ""In Memory of the Confederate Dead," Daily Phoenix, Columbia, SC, April 4, 1866, p. 2". Library of Congress. April 4, 1866. from the original on February 28, 2017. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
- ^ ""The Southern Dead," Staunton Spectator, Staunton, VA, March 27, 1866 p.1". Library of Congress. March 27, 1866. from the original on February 28, 2017. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
- ^ ""The Southern Dead," Anderson Intelligencer, Anderson Court House, SC, March 29, 1866, p.1". Library of Congress. March 29, 1866. from the original on February 28, 2017. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
- ^ ""In Memory of the Confederate Dead," Wilmington Journal, Wilmington, NC, April 5, 1866, p.1". Library of Congress. April 5, 1866. from the original on March 1, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
- ^ "Lizzie Rutherford (1833–1873) | New Georgia Encyclopedia". Georgiaencyclopedia.org. 2004. from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- ^ a b c d . GeorgiaInfo. University of Georgia. Archived from the original on January 22, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
- ^ ""Confederate Soldiers' Dead," Louisiana Democrat, July 18, 1866". Library of Congress. July 18, 1866. from the original on February 25, 2017. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
- ^ "Will They Notice This Touching Tribute". Library of Congress. Columbus, OH: Ohio Statesman. May 4, 1866. p. 2. from the original on February 26, 2017. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
- ^ Bellware, Daniel (2014). The Genesis of the Memorial Day Holiday in America. Columbus, GA: Columbus State University. p. 87. ISBN 9780692292259.
- ^ Beath, Robert B. (1884). The Grand Army Blue-Book Containing the Rules and Regulations of the Grand Army of the Republic and Decisions and Opinions Thereon . Philadelphia: Grand Army of the Republic. p. 118. from the original on February 26, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
- ^ Logan, Mrs. John A. (1913). "Logan, Mrs. John A., Reminiscences of a Soldier's Wife, C. Scribner sons, 1913, p. 243". Google Books. from the original on February 25, 2017. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
- ^ Bellware, Daniel (2014). The Genesis of the Memorial Day Holiday in America. Columbus, GA: Columbus State University. p. 144. ISBN 9780692292259.
- ^ "Confederate Memorial Day in the United States". time and date.com. Time and Date AS. from the original on October 17, 2017. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
- ^ "Confederate Memorial Day still recognized in Alabama and across the South". Alabama Media Group. The Associated Press. April 27, 2015. from the original on July 26, 2015. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- ^ "Confederate Memorial Day". Sos.ms.gov. April 27, 2015. from the original on January 28, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- ^ "Code of Laws - Title 53 - Chapter 5 - Legal Holidays". www.scstatehouse.gov. from the original on May 18, 2018. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
- ^ "State of Texas Holiday Schedule - Fiscal 2024". comptroller.texas.gov. Retrieved January 21, 2024.
- ^ a b "Why Monday is no longer Confederate Memorial Day in Georgia". April 23, 2018. from the original on February 15, 2020. Retrieved February 15, 2020.
- ^ staff, News4Jax (April 26, 2021). "Confederate Memorial Day remains legal holiday in Florida, other southern states". WJXT. from the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2021.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Do Some US States Observe 'Confederate Memorial Day'?". Snopes.com. from the original on March 25, 2022. Retrieved May 11, 2021.
- ^ Merelli, Annalisa (May 10, 2018). "What the controversial Confederate Memorial Day would be in other countries". Quartz. from the original on May 14, 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
- ^ a b Canicosa, J. C. "Louisiana Legislature agrees to get rid of Confederate state holidays". Louisiana Illuminator. from the original on June 7, 2022. Retrieved June 10, 2022.
- ^ Confederate Memorial Day - Encyclopedia of Alabama
- ^ 5 things to know about Florida's Confederate holidays
- ^ Louisiana Senate Approves Removing Robert E. Lee Day and Confederate Memorial Day From State’s Legal Holiday Calendar
- ^ How South Carolina observes Confederate Memorial Day and how that could change
- ^ a b c Jakob Rodriguez; Japhanie Gray (January 19, 2021). "What is Confederate Heroes Day and why do Texans still celebrate it today?". KSAT - Omne - Graham Media Group. from the original on June 7, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
- ^ a b Virginia holiday commemorating Confederate generals won't be celebrated in 2021, for the first time in over 100 years
- ^ "TEXAS CONFEDERATE HEROES DAY AND CONFEDERATE MEMORIAL DAY" (PDF). Texas Division United Daughters of the Confederacy. (PDF) from the original on June 7, 2021. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
"House Bill 126, 42nd Legislature Regular Session. Chapter 8. Approved and Effective January 30, 1931 as Robert E. Lee's Birthday.; Senate Bill 60, 63rd Legislature Regular Session. Chapter 221. Approved June 1, 1973 and Effective August 27, 1973 as Confederate Heroes Day. This bill deleted June 3rd as a holiday for Jefferson Davis' birthday and combined the two into Confederate Heroes Day."
- ^ a b Confederate Memorial Day: What is the controversial holiday recognized in Florida?
- ^ Civil rights activists protest Confederate Memorial Day at Georgia’s Stone Mountain
- ^ A day to celebrate? Confederate Memorial Day is still on the books in FL
- ^ Why is today Confederate Memorial Day in Kentucky?
Further reading edit
- "Confederate Memorial Day" [Wilson County, North Carolina] (Black & white photoprint). Chapel Hill, N.C.: North Carolina Digital Heritage Center, DigitalNC. c. 1890. 5587. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
- Bellware, Daniel, and Richard Gardiner, PhD. The Genesis of the Memorial Day Holiday in America. Columbus, GA: Columbus State U, 2014. Print.
- Gore, Leada (October 16, 2015). "Georgia Does Away With Confederate Memorial Day, Robert E. Lee Birthday". The Birmingham News. Birmingham, Ala. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
- Jackson, Ed (n.d.). "Confederate Memorial Day in Georgia". GeorgiaInfo. Atlanta, Ga. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
- Napier, Cameron Freeman (2013). "Confederate Memorial Day". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Ramer, Ala. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Ruiz, Myra (May 11, 2015). "Historians Explain Reason for Observing Confederate Memorial Day". WYFF-TV. Greenville, S.C. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
- Russonello, Giovanni (April 27, 2017). "Trevor Noah Has a Hard Time With Confederate Memorial Day". The New York Times. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
External links edit
- Confederate Memorial Day at NCpedia (ncpedia.org)
- Works by or about Confederate Memorial Day at Internet Archive