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Unemployment in Kerala

August 24, 2023

Unemployment in Kerala discusses the causes and measures of Kerala unemployment and strategies for reducing it. Job creation and unemployment are affected by factors such as economic conditions, global competition, education, automation, and demographics. These factors can affect the number of workers, the duration of unemployment, and wage levels.

Features

Demographic

Main article: Demographics of Kerala

Kerala is a state on the southwestern Malabar Coast of India.[1] It accounts for 1.18% of the total area of India as well as around 2.76% of its total population. With a density of 859 persons per km2, its land is nearly three times as densely settled as the national average of 370 persons per km2.[2] In the state, the rate of population growth is India's lowest, and the decadal growth of 4.9% in 2011 is less than one third of the all-India average of 17.6%.[2] Kerala's population more than doubled between 1951 and 1991 by adding 15.6 million people to reach 29.1 million residents in 1991; the population stood at 33.3 million by 2011.[2] Kerala's coastal regions are the most densely settled with population of 2022 persons per km2, 2.5 times the overall population density of the state, 859 persons per km2, leaving the eastern hills and mountains comparatively sparsely populated.[3] Kerala is the second-most urbanised major state in the country with 47.7% urban population according to the 2011 Census of India.[4]

The state is a pioneer in many of the social development indices of India. Kerala has the lowest positive population growth rate in India, 3.44%; the highest Human Development Index (HDI), 0.784 in 2018 (0.712 in 2015); the highest literacy rate, 96.2% in the 2018 literacy survey conducted by the National Statistical Office, India;[5] the highest life expectancy, 77 years; and the highest sex ratio, 1,084 women per 1,000 men.[6] Kerala is the second-least impoverished state in India according to the Annual Report of Reserve Bank of India published in 2013.[7][8] The state topped in the country to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals according to the annual report of NITI Aayog published in 2019.[9]

Economic

Main article: Economy of Kerala

Kerala's economy is primarily based on the concept of "democratic socialist welfare state".[10] Some, such as Financial Express, use the term "Money Order Economy".[11] The economy of Kerala significantly depends upon its service sector. In 2019–20, the service sector contributed around 63% of the state's GSVA, compared to 28% by industrial sector, and 8% by agricultural sector.[12] In the period between 1960 and 2020, Kerala's economy was gradually shifting from an agrarian economy into a service-based one.[12] Only 27.3% of the families in Kerala depend upon agriculture for their livelihood, which is also the least curresponding rate in India.[13] In 2015–16 the figures were 63.66% for service sector, 24.27% for industrial sector, and 12.07% for agricultural sector.[14] The state's per-capita income is much higher than the national average of India. This has fuelled internal migration to Kerala for low-end jobs, even as Keralites have emigrated—mostly to the Gulf countries—in search of better-paying jobs. The Kerala Economy is therefore also largely dependent on trade in services and resulted remittances.[15][16][17] In 2012, the state was the highest receiver of overall remittances to India which stood at Rs. 499.65 billion (31.2% of the state's GDP), followed by Tamil Nadu, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh.[18]

The state's service sector which accounts for around 65% of its revenue is mainly based upon its hospitality industry, tourism, ayurveda and medical services, pilgrimage, information technology, transportation, financial sector, and education.[14] Major initiatives under the industrial sector include Cochin Shipyard, shipbuilding, oil refinery, software industry, coastal mineral industries,[19] food processing, marine products processing, and rubber-based products. The primary sector of the state is mainly based upon cash crops.[20] Kerala produces a significant amount of national output of the cash crops such as coconut, tea, coffee, pepper, natural rubber, cardamom, and cashew in India.[20] The cultivation of food crops began to reduce since the 1950s.[20] The migrant labourers in Kerala are a significant workforce in its industrial and agricultural sectors. Being home to only 1.18% of the total land area of India and 2.75% of its population, Kerala contributes more than 4% to the gross domestic product of India.

Unemployment rate

See also: Unemployment in India

The Unemployment rate of Kerala is higher than the national average of India.[21] The rate among youth between 15 and 29 years of age stood at 40.5% in Kerala between January and March 2020 as per the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) published by the Government of India.[22] However the national rate was only 21%, according to the survey released on 31 December 2020.[22] The PLFS defines unemployment as "The percentage of people unemployed of the total available labour force, both employed and unemployed."[23] Overall unemployment rate of Kerala in 2018-19 was 9% according to the PLFS report compared to the national average of 5.8%.[24][25] In 2017–18, the unemployment rate of Kerala stood at 11.4% while that of India was 6.1%.[26][25] The Economic Review Report tabled in the Kerala Legislative Assembly revealed that the curresponding rate among youth was around 36% in 2018–19, which was again more than twice the national average rate of 17%.[23] However, rural-urban divide is not seen in the unemployment rate of Kerala, much like that of the other indices of the state, and unlike most of the other states of India. The rural rate among youth between 15 and 29 years of age stood at 35.8% while its urban counterpart was 34.6% in 2018–19.[23]

Structure of unemployment

The structure of unemployment and job seekers in the southwestern state of Kerala varies significantly from the rest of India. K. P. Kannan, a development economist in Kerala, calls it as Educated Unemployment, in which a person can't find desired job according to his educational qualification.[23] Other varying factor of Kerala with respect to rest of India is the higher number of female job seekers with respect to its male counterpart.

Genderwise distribution

The genderwise distribution of job seekers in Kerala differ significantly from that of the rest of India. More than 60% of the total job seekers in Kerala are women, with most of them are well-educated.[27] It is also seen that the unemployment rate among the women job seekers is much higher than that among the male job seekers.[21] A comparison among the unemployment rate of men and women of Kerala and India of the age group 15–29 in the year 2011–12 is given below:

Unemployment Rate of the Youth (Age group: 15–29) in Kerala and India (2011–12)[21]
Rural Urban
Male Female Total Male Female Total
Kerala India Kerala India Kerala India Kerala India Kerala India Kerala India
9.7% 5.0% 47.4% 4.8% 21.7% 4.9% 8.4% 8.1% 28.9% 13.1% 18.0% 9.2%

Educational qualification

In Kerala, the unemployment rate is higher for those who have higher educational qualifications.[21][23] The rate is much higher for those who are graduates.[21] Around 25% of the Postgraduates are unemployed while nearly 17% of each of those who have attained either a technical degree or vocational training are unemployed.[21]

Unemployment rate by Skill in Kerala (15 years and above)[21]
General education Rate of Unemployment Vocational Training Rate of Unemployment
Not Literate 4.6% Formal 14.9%
Just Literate 4.1% Informal 3.5%
Primary 2.4% No Training 9.7%
Middle 4.1% Graduate 16.2%
Secondary 10.2% Diploma 20.3%
Higher Secondary 18.8% Post Graduate Diploma 25.7%
Graduate 20.0% No Qualification 7.7%
Post-Graduate 23.3%

Statistics

Terms and definitions

  • Usual Status:The activity status determined on the basis of the reference period of last 365 days preceding the date of survey.[28]
  • Currently Week Status (CWS):The activity status determined on the basis of a reference period of last 7 days preceding the date of survey.[28]

Labour Force Participation Rate

LFPR is defined as the ratio of the section of working-age population currently employed or seeking employment to the total working-age population.[29]

Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) according to Usual Status - 2017-18 and 2018-19 (In %)[30][24][26]
Sl.no Age group Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total
M F P M F P M F P M F P M F P M F P
Kerala 2017-18 India 2017-18
1 15–29 years 55.1 20.8 37.2 48.4 27.6 37.8 52.2 23.6 37.4 58.9 15.9 38.1 58.5 17.5 38.5 58.8 16.4 38.2
2 15–59 years 79.5 31.1 53.6 78.1 33.0 53.6 78.9 31.9 53.6 80.2 26.6 53.6 80.1 22.3 51.6 80.2 25.3 53.0
3 15 years and above 71.1 25.9 46.6 68.9 27.3 46.4 70.1 26.5 46.5 76.4 24.6 50.7 74.5 20.4 47.6 75.8 23.3 49.8
4 All ages 54.1 20.7 36.4 53.6 22.1 36.8 53.9 21.3 36.6 54.9 18.2 37.0 57.0 15.9 36.8 55.5 17.5 36.9
Kerala 2018-19 India 2018-19
1 15–29 years 43.3 23.0 32.9 51.6 29.1 39.9 47.0 25.8 36.0 58.8 15.8 37.8 58.6 17.1 38.7 58.8 16.2 38.1
2 15–59 years 76.5 35.5 54.6 79.9 35.0 55.4 78.1 35.2 55.0 80.6 28.3 54.5 79.6 22.5 51.6 80.3 26.5 53.6
3 15 years and above 71.0 31.3 49.7 71.4 29.7 48.8 71.2 30.6 49.3 76.4 26.4 51.5 73.7 20.4 47.5 75.5 24.5 50.2
4 All ages 56.9 25.0 39.7 56.3 24.2 39.2 56.6 24.6 39.5 55.1 19.7 37.7 56.7 16.1 36.9 55.6 18.6 37.5

†M:Male, F:Female, P:Person

Worker Population Ratio

WPR is defined as the percentage of employed persons in the population.[28]

Worker Population Ratio in Kerala and India - 2018–19 (in %)[30][24]
Male Female Person
15–29 years 15–59 years 15 years and above All ages 15–29 years 15–59 years 15 years and above All ages 15–29 years 15–59 years 15 years and above All ages
K I K I K I K I K I K I K I K I K I K I K I K I
36.1 48.6 73.5 75.1 67.7 71.0 53.8 52.3 11.5 13.3 28.5 25.0 25.3 23.3 20.4 17.6 23.4 31.5 49.3 50.3 44.9 47.3 35.9 35.3

†K:Kerala, I:India

Average wage earnings per day

See also: Migrant labourers in Kerala

Kerala offers the best wages in unorganised sector among the subnational entities of South Asia, which might be a pull factor for the migrant labourers in Kerala. According to the India Wage Report prepared by International Labour Organization in 2018, the states with the consistent highest casual wages in both rural and urban areas are Kerala, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, and Haryana.[31] The existing wages for casual workers in Kerala are around 65% higher than that of India.[31] It is notable that the wage rates for women in Kerala is 50% more than that of their counterparts in India.[31] However, it is much lesser than their male counterparts in Kerala.[31]

Average wage earnings per day from casual labour work other than public works in Currently Week Status (CWS) for Kerala and India, in ₹[31][24][26]
Period K/I Rural Urban Total
M F P M F P M F P
July–September 2018 Kerala 641.83 357.79 598.79 710.13 422.76 676.4 664.82 375.6 624.23
India 276.92 170.1 253.93 342.15 204.73 319.3 287.88 174.54 264.38
October–December 2018 Kerala 659.41 377.8 605.64 678.44 365.85 649.06 666.26 375.43 620.16
India 286.84 185.64 264.63 348.76 226.25 331.24 297.86 190.26 275.59
January–March 2019 Kerala 677.53 403.4 651.61 684.01 332.02 649.73 680.07 374.84 650.87
India 287.36 190.23 267.42 357.53 220.22 339.15 299.08 193.44 278.56
April–June 2019 Kerala 732.17 388.32 697.18 680.32 372.25 648.27 710.77 381.59 676.96
India 297.44 199.24 278.62 367.65 244.15 351.82 309.77 204.49 290.7

†M:Male, F:Female, P:Person

Unemployment rate

It is the percentage of persons unemployed among the persons in the labour force.[28]

Unemployment Rate in Kerala and India - 2017-18 and 2018-19 (in %)[32][24][26]
Sl.no Age group Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total
M F P M F P M F P M F P M F P M F P
Kerala 2017-18 India 2017-18
1 15–29 years 20.5 61.7 32.5 27.4 65.2 41.5 23.3 63.4 36.3 17.4 13.6 16.6 8.7 27.2 20.6 17.8 17.9 17.8
2 15–59 years 6.6 21.3 11.2 7.5 29.0 14.7 7.0 24.8 12.7 6.3 4.0 5.7 7.3 11.3 8.2 6.6 6.0 6.5
3 15 years and above 5.9 19.6 10.0 6.6 27.4 13.2 6.2 23.2 11.4 5.7 3.8 5.3 6.9 10.8 7.7 6.1 5.6 6.0
4 All ages 5.9 19.6 10.0 6.6 27.5 13.2 6.2 23.2 11.4 5.8 3.8 5.3 7.1 10.8 7.8 6.2 5.7 6.1
Kerala 2018-19 India 2018-19
1 15–29 years 23.4 57.8 35.8 23.1 53.1 34.6 23.3 55.4 35.2 16.6 13.8 16.0 18.7 25.7 20.2 17.2 17.7 17.3
2 15–59 years 5.6 17.8 9.9 6.0 20.7 11.0 5.8 19.1 10.4 6.0 3.8 5.4 7.4 10.3 8.3 8.0 5.5 6.2
3 15 years and above 4.7 15.6 8.4 5.2 18.8 9.7 4.9 17.0 9.0 5.5 3.5 5.0 7.0 9.8 7.6 6.0 5.1 5.8
4 All ages 4.7 15.6 8.4 5.2 18.8 9.7 5.0 17.1 9.0 5.6 3.5 5.0 7.1 9.9 7.7 6.0 5.2 5.8

†M:Male, F:Female, P:Person

Unemployment rate in Kerala - 2018–19, both Usual Status and Currently Week Status (in %)[33][24]
Rural Urban Total
Male Female Person Male Female Person Male Female Person
ps+ss CWS ps+ss CWS ps+ss CWS ps+ss CWS ps+ss CWS ps+ss CWS ps+ss CWS ps+ss CWS ps+ss CWS
4.7 8.0 15.6 19.0 8.4 11.6 5.2 7.9 18.8 20.9 9.7 12.1 4.9 8.0 17.0 19.8 9.0 11.8

†ps+ss:Usual Status, CWS:Currently Week Status

Distribution of employment

Employment in the Organised Sector-Kerala (in Lakh)[34]
Sector 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Public 6.1 6.1 5.8 5.7 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.6 5.5
Private 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.5 5.7 6.1 6.1 6.6 6.9 6.9

Distribution of Employment in Public Sector (2020)[34]

  Central Government (11%)
  State Government (47%)
  Central Quasi Government (15%)
  State Quasi Government (23%)
  Local Self Government Institutions (4%)
Women Participation in Public Sector Employment in 2019-20[35]
Sl.no Branch No. of Women Employed Share (%)
1 State Government 104,628 54.2
2 State Quasi Government Sector 38,666 20.0
3 Central Government 14,745 7.6
4 Central Quasi Government Sector 25,968 13.4
5 Local Self Government Institutions 9,217 4.8
Total 193,224 100.0
Distribution of Employment in Organised Sector, both Public and Private (March-2020)[36]
Sector Percent
Manufacturing
 
 18.33%
Education
 
 17.86%
Administrative and support service activities
 
 8.92%
Financial and insurance activities
 
 7.97%
Public Administration and defence; compulsory social security
 
 7.76%
Information and communication
 
 6.61%
Professional, Scientific, and technical activities
 
 6.50%
Human health and social work activities
 
 6.26%
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
 
 5.76%
Wholesale and Retail trade, Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motor Cycles
 
 4.29%
Transportation and Storage
 
 4.13%
Accommodation and food Service activities
 
 1.85%
Construction
 
 1.11%
Electricity, gas, steam, and air Conditioning supply
 
 0.65%
Distribution of employment
Source: Economic Review 2020, Kerala

Employment exchanges

Registered job seekers

Kerala had around 4,330,000 job seekers on 31 December 2012, who had registered in the live register of state employment exchanges.[37] However, it decreased to around 3,430,000 by 31 July 2020.[37] A decline of nearly 900,000 occurred in the number of the registered job seekers within 8 years.[37] As on 31 July 2020, 63.6% of the registered job seekers in Kerala are women.[37] Around 92.1% of total job seekers in the state have at least qualified their secondary schooling.[37] The number of professional and technical job seekers is around 350,000, as on 31 July 2020.[37] Technical, Diploma, or Engineering certificate holders together constitute more than 70% of the professional and technical job seekers.[37] The number of engineering graduates among the registered job seekers is 47,525, while their medical counterpart is only 9,000.[37]

Work seekers in Kerala (in Lakh)[37]
2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 (to 31 July)
Total Work Seekers (in Lakh) 34.9 41.6 42.0 43.3 37.3 36.2 34.9 35.6 35.0 35.6 35.2 34.3
Job seekers in Kerala as on July 31, 2020 (Status of Men and Women)[38]
District Work Seekers (in Lakh)
District wise map of Kerala Name Male Female
  Kasaragod 0.3 0.6
Kannur 0.8 1.5
Wayanad 0.4 0.6
Kozhikode 1.0 2.0
Malappuram 1.0 1.7
Palakkad 0.8 1.4
Thrissur 0.9 1.8
Ernakulam 1.2 2.1
Idukki 0.4 0.6
Kottayam 0.8 1.3
Alappuzha 1.0 1.6
Pathanamthitta 0.5 0.9
Kollam 1.4 2.3
Thiruvananthapuram 1.9 3.4

Source:Directorate of Employment, Government of Kerala

Placements

The number of placements through Employment Exchanges in Kerala is much less than the number of total registered job seekers in the state.[39] The total placement has been declining since 2010.[39] From 2015 to 2018, it has been increasing.[39] However, in 2019, it again declined as compared to 2018 figures.[39]

Placement through Employment Exchanges - Kerala[39]
2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 (to 31 July)
Placement (in numbers) 11,450 12,643 12,150 11,731 8,841 8,792 10,303 10,212 11,647 12,887 12,027 5,759

Government policies

The Government of Kerala has initiated some policies and projects to reduce problems caused by the state's unemployment. Some of the projects are:

  1. Kerala Self-Employment Scheme for the Registered Unemployed (KESRU): Introduced in 1999.[40]
  2. Multi-Purpose Service Centres/Job Clubs (MPSC/JC).[40]
  3. Saranya.[40]
  • Employability Centres.[40]
  • Career Development Centres.[40]
  • Model Career Centre.[40]
  • Unemployment Assistance: Introduced in 1982.[40]
  • Niyukthi-2020.[40]

Solutions

The economy of Kerala depends upon its tertiary sector. Its share in the GSDP of state is nearly 65%, which is the highest curresponding rate in India, probably due to the high Human Development of the state. The state also has the least rate of agricultural households in the country as well as the least share of primary sector to the GSDP (only about 8%). The share of primary sector to economy shows a decrease, while that of the industrial sector shows increase, comparing the rates in the fiscal years 2015–16 and 2019–20. The labour force used for the primary and secondary sectors of the state are mainly the migrant labourers in Kerala, who come from other states of India, for higher wages.[23][41][42][43] A portion of the male workforce of the state have emigrated—mostly to the Gulf countries—in search of better-paying jobs, which has resulted the creation of Kerala Gulf diaspora. However the female work force doesn't do so resulting in higher unemployment rate among the women, who are more than 60% of the total job seekers in Kerala.[23][21] The unemployment rate can be reduced if the state create more jobs in the Service sector, which contributes more than 60% of its revenue.[23] Creation of more service and industrial jobs that makes use of the human resources of the state would reduce its unemployment rate.[23]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Malabar Coast – Britannica". www.britanicca.com.
  2. ^ a b c "Size, Growth Rate and Distribution of Population" (PDF). Census 2011. Government of India. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  3. ^ R Ramesh; R Purvaja; A Senthil Vel. Shoreline change assessment for Kerala coast (PDF). National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment and Forests. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
  4. ^ "Level of Urbanisation in Indian States". mohua.gov.in. Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India.
  5. ^ "Literacy Survey, India (2017–18)". Firstpost. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  6. ^ (PDF). planningcommission.gov.in. Planning Commission, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  7. ^ . Reserve Bank of India, Government of India. 2013. Archived from the original on June 2, 2017.
  8. ^ "SDGs India Index". 31 December 2019.
  9. ^ Gireesh Chandra Prasad (30 December 2019). "Kerala tops sustainable development goals index". Livemint. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  10. ^ Heller, Patrick (18 April 2020). "A virus, social democracy, and dividends for Kerala". The Hindu. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  11. ^ "Cashing out of the money order economy".
  12. ^ a b Government of Kerala (2021). Economic Review 2020 – Volume I (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Kerala State Planning Board.
  13. ^ Chandran 2018, p. 406.
  14. ^ a b "Economy of Kerala – 2016". slbckerala.com.
  15. ^ Deparle, Jason (7 September 2007). "Jobs Abroad Support 'Model' State in India". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
  16. ^ K.P. Kannan, K.S. Hari (2002). "Kerala's Gulf connection: Emigration, remittances and their macroeconomic impact 1972–2000".
  17. ^ S Irudaya Rajan, K.C. Zachariah (2007). (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
  18. ^ . Hindustan Times. 8 October 2012. Archived from the original on March 13, 2014. Retrieved 2014-07-09.
  19. ^ Chandran 2018, p. 343.
  20. ^ a b c Chandran 2018, p. 409.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h "Human Resources- Employment (2017)". spb.kerala.gov.in. Kerala State Planning Board, Thiruvananthapuram.
  22. ^ a b "Anger of the jobless in Kerala". The New Indian Express. 20 February 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i Kuttappan, Rejimon (17 February 2021). "Kerala's unemployment rate among youth rises to 40.5%: Here's why". The News Minute. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  24. ^ a b c d e f Sadhu, Asit Kumar (2020). Annual Report of Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) - 2018-19 (PDF). New Delhi: National Statistical Office, Ministry of Statistics and Implementation, Government of India.
  25. ^ a b Kerala 2020, p. 377.
  26. ^ a b c d Poddar, Jyotirmoy (2019). Annual Report of Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) - 2017-18 (PDF). New Delhi: National Statistical Office, Ministry of Statistics and Implementation, Government of India.
  27. ^ "Employment statistics". employment.kerala.gov.in. Government of Kerala.
  28. ^ a b c d "Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) – Annual Report [July, 2018 – June, 2019]". pib.gov.in. Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 2020-06-04. Retrieved 2021-06-20.
  29. ^ "Definition of Labour Force Participation Rate". Economic Times.
  30. ^ a b Kerala 2020, p. 364.
  31. ^ a b c d e Kerala 2020, p. 365.
  32. ^ Kerala 2020, p. 366.
  33. ^ Kerala 2020, p. 378.
  34. ^ a b Kerala 2020, p. 380.
  35. ^ Kerala 2020, p. 381.
  36. ^ Kerala 2020, p. 382.
  37. ^ a b c d e f g h i Kerala 2020, p. 383.
  38. ^ Kerala 2020, p. 384.
  39. ^ a b c d e Kerala 2020, p. 387.
  40. ^ a b c d e f g h i Kerala 2020, p. 385-386.
  41. ^ K, Rejimon (1 May 2017). "Left-led Kerala govt will be first in country to provide insurance, free medical treatment for migrant workers". Firstpost. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  42. ^ https://www.unescogym.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Gods-Own-Workforce-CMID-2017.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  43. ^ "Election 2016: Can Kerala learn to respect its non-resident millionaires and Bengali immigrants equally? — Quartz". Qz.com. 2016-05-16. Retrieved 2016-12-01.

Further reading

  • Chandran, VP (2018). Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus – 2019 (Malayalam ed.). Kozhikode: P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode.
  • Kerala, Government of (2017). Economic Review 2016 - Volume I. Thiruvananthapuram: Kerala State Planning Board.
  • Kerala, Government of (2020). Economic Review 2020 (Volume-I) (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Kerala State Planning Board.
  • Sadhu, Asit Kumar (2020). Annual Report of Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) - 2018-19 (PDF). New Delhi: National Statistical Office, Ministry of Statistics and Implementation, Government of India.
  • Poddar, Jyotirmoy (2019). Annual Report of Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) - 2017-18 (PDF). New Delhi: National Statistical Office, Ministry of Statistics and Implementation, Government of India.

External links

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Kerala.
  • National Employment Service (Kerala) - Statistics
  • Report on National Sample Survey 61st round (July 2004 – June 2005) Employment and unemployment survey by Department of Economics and Statistics, Government of Kerala

August 24, 2023
unemployment, kerala, this, article, needs, editing, compliance, with, wikipedia, manual, style, please, help, improve, june, 2021, learn, when, remove, this, template, message, discusses, causes, measures, kerala, unemployment, strategies, reducing, creation,. This article needs editing for compliance with Wikipedia s Manual of Style Please help improve it if you can June 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Unemployment in Kerala discusses the causes and measures of Kerala unemployment and strategies for reducing it Job creation and unemployment are affected by factors such as economic conditions global competition education automation and demographics These factors can affect the number of workers the duration of unemployment and wage levels Contents 1 Features 1 1 Demographic 1 2 Economic 2 Unemployment rate 3 Structure of unemployment 3 1 Genderwise distribution 3 2 Educational qualification 4 Statistics 4 1 Terms and definitions 4 2 Labour Force Participation Rate 4 3 Worker Population Ratio 4 4 Average wage earnings per day 4 5 Unemployment rate 4 6 Distribution of employment 4 7 Employment exchanges 4 7 1 Registered job seekers 4 7 2 Placements 5 Government policies 6 Solutions 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksFeatures EditDemographic Edit Main article Demographics of Kerala Kerala is a state on the southwestern Malabar Coast of India 1 It accounts for 1 18 of the total area of India as well as around 2 76 of its total population With a density of 859 persons per km2 its land is nearly three times as densely settled as the national average of 370 persons per km2 2 In the state the rate of population growth is India s lowest and the decadal growth of 4 9 in 2011 is less than one third of the all India average of 17 6 2 Kerala s population more than doubled between 1951 and 1991 by adding 15 6 million people to reach 29 1 million residents in 1991 the population stood at 33 3 million by 2011 2 Kerala s coastal regions are the most densely settled with population of 2022 persons per km2 2 5 times the overall population density of the state 859 persons per km2 leaving the eastern hills and mountains comparatively sparsely populated 3 Kerala is the second most urbanised major state in the country with 47 7 urban population according to the 2011 Census of India 4 The state is a pioneer in many of the social development indices of India Kerala has the lowest positive population growth rate in India 3 44 the highest Human Development Index HDI 0 784 in 2018 0 712 in 2015 the highest literacy rate 96 2 in the 2018 literacy survey conducted by the National Statistical Office India 5 the highest life expectancy 77 years and the highest sex ratio 1 084 women per 1 000 men 6 Kerala is the second least impoverished state in India according to the Annual Report of Reserve Bank of India published in 2013 7 8 The state topped in the country to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals according to the annual report of NITI Aayog published in 2019 9 Economic Edit Main article Economy of Kerala Kerala s economy is primarily based on the concept of democratic socialist welfare state 10 Some such as Financial Express use the term Money Order Economy 11 The economy of Kerala significantly depends upon its service sector In 2019 20 the service sector contributed around 63 of the state s GSVA compared to 28 by industrial sector and 8 by agricultural sector 12 In the period between 1960 and 2020 Kerala s economy was gradually shifting from an agrarian economy into a service based one 12 Only 27 3 of the families in Kerala depend upon agriculture for their livelihood which is also the least curresponding rate in India 13 In 2015 16 the figures were 63 66 for service sector 24 27 for industrial sector and 12 07 for agricultural sector 14 The state s per capita income is much higher than the national average of India This has fuelled internal migration to Kerala for low end jobs even as Keralites have emigrated mostly to the Gulf countries in search of better paying jobs The Kerala Economy is therefore also largely dependent on trade in services and resulted remittances 15 16 17 In 2012 the state was the highest receiver of overall remittances to India which stood at Rs 499 65 billion 31 2 of the state s GDP followed by Tamil Nadu Punjab and Uttar Pradesh 18 The state s service sector which accounts for around 65 of its revenue is mainly based upon its hospitality industry tourism ayurveda and medical services pilgrimage information technology transportation financial sector and education 14 Major initiatives under the industrial sector include Cochin Shipyard shipbuilding oil refinery software industry coastal mineral industries 19 food processing marine products processing and rubber based products The primary sector of the state is mainly based upon cash crops 20 Kerala produces a significant amount of national output of the cash crops such as coconut tea coffee pepper natural rubber cardamom and cashew in India 20 The cultivation of food crops began to reduce since the 1950s 20 The migrant labourers in Kerala are a significant workforce in its industrial and agricultural sectors Being home to only 1 18 of the total land area of India and 2 75 of its population Kerala contributes more than 4 to the gross domestic product of India Unemployment rate EditSee also Unemployment in India The Unemployment rate of Kerala is higher than the national average of India 21 The rate among youth between 15 and 29 years of age stood at 40 5 in Kerala between January and March 2020 as per the Periodic Labour Force Survey PLFS published by the Government of India 22 However the national rate was only 21 according to the survey released on 31 December 2020 22 The PLFS defines unemployment as The percentage of people unemployed of the total available labour force both employed and unemployed 23 Overall unemployment rate of Kerala in 2018 19 was 9 according to the PLFS report compared to the national average of 5 8 24 25 In 2017 18 the unemployment rate of Kerala stood at 11 4 while that of India was 6 1 26 25 The Economic Review Report tabled in the Kerala Legislative Assembly revealed that the curresponding rate among youth was around 36 in 2018 19 which was again more than twice the national average rate of 17 23 However rural urban divide is not seen in the unemployment rate of Kerala much like that of the other indices of the state and unlike most of the other states of India The rural rate among youth between 15 and 29 years of age stood at 35 8 while its urban counterpart was 34 6 in 2018 19 23 Structure of unemployment EditThe structure of unemployment and job seekers in the southwestern state of Kerala varies significantly from the rest of India K P Kannan a development economist in Kerala calls it as Educated Unemployment in which a person can t find desired job according to his educational qualification 23 Other varying factor of Kerala with respect to rest of India is the higher number of female job seekers with respect to its male counterpart Genderwise distribution Edit The genderwise distribution of job seekers in Kerala differ significantly from that of the rest of India More than 60 of the total job seekers in Kerala are women with most of them are well educated 27 It is also seen that the unemployment rate among the women job seekers is much higher than that among the male job seekers 21 A comparison among the unemployment rate of men and women of Kerala and India of the age group 15 29 in the year 2011 12 is given below Unemployment Rate of the Youth Age group 15 29 in Kerala and India 2011 12 21 Rural UrbanMale Female Total Male Female TotalKerala India Kerala India Kerala India Kerala India Kerala India Kerala India9 7 5 0 47 4 4 8 21 7 4 9 8 4 8 1 28 9 13 1 18 0 9 2 Educational qualification Edit In Kerala the unemployment rate is higher for those who have higher educational qualifications 21 23 The rate is much higher for those who are graduates 21 Around 25 of the Postgraduates are unemployed while nearly 17 of each of those who have attained either a technical degree or vocational training are unemployed 21 Unemployment rate by Skill in Kerala 15 years and above 21 General education Rate of Unemployment Vocational Training Rate of UnemploymentNot Literate 4 6 Formal 14 9 Just Literate 4 1 Informal 3 5 Primary 2 4 No Training 9 7 Middle 4 1 Graduate 16 2 Secondary 10 2 Diploma 20 3 Higher Secondary 18 8 Post Graduate Diploma 25 7 Graduate 20 0 No Qualification 7 7 Post Graduate 23 3 Statistics EditTerms and definitions Edit Usual Status The activity status determined on the basis of the reference period of last 365 days preceding the date of survey 28 Currently Week Status CWS The activity status determined on the basis of a reference period of last 7 days preceding the date of survey 28 Labour Force Participation Rate Edit LFPR is defined as the ratio of the section of working age population currently employed or seeking employment to the total working age population 29 Labour Force Participation Rate LFPR according to Usual Status 2017 18 and 2018 19 In 30 24 26 Sl no Age group Rural Urban Total Rural Urban TotalM F P M F P M F P M F P M F P M F PKerala 2017 18 India 2017 181 15 29 years 55 1 20 8 37 2 48 4 27 6 37 8 52 2 23 6 37 4 58 9 15 9 38 1 58 5 17 5 38 5 58 8 16 4 38 22 15 59 years 79 5 31 1 53 6 78 1 33 0 53 6 78 9 31 9 53 6 80 2 26 6 53 6 80 1 22 3 51 6 80 2 25 3 53 03 15 years and above 71 1 25 9 46 6 68 9 27 3 46 4 70 1 26 5 46 5 76 4 24 6 50 7 74 5 20 4 47 6 75 8 23 3 49 84 All ages 54 1 20 7 36 4 53 6 22 1 36 8 53 9 21 3 36 6 54 9 18 2 37 0 57 0 15 9 36 8 55 5 17 5 36 9Kerala 2018 19 India 2018 191 15 29 years 43 3 23 0 32 9 51 6 29 1 39 9 47 0 25 8 36 0 58 8 15 8 37 8 58 6 17 1 38 7 58 8 16 2 38 12 15 59 years 76 5 35 5 54 6 79 9 35 0 55 4 78 1 35 2 55 0 80 6 28 3 54 5 79 6 22 5 51 6 80 3 26 5 53 63 15 years and above 71 0 31 3 49 7 71 4 29 7 48 8 71 2 30 6 49 3 76 4 26 4 51 5 73 7 20 4 47 5 75 5 24 5 50 24 All ages 56 9 25 0 39 7 56 3 24 2 39 2 56 6 24 6 39 5 55 1 19 7 37 7 56 7 16 1 36 9 55 6 18 6 37 5 M Male F Female P Person Worker Population Ratio Edit WPR is defined as the percentage of employed persons in the population 28 Worker Population Ratio in Kerala and India 2018 19 in 30 24 Male Female Person15 29 years 15 59 years 15 years and above All ages 15 29 years 15 59 years 15 years and above All ages 15 29 years 15 59 years 15 years and above All agesK I K I K I K I K I K I K I K I K I K I K I K I36 1 48 6 73 5 75 1 67 7 71 0 53 8 52 3 11 5 13 3 28 5 25 0 25 3 23 3 20 4 17 6 23 4 31 5 49 3 50 3 44 9 47 3 35 9 35 3 K Kerala I India Average wage earnings per day Edit See also Migrant labourers in Kerala Kerala offers the best wages in unorganised sector among the subnational entities of South Asia which might be a pull factor for the migrant labourers in Kerala According to the India Wage Report prepared by International Labour Organization in 2018 the states with the consistent highest casual wages in both rural and urban areas are Kerala Jammu and Kashmir Punjab and Haryana 31 The existing wages for casual workers in Kerala are around 65 higher than that of India 31 It is notable that the wage rates for women in Kerala is 50 more than that of their counterparts in India 31 However it is much lesser than their male counterparts in Kerala 31 Average wage earnings per day from casual labour work other than public works in Currently Week Status CWS for Kerala and India in 31 24 26 Period K I Rural Urban TotalM F P M F P M F PJuly September 2018 Kerala 641 83 357 79 598 79 710 13 422 76 676 4 664 82 375 6 624 23India 276 92 170 1 253 93 342 15 204 73 319 3 287 88 174 54 264 38October December 2018 Kerala 659 41 377 8 605 64 678 44 365 85 649 06 666 26 375 43 620 16India 286 84 185 64 264 63 348 76 226 25 331 24 297 86 190 26 275 59January March 2019 Kerala 677 53 403 4 651 61 684 01 332 02 649 73 680 07 374 84 650 87India 287 36 190 23 267 42 357 53 220 22 339 15 299 08 193 44 278 56April June 2019 Kerala 732 17 388 32 697 18 680 32 372 25 648 27 710 77 381 59 676 96India 297 44 199 24 278 62 367 65 244 15 351 82 309 77 204 49 290 7 M Male F Female P Person Unemployment rate Edit It is the percentage of persons unemployed among the persons in the labour force 28 Unemployment Rate in Kerala and India 2017 18 and 2018 19 in 32 24 26 Sl no Age group Rural Urban Total Rural Urban TotalM F P M F P M F P M F P M F P M F PKerala 2017 18 India 2017 181 15 29 years 20 5 61 7 32 5 27 4 65 2 41 5 23 3 63 4 36 3 17 4 13 6 16 6 8 7 27 2 20 6 17 8 17 9 17 82 15 59 years 6 6 21 3 11 2 7 5 29 0 14 7 7 0 24 8 12 7 6 3 4 0 5 7 7 3 11 3 8 2 6 6 6 0 6 53 15 years and above 5 9 19 6 10 0 6 6 27 4 13 2 6 2 23 2 11 4 5 7 3 8 5 3 6 9 10 8 7 7 6 1 5 6 6 04 All ages 5 9 19 6 10 0 6 6 27 5 13 2 6 2 23 2 11 4 5 8 3 8 5 3 7 1 10 8 7 8 6 2 5 7 6 1Kerala 2018 19 India 2018 191 15 29 years 23 4 57 8 35 8 23 1 53 1 34 6 23 3 55 4 35 2 16 6 13 8 16 0 18 7 25 7 20 2 17 2 17 7 17 32 15 59 years 5 6 17 8 9 9 6 0 20 7 11 0 5 8 19 1 10 4 6 0 3 8 5 4 7 4 10 3 8 3 8 0 5 5 6 23 15 years and above 4 7 15 6 8 4 5 2 18 8 9 7 4 9 17 0 9 0 5 5 3 5 5 0 7 0 9 8 7 6 6 0 5 1 5 84 All ages 4 7 15 6 8 4 5 2 18 8 9 7 5 0 17 1 9 0 5 6 3 5 5 0 7 1 9 9 7 7 6 0 5 2 5 8 M Male F Female P Person Unemployment rate in Kerala 2018 19 both Usual Status and Currently Week Status in 33 24 Rural Urban TotalMale Female Person Male Female Person Male Female Personps ss CWS ps ss CWS ps ss CWS ps ss CWS ps ss CWS ps ss CWS ps ss CWS ps ss CWS ps ss CWS4 7 8 0 15 6 19 0 8 4 11 6 5 2 7 9 18 8 20 9 9 7 12 1 4 9 8 0 17 0 19 8 9 0 11 8 ps ss Usual Status CWS Currently Week Status Distribution of employment Edit Employment in the Organised Sector Kerala in Lakh 34 Sector 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020Public 6 1 6 1 5 8 5 7 5 8 5 7 5 6 5 6 5 5 5 6 5 5Private 5 0 5 0 5 1 5 2 5 5 5 7 6 1 6 1 6 6 6 9 6 9Distribution of Employment in Public Sector 2020 34 Central Government 11 State Government 47 Central Quasi Government 15 State Quasi Government 23 Local Self Government Institutions 4 Women Participation in Public Sector Employment in 2019 20 35 Sl no Branch No of Women Employed Share 1 State Government 104 628 54 22 State Quasi Government Sector 38 666 20 03 Central Government 14 745 7 64 Central Quasi Government Sector 25 968 13 45 Local Self Government Institutions 9 217 4 8Total 193 224 100 0Distribution of Employment in Organised Sector both Public and Private March 2020 36 Sector PercentManufacturing 18 33 Education 17 86 Administrative and support service activities 8 92 Financial and insurance activities 7 97 Public Administration and defence compulsory social security 7 76 Information and communication 6 61 Professional Scientific and technical activities 6 50 Human health and social work activities 6 26 Agriculture forestry and fishing 5 76 Wholesale and Retail trade Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motor Cycles 4 29 Transportation and Storage 4 13 Accommodation and food Service activities 1 85 Construction 1 11 Electricity gas steam and air Conditioning supply 0 65 Distribution of employmentSource Economic Review 2020 Kerala Employment exchanges Edit Registered job seekers Edit Kerala had around 4 330 000 job seekers on 31 December 2012 who had registered in the live register of state employment exchanges 37 However it decreased to around 3 430 000 by 31 July 2020 37 A decline of nearly 900 000 occurred in the number of the registered job seekers within 8 years 37 As on 31 July 2020 63 6 of the registered job seekers in Kerala are women 37 Around 92 1 of total job seekers in the state have at least qualified their secondary schooling 37 The number of professional and technical job seekers is around 350 000 as on 31 July 2020 37 Technical Diploma or Engineering certificate holders together constitute more than 70 of the professional and technical job seekers 37 The number of engineering graduates among the registered job seekers is 47 525 while their medical counterpart is only 9 000 37 Work seekers in Kerala in Lakh 37 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 to 31 July Total Work Seekers in Lakh 34 9 41 6 42 0 43 3 37 3 36 2 34 9 35 6 35 0 35 6 35 2 34 3Job seekers in Kerala as on July 31 2020 Status of Men and Women 38 District Work Seekers in Lakh District wise map of Kerala Name Male Female Kasaragod 0 3 0 6Kannur 0 8 1 5Wayanad 0 4 0 6Kozhikode 1 0 2 0Malappuram 1 0 1 7Palakkad 0 8 1 4Thrissur 0 9 1 8Ernakulam 1 2 2 1Idukki 0 4 0 6Kottayam 0 8 1 3Alappuzha 1 0 1 6Pathanamthitta 0 5 0 9Kollam 1 4 2 3Thiruvananthapuram 1 9 3 4Source Directorate of Employment Government of Kerala Placements Edit The number of placements through Employment Exchanges in Kerala is much less than the number of total registered job seekers in the state 39 The total placement has been declining since 2010 39 From 2015 to 2018 it has been increasing 39 However in 2019 it again declined as compared to 2018 figures 39 Placement through Employment Exchanges Kerala 39 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 to 31 July Placement in numbers 11 450 12 643 12 150 11 731 8 841 8 792 10 303 10 212 11 647 12 887 12 027 5 759Government policies EditThe Government of Kerala has initiated some policies and projects to reduce problems caused by the state s unemployment Some of the projects are Kerala Startup Mission Introduced in 2006 Kaivalya Introduced in 2016 40 Self Employment Schemes Kerala Self Employment Scheme for the Registered Unemployed KESRU Introduced in 1999 40 Multi Purpose Service Centres Job Clubs MPSC JC 40 Saranya 40 Employability Centres 40 Career Development Centres 40 Model Career Centre 40 Unemployment Assistance Introduced in 1982 40 Niyukthi 2020 40 Solutions EditThe economy of Kerala depends upon its tertiary sector Its share in the GSDP of state is nearly 65 which is the highest curresponding rate in India probably due to the high Human Development of the state The state also has the least rate of agricultural households in the country as well as the least share of primary sector to the GSDP only about 8 The share of primary sector to economy shows a decrease while that of the industrial sector shows increase comparing the rates in the fiscal years 2015 16 and 2019 20 The labour force used for the primary and secondary sectors of the state are mainly the migrant labourers in Kerala who come from other states of India for higher wages 23 41 42 43 A portion of the male workforce of the state have emigrated mostly to the Gulf countries in search of better paying jobs which has resulted the creation of Kerala Gulf diaspora However the female work force doesn t do so resulting in higher unemployment rate among the women who are more than 60 of the total job seekers in Kerala 23 21 The unemployment rate can be reduced if the state create more jobs in the Service sector which contributes more than 60 of its revenue 23 Creation of more service and industrial jobs that makes use of the human resources of the state would reduce its unemployment rate 23 See also Edit India portal Business and economics portalUnemployment in India Kerala Startup Mission Migrant labourers in Kerala Kerala Gulf diaspora Demographics of Kerala Education in Kerala Economy of Kerala Kerala model Kerala Public Service Commission Public sector undertakings in KeralaReferences Edit Malabar Coast Britannica www britanicca com a b c Size Growth Rate and Distribution of Population PDF Census 2011 Government of India Retrieved 13 November 2015 R Ramesh R Purvaja A Senthil Vel Shoreline change assessment for Kerala coast PDF National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management Ministry of Environment and Forests Retrieved 30 May 2015 Level of Urbanisation in Indian States mohua gov in Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs Government of India Literacy Survey India 2017 18 Firstpost Retrieved 9 September 2020 Census 2011 Final Data Demographic details Literate Population Total Rural amp Urban PDF planningcommission gov in Planning Commission Government of India Archived from the original PDF on 27 January 2018 Retrieved 3 October 2018 Table 162 Number and Population Below Poverty Line Reserve Bank of India Government of India 2013 Archived from the original on June 2 2017 SDGs India Index 31 December 2019 Gireesh Chandra Prasad 30 December 2019 Kerala tops sustainable development goals index Livemint Retrieved 4 December 2020 Heller Patrick 18 April 2020 A virus social democracy and dividends for Kerala The Hindu Retrieved 2 February 2021 Cashing out of the money order economy a b Government of Kerala 2021 Economic Review 2020 Volume I PDF Thiruvananthapuram Kerala State Planning Board Chandran 2018 p 406 a b Economy of Kerala 2016 slbckerala com Deparle Jason 7 September 2007 Jobs Abroad Support Model State in India The New York Times Retrieved 1 May 2010 K P Kannan K S Hari 2002 Kerala s Gulf connection Emigration remittances and their macroeconomic impact 1972 2000 S Irudaya Rajan K C Zachariah 2007 Remittances and its impact on the Kerala Economy and Society PDF Archived from the original PDF on 25 February 2009 Retrieved 2 January 2009 NRIs beat FDI keep the money coming Hindustan Times 8 October 2012 Archived from the original on March 13 2014 Retrieved 2014 07 09 Chandran 2018 p 343 a b c Chandran 2018 p 409 a b c d e f g h Human Resources Employment 2017 spb kerala gov in Kerala State Planning Board Thiruvananthapuram a b Anger of the jobless in Kerala The New Indian Express 20 February 2021 Retrieved 19 June 2021 a b c d e f g h i Kuttappan Rejimon 17 February 2021 Kerala s unemployment rate among youth rises to 40 5 Here s why The News Minute Retrieved 19 June 2021 a b c d e f Sadhu Asit Kumar 2020 Annual Report of Periodic Labour Force Survey PLFS 2018 19 PDF New Delhi National Statistical Office Ministry of Statistics and Implementation Government of India a b Kerala 2020 p 377 a b c d Poddar Jyotirmoy 2019 Annual Report of Periodic Labour Force Survey PLFS 2017 18 PDF New Delhi National Statistical Office Ministry of Statistics and Implementation Government of India Employment statistics employment kerala gov in Government of Kerala a b c d Periodic Labour Force Survey PLFS Annual Report July 2018 June 2019 pib gov in Press Information Bureau Government of India 2020 06 04 Retrieved 2021 06 20 Definition of Labour Force Participation Rate Economic Times a b Kerala 2020 p 364 a b c d e Kerala 2020 p 365 Kerala 2020 p 366 Kerala 2020 p 378 a b Kerala 2020 p 380 Kerala 2020 p 381 Kerala 2020 p 382 a b c d e f g h i Kerala 2020 p 383 Kerala 2020 p 384 a b c d e Kerala 2020 p 387 a b c d e f g h i Kerala 2020 p 385 386 K Rejimon 1 May 2017 Left led Kerala govt will be first in country to provide insurance free medical treatment for migrant workers Firstpost Retrieved 10 May 2017 https www unescogym org wp content uploads 2017 11 Gods Own Workforce CMID 2017 pdf bare URL PDF Election 2016 Can Kerala learn to respect its non resident millionaires and Bengali immigrants equally Quartz Qz com 2016 05 16 Retrieved 2016 12 01 Further reading EditChandran VP 2018 Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus 2019 Malayalam ed Kozhikode P V Chandran Managing Editor Mathrubhumi Printing amp Publishing Company Limited Kozhikode Kerala Government of 2017 Economic Review 2016 Volume I Thiruvananthapuram Kerala State Planning Board Kerala Government of 2020 Economic Review 2020 Volume I PDF Thiruvananthapuram Kerala State Planning Board Sadhu Asit Kumar 2020 Annual Report of Periodic Labour Force Survey PLFS 2018 19 PDF New Delhi National Statistical Office Ministry of Statistics and Implementation Government of India Poddar Jyotirmoy 2019 Annual Report of Periodic Labour Force Survey PLFS 2017 18 PDF New Delhi National Statistical Office Ministry of Statistics and Implementation Government of India External links Edit Wikiquote has quotations related to Kerala National Employment Service Kerala Statistics Report on National Sample Survey 61st round July 2004 June 2005 Employment and unemployment survey by Department of Economics and Statistics Government of Kerala Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Unemployment in Kerala amp oldid 1168555943, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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