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Ulmus parvifolia

January 01, 1970

Ulmus parvifolia, commonly known as the Chinese elm[2] or lacebark elm, is a species native to eastern Asia, including China, India, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam.[3] It has been described as "one of the most splendid elms, having the poise of a graceful Nothofagus".[4]

Ulmus parvifolia
Chinese elm, Hilversum
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Ulmaceae
Genus: Ulmus
Subgenus: U. subg. Ulmus
Section: U. sect. Microptelea
Species:
U. parvifolia
Binomial name
Ulmus parvifolia
Synonyms
  • Microptelea parvifolia Spach
  • Planera parvifolia Sweet
  • Ulmus campestris var. chinensis Loudon
  • Ulmus chinensis Persoon
  • Ulmus parvifolia Maxim., Franch. et Savatier, Forbes & Hemsl., Shirasawa
  • Ulmus sieboldii Daveau
  • Ulmus virgata Roxburgh

The tree was introduced to the UK in 1794 by James Main, who collected in China for Gilbert Slater of Low Layton, Essex.[5][6]

Chinese elm as bonsai during spring growing season.

Description edit

A small to medium deciduous or semideciduous (rarely semievergreen) tree, it grows to 10–18 m (33–59 ft) tall and 15–20 m (49–66 ft) wide with a slender trunk and crown. The leathery, lustrous green, single-toothed leaves are small, 2–5 cm long by 1–3 cm broad,[7] and often retained as late as December or even January in Europe and North America. The apetalous wind-pollinated perfect flowers are produced in early autumn, small and inconspicuous. The fruit is a samara, elliptical to ovate-elliptical, 10–13 mm long by 6–8 mm broad.[3] The samara is mostly glabrous, the seed at the centre or toward the apex, is borne on a stalk 1–3 mm in length; it matures rapidly and disperses by late autumn. The trunk has a handsome, flaking bark of mottled greys with tans and reds, giving rise to its other common name, the lacebark elm, although scarring from major branch loss can lead to large, canker-like wounds. Ploidy: 2n = 28.[6][8][9][10][11]

  •  
    Young U. parvifolia in new leaf, May
  •  
    New leaves
  •  
    U. parvifolia juvenile
  •  
    Foliage and fruit
  •  
    Bark
  •  
    An older U. parvifolia

Many nurserymen and foresters mistakenly refer to Ulmus pumila, the rapidly growing, disease-ridden, relatively short-lived, weak-wooded Siberian elm, as "Chinese elm". This has given the true Chinese elm an undeserved bad reputation. The two elms are very distinct and different species. The Siberian elm's bark becomes deeply ridged and furrowed with age, among other obvious differences. It possesses a very rough, greyish-black appearance, while the Chinese elm's smooth bark becomes flaky and blotchy, exposing very distinctive, light-coloured mottling, hence the synonym lacebark elm for the real Chinese elm.[12]

Wood and timber edit

Elms, hickory, and ash all have remarkably hard, tough wood, making them popular for tool handles, bows, and baseball bats. Chinese elm is considered the hardest of the elms. Chinese elm is said to be the best of all woods for chisel handles and similar uses due to its superior hardness, toughness, and resistance to splitting. Chinese elm lumber is used most for furniture, cabinets, veneer, hardwood flooring, and specialty uses such as longbow construction and tool handles. Most commercially milled lumber goes directly to manufacturers rather than to retail lumber outlets.[citation needed]

Chinese elm heartwood ranges in tone from reddish-brown to light tan, while the sapwood approaches off-white. The grain is often handsome and dramatic. Unlike other elms, the freshly cut Chinese elm has a peppery or spicy odour. While it turns easily and will take a nice polish off the lathe without any finish, and it holds detail well, the fibrous wood is usually considered too tough for carving or hand tools. Chinese elm contains silica which is hard on planer knives and chainsaws, but it sands fairly easily. Like other woods with interlocking grain, planes should be kept extra sharp to prevent tearing at the grain margins. It steam-bends easily and holds screws well, but pilot holes and countersinking are needed. It tends to be a "lively" wood, tending to warp and distort while drying. This water-resistant wood easily takes most finishes and stains.[citation needed]

Taxonomy edit

Subspecies, varieties, and forms:

Pests and diseases edit

The Chinese elm is highly resistant, but not immune, to Dutch elm disease. It is also very resistant to the elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola, but has a moderate susceptibility to elm yellows.[13] In trials at the Sunshine Nursery, Oklahoma, the species was adjudged as having the best pest resistance of about 200 taxa [14] However, foliage was regarded as only "somewhat resistant" to black spot by the Plant Diagnostic Clinic of the University of Missouri.[15]

Cottony cushion scale or mealy bugs, often protected and "herded" by ants, exude sticky, sweet honeydew, which can mildew leaves and be a minor annoyance by dripping on cars and furniture. However, severe infestations on or obvious damage to otherwise healthy trees are uncommon.[citation needed]

In some regions of the Southern United States, a fungus known as Phymatotrichopsis omnivora is known to cause sudden death of lacebark elms when infected.[citation needed]

Cultivation edit

The Chinese elm is a tough landscape tree, hardy enough for use in harsh planting situations such as parking lots, small planters along streets, and plazas or patios. The tree is arguably the most ubiquitous elm, now found on all continents except Antarctica. It was introduced to Europe at the end of the 18th century as an ornamental and is found in many botanical gardens and arboreta.[16][17] It was introduced to the United States in 1794,[18] and has proved very popular in recent years as a replacement for American elms killed by Dutch elm disease. The tree was distributed in Victoria, Australia, from 1857.[19] At the beginning of the 20th century, Searl's Garden Emporium, in Sydney, marketed it.[citation needed] Three U. parvifolia were supplied in 1902 by Späth to the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.[20][21] In New Zealand, it was found to be particularly suitable for windswept locations along the coast. The tree is commonly planted as an ornamental in Japan,[22] notably around Osaka Castle.

Ulmus parvifolia is one of the cold-hardiest of the Chinese species. In artificial freezing tests at the Morton Arboretum.[23] the LT50 (temp. at which 50% of tissues die) was found to be −34 °C (−29 °F).

Bonsai edit

Owing to its versatility and ability to tolerate a wide range of temperatures, light, and humidity conditions, the Chinese elm is a popular choice as a bonsai species. It is perhaps the single most widely available. It is considered a good choice for beginners because of its high tolerance of pruning.[24]

  •  
    U. parvifolia bonsai, multitrunk style, about 100 years old
  •  
    Chinese elm bonsai
  •  
    Chinese elm bonsai
  •  
    Chinese elm bonsai

Cultivars edit

Numerous cultivars have been raised, mostly in North America:

Hybrid cultivars edit

It is an autumn-flowering species, whereas most other elms flower in the spring. Hybrids include:[citation needed]

Accessions edit

North America
Europe
Australasia

References edit

  1. ^ Lin, Q.; Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI).; IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2019). "Ulmus parvifolia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T147481874A147620206. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T147481874A147620206.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
  3. ^ a b Fu, L., Xin, Y. & Whittemore, A. (2002). Ulmaceae, in Wu, Z. & Raven, P. (eds) Flora of China, Vol. 5 (Ulmaceae through Basellaceae). Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, USA; also available as Fu, L.; Xin, Y. & Whittemore, A. "Ulmus parvifolia". Flora of China. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
  4. ^ Hilliers' Manual of Trees & Shrubs, 4th edition, 1977, David & Charles, Newton Abbot, England
  5. ^ Elwes, H. J. & Henry, A. (1913). The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland. Vol. VII. 1848–1929. Republished 2004 Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781108069380
  6. ^ a b Bean, W. J. (1981). Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain, 7th edition. Murray, London.
  7. ^ "Herbarium specimen - E00824803". Herbarium Catalogue. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. (1909 specimen, Breslau)
  8. ^ White, J & More, D. (2003). Trees of Britain & Northern Europe. Cassell's, London.
  9. ^ . www.cnr.vt.edu. Archived from the original on 9 December 2000. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  10. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Ulmus pumila L.". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
  11. ^ . www.saylorplants.com. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  12. ^ Leopold, D. J. (1980). "Chinese and Siberian elms". Journal of Arboriculture. 6 (7): 175–179.
  13. ^ Mittempergher, L; Santini, A (2004). "The history of elm breeding" (PDF). Investigacion Agraria: Sistemas y Recursos Forestales. 13 (1): 161–177.
  14. ^ "greenbeam.com - Domain Name For Sale". Dan.com. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  15. ^ . Archived from the original on 2008-09-20. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
  16. ^ "Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. (1854) K000852632". Herbarium catalogue. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 17 October 2016.; "Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. (1867) K000852633". Herbarium catalogue. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 17 October 2016.; "Ulmus sieboldii Daveau (1913) K000852631". Herbarium catalogue. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  17. ^ Ryston Hall Arboretum catalogue. c. 1920. pp. 13–14.
  18. ^ "Missouri Botanical Garden bulletin". Archive.org. [St. Louis : Missouri Botanical Garden]. 29 March 1913. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  19. ^ "Trove". Trove.nla.gov.au. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  20. ^ Accessions book. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. 1902. pp. 45, 47.
  21. ^ "Herbarium specimen - E00824804". Herbarium Catalogue. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. (1902, Späth nursery); "Herbarium specimen - E00824805". Herbarium Catalogue. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. (1902, Späth); "Herbarium specimen - E00824802". Herbarium Catalogue. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. (1902, Späth)
  22. ^ Hishiyama, C. (Ed.). (2018). A picture book of (Japanese) trees,  p.81. (in Japanese). Seibidoshuppan, Japan. ISBN 9784415310183
  23. ^ Shirazi, A. M. & Ware, G. H. (2004). Evaluation of New Elms from China for Cold Hardiness in Northern Latitudes. International Symposium on Asian Plant Diversity & Systematics 2004, Sakura, Japan.
  24. ^ D'Cruz, Mark (11 February 2020). "Ma-Ke Bonsai Care Guide for Ulmus parvifolia". Ma-Ke Bonsai. Retrieved 2021-02-04.
  25. ^ "Brooklyn Botanic Garden". Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  26. ^ "Fullerton Arboretum | Cal State Fullerton". Fullertonarboretum.org. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  27. ^ "The Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania". upenn.edu. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  28. ^ http://www.usna.usda.gov/index.htm [permanent dead link]
  29. ^ "List of plants in the {elm} collection". Brighton & Hove City Council. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  30. ^ "Welcome to Cambridge Botanic Garden - Find Out More". Cambridge Botanic Garden. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  31. ^ Johnson, Owen (ed.) (2003). Champion Trees of Britain & Ireland. Whittet Press, ISBN 978-1-873580-61-5.
  32. ^ "tba.ee". www.tba.ee. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  33. ^ . forestry.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  34. ^ . eastwoodhill.org.nz. Archived from the original on 11 March 2008. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ulmus parvifolia.

External links edit

  • U. parvifolia, Flora of China, www.efloras.org
  • U. parvifolia, Flora of North America, www.efloras.org

January 01, 1970
ulmus, parvifolia, commonly, known, chinese, lacebark, species, native, eastern, asia, including, china, india, japan, korea, vietnam, been, described, most, splendid, elms, having, poise, graceful, nothofagus, chinese, hilversum, conservation, status, least, . Ulmus parvifolia commonly known as the Chinese elm 2 or lacebark elm is a species native to eastern Asia including China India Japan Korea and Vietnam 3 It has been described as one of the most splendid elms having the poise of a graceful Nothofagus 4 Ulmus parvifolia Chinese elm Hilversum Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Rosids Order Rosales Family Ulmaceae Genus Ulmus Subgenus U subg Ulmus Section U sect Microptelea Species U parvifolia Binomial name Ulmus parvifoliaJacq Synonyms Microptelea parvifolia Spach Planera parvifolia Sweet Ulmus campestris var chinensis Loudon Ulmus chinensis Persoon Ulmus parvifolia Maxim Franch et Savatier Forbes amp Hemsl Shirasawa Ulmus sieboldii Daveau Ulmus virgata Roxburgh The tree was introduced to the UK in 1794 by James Main who collected in China for Gilbert Slater of Low Layton Essex 5 6 Chinese elm as bonsai during spring growing season Contents 1 Description 2 Wood and timber 3 Taxonomy 4 Pests and diseases 5 Cultivation 5 1 Bonsai 6 Cultivars 6 1 Hybrid cultivars 7 Accessions 8 References 9 External linksDescription editA small to medium deciduous or semideciduous rarely semievergreen tree it grows to 10 18 m 33 59 ft tall and 15 20 m 49 66 ft wide with a slender trunk and crown The leathery lustrous green single toothed leaves are small 2 5 cm long by 1 3 cm broad 7 and often retained as late as December or even January in Europe and North America The apetalous wind pollinated perfect flowers are produced in early autumn small and inconspicuous The fruit is a samara elliptical to ovate elliptical 10 13 mm long by 6 8 mm broad 3 The samara is mostly glabrous the seed at the centre or toward the apex is borne on a stalk 1 3 mm in length it matures rapidly and disperses by late autumn The trunk has a handsome flaking bark of mottled greys with tans and reds giving rise to its other common name the lacebark elm although scarring from major branch loss can lead to large canker like wounds Ploidy 2n 28 6 8 9 10 11 nbsp Young U parvifolia in new leaf May nbsp New leaves nbsp U parvifolia juvenile nbsp Foliage and fruit nbsp Bark nbsp An older U parvifolia Many nurserymen and foresters mistakenly refer to Ulmus pumila the rapidly growing disease ridden relatively short lived weak wooded Siberian elm as Chinese elm This has given the true Chinese elm an undeserved bad reputation The two elms are very distinct and different species The Siberian elm s bark becomes deeply ridged and furrowed with age among other obvious differences It possesses a very rough greyish black appearance while the Chinese elm s smooth bark becomes flaky and blotchy exposing very distinctive light coloured mottling hence the synonym lacebark elm for the real Chinese elm 12 Wood and timber editElms hickory and ash all have remarkably hard tough wood making them popular for tool handles bows and baseball bats Chinese elm is considered the hardest of the elms Chinese elm is said to be the best of all woods for chisel handles and similar uses due to its superior hardness toughness and resistance to splitting Chinese elm lumber is used most for furniture cabinets veneer hardwood flooring and specialty uses such as longbow construction and tool handles Most commercially milled lumber goes directly to manufacturers rather than to retail lumber outlets citation needed Chinese elm heartwood ranges in tone from reddish brown to light tan while the sapwood approaches off white The grain is often handsome and dramatic Unlike other elms the freshly cut Chinese elm has a peppery or spicy odour While it turns easily and will take a nice polish off the lathe without any finish and it holds detail well the fibrous wood is usually considered too tough for carving or hand tools Chinese elm contains silica which is hard on planer knives and chainsaws but it sands fairly easily Like other woods with interlocking grain planes should be kept extra sharp to prevent tearing at the grain margins It steam bends easily and holds screws well but pilot holes and countersinking are needed It tends to be a lively wood tending to warp and distort while drying This water resistant wood easily takes most finishes and stains citation needed Taxonomy editSubspecies varieties and forms Ulmus parvifolia var coreana Nakai Ulmus parvifolia f lanceolata UekiPests and diseases editThe Chinese elm is highly resistant but not immune to Dutch elm disease It is also very resistant to the elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola but has a moderate susceptibility to elm yellows 13 In trials at the Sunshine Nursery Oklahoma the species was adjudged as having the best pest resistance of about 200 taxa 14 However foliage was regarded as only somewhat resistant to black spot by the Plant Diagnostic Clinic of the University of Missouri 15 Cottony cushion scale or mealy bugs often protected and herded by ants exude sticky sweet honeydew which can mildew leaves and be a minor annoyance by dripping on cars and furniture However severe infestations on or obvious damage to otherwise healthy trees are uncommon citation needed In some regions of the Southern United States a fungus known as Phymatotrichopsis omnivora is known to cause sudden death of lacebark elms when infected citation needed Cultivation editThe Chinese elm is a tough landscape tree hardy enough for use in harsh planting situations such as parking lots small planters along streets and plazas or patios The tree is arguably the most ubiquitous elm now found on all continents except Antarctica It was introduced to Europe at the end of the 18th century as an ornamental and is found in many botanical gardens and arboreta 16 17 It was introduced to the United States in 1794 18 and has proved very popular in recent years as a replacement for American elms killed by Dutch elm disease The tree was distributed in Victoria Australia from 1857 19 At the beginning of the 20th century Searl s Garden Emporium in Sydney marketed it citation needed Three U parvifolia were supplied in 1902 by Spath to the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 20 21 In New Zealand it was found to be particularly suitable for windswept locations along the coast The tree is commonly planted as an ornamental in Japan 22 notably around Osaka Castle Ulmus parvifolia is one of the cold hardiest of the Chinese species In artificial freezing tests at the Morton Arboretum 23 the LT50 temp at which 50 of tissues die was found to be 34 C 29 F nbsp Ulmus parvifolia State Nursery Campbelltown New South Wales c 1908 nbsp Chinese elm planted around Osaka Castle Japan Bonsai edit Owing to its versatility and ability to tolerate a wide range of temperatures light and humidity conditions the Chinese elm is a popular choice as a bonsai species It is perhaps the single most widely available It is considered a good choice for beginners because of its high tolerance of pruning 24 nbsp U parvifolia bonsai multitrunk style about 100 years old nbsp Chinese elm bonsai nbsp Chinese elm bonsai nbsp Chinese elm bonsaiCultivars editNumerous cultivars have been raised mostly in North America A Ross Central Park Central Park Splendor BSNUPF Everclear Blizzard Burgundy Burnley Select Catlin Chessins Churchyard Cork Bark DavesStraightUp Dannaspire D B Cole Drake Dynasty Ed Wood Elsmo Emer I or Emerald Isle Athena Emer II or Emerald Vase Allee Emerald Prairie Frosty Garden City Clone Geisha Glory Golden Rey Hallelujah Harzam Harrison Hokkaido Jade Empress King s Choice Littleleaf Lois Hole Matthew Milliken Nire keyaki Ohio Orange Ribbon Pathfinder Pendens Prairie Shade Prince Richard Red Fall Sabamiki Sagei Seiju Select 380 Sempervirens Small Frye State Fair Stone s Dwarf Taiwan The Thinker Todd UPMTF Bosque Ware s Yarralumla Yatsubusa Zettler Heritage Hybrid cultivars edit It is an autumn flowering species whereas most other elms flower in the spring Hybrids include citation needed Frontier RebellaAccessions editNorth America Arnold Arboretum US Acc nos 1353 73 17917 195 90 197 90 Bartlett Tree Experts US Acc nos 5546 8109 Brenton Arboretum Dallas Center Iowa US No details available Brooklyn Botanic Garden New York US Acc nos 000880 160001 20020466 850222 X00450 X00485 X02727 X02771 25 Chicago Botanic Garden US 2 trees no other details available Dominion Arboretum Ottawa Ontario Canada No acc details Fullerton Arboretum California State University US Acc no 80 036 26 Holden Arboretum US Acc nos 57 1241 80 665 84 1214 90 323 Longwood Gardens US Acc nos 1957 1058 1959 1500 1960 1138 1991 0981 Missouri Botanical Garden St Louis US Acc nos 1986 0108 1986 0276 1986 0277 1987 0019 199 3195 1996 3462 Morris Arboretum University of Pennsylvania US Acc no 32 0052 A 27 Morton Arboretum US Acc nos 991 27 772 54 1231 57 558 83 52 96 New York Botanical Garden US Acc nos 195 56 486 91 68072 Phipps Conservatory US Acc nos 83 006 83 058 91 050 2001 212UN Scott Arboretum US Acc nos 62210 71765 71767 71771 75152 64441 Smith College US Acc no 42894 U S National Arboretum 28 Washington D C US Acc nos 58000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Europe Brighton amp Hove City Council UK NCCPG Elm Collection 29 Cambridge Botanic Garden 30 University of Cambridge UK No accession details available Dyffryn Gardens Glamorgan UK champion 13 m high 37 cm d b h last surveyed 1997 31 Grange Farm Arboretum Sutton St James Spalding Lincolnshire UK Acc no 516 Great Fontley Butterfly Conservation Elm Trials plantation UK One seedling planted 2019 Hortus Botanicus Nationalis Salaspils Latvia Acc nos 18150 18151 Linnaean Gardens of Uppsala Sweden Acc no 2002 1542 Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Acc nos 1979 1613 1979 1614 1982 8479 1982 8505 1982 6280 1982 6284 2002 137 2003 1267 2005 1076 Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Wakehurst Place UK Acc nos 1969 33664 1969 35133 1973 21049 1973 21525 Royal Horticultural Society Gardens Wisley UK No details are available Wijdemeren City Council Elm arboretum 4 cv UPMTF planted Molenmeent Loosdrecht in 2017 Strona Arboretum University of Life Sciences Warsaw Poland No accession details are available Tallinn Botanic Garden Estonia 32 No accession details available Thenford House arboretum Banbury UK No details are available University of Copenhagen Botanic Garden Denmark Acc nos S1956 1338 S1997 1304 Westonbirt Arboretum Tetbury Glos UK Planted 1981 No acc no 33 Australasia Eastwoodhill Arboretum Gisborne New Zealand 9 trees details not known 34 References edit Lin Q Botanic Gardens Conservation International BGCI IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group 2019 Ulmus parvifolia IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T147481874A147620206 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 2 RLTS T147481874A147620206 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 USDA NRCS n d Ulmus parvifolia Jacq The PLANTS Database plants usda gov Greensboro North Carolina National Plant Data Team Retrieved 7 June 2022 a b Fu L Xin Y amp Whittemore A 2002 Ulmaceae in Wu Z amp Raven P eds Flora of China Vol 5 Ulmaceae through Basellaceae Science Press Beijing and Missouri Botanical Garden Press St Louis USA also available as Fu L Xin Y amp Whittemore A Ulmus parvifolia Flora of China Missouri Botanical Garden St Louis Missouri amp Harvard University Herbaria Cambridge Massachusetts Retrieved 5 February 2015 Hilliers Manual of Trees amp Shrubs 4th edition 1977 David amp Charles Newton Abbot England Elwes H J amp Henry A 1913 The Trees of Great Britain amp Ireland Vol VII 1848 1929 Republished 2004 Cambridge University Press ISBN 9781108069380 a b Bean W J 1981 Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain 7th edition Murray London Herbarium specimen E00824803 Herbarium Catalogue Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Ulmus parvifolia Jacq 1909 specimen Breslau White J amp More D 2003 Trees of Britain amp Northern Europe Cassell s London Chinese elm Ulmaceae Ulmus parvifolia www cnr vt edu Archived from the original on 9 December 2000 Retrieved 22 May 2022 USDA NRCS n d Ulmus pumila L The PLANTS Database plants usda gov Greensboro North Carolina National Plant Data Team Retrieved 7 June 2022 SaylorPlants com Chinese Elm Lacebark Elm Ulmus parvifolia www saylorplants com Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 Retrieved 22 May 2022 Leopold D J 1980 Chinese and Siberian elms Journal of Arboriculture 6 7 175 179 Mittempergher L Santini A 2004 The history of elm breeding PDF Investigacion Agraria Sistemas y Recursos Forestales 13 1 161 177 greenbeam com Domain Name For Sale Dan com Retrieved 29 March 2022 Disease resistant and tolerant plant varieties Plant Diagnostic Clinic MU Extension Archived from the original on 2008 09 20 Retrieved 2008 10 31 Ulmus parvifolia Jacq 1854 K000852632 Herbarium catalogue Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 17 October 2016 Ulmus parvifolia Jacq 1867 K000852633 Herbarium catalogue Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 17 October 2016 Ulmus sieboldii Daveau 1913 K000852631 Herbarium catalogue Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 17 October 2016 Ryston Hall Arboretum catalogue c 1920 pp 13 14 Missouri Botanical Garden bulletin Archive org St Louis Missouri Botanical Garden 29 March 1913 Retrieved 29 March 2022 Trove Trove nla gov au Retrieved 29 March 2022 Accessions book Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 1902 pp 45 47 Herbarium specimen E00824804 Herbarium Catalogue Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Ulmus parvifolia Jacq 1902 Spath nursery Herbarium specimen E00824805 Herbarium Catalogue Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Ulmus parvifolia Jacq 1902 Spath Herbarium specimen E00824802 Herbarium Catalogue Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Ulmus parvifolia Jacq 1902 Spath Hishiyama C Ed 2018 A picture book of Japanese trees p 81 in Japanese Seibidoshuppan Japan ISBN 9784415310183 Shirazi A M amp Ware G H 2004 Evaluation of New Elms from China for Cold Hardiness in Northern Latitudes International Symposium on Asian Plant Diversity amp Systematics 2004 Sakura Japan D Cruz Mark 11 February 2020 Ma Ke Bonsai Care Guide for Ulmus parvifolia Ma Ke Bonsai Retrieved 2021 02 04 Brooklyn Botanic Garden Retrieved 29 March 2022 Fullerton Arboretum Cal State Fullerton Fullertonarboretum org Retrieved 29 March 2022 The Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania upenn edu Retrieved 4 April 2018 http www usna usda gov index htm permanent dead link List of plants in the elm collection Brighton amp Hove City Council Retrieved 23 September 2016 Welcome to Cambridge Botanic Garden Find Out More Cambridge Botanic Garden Retrieved 29 March 2022 Johnson Owen ed 2003 Champion Trees of Britain amp Ireland Whittet Press ISBN 978 1 873580 61 5 tba ee www tba ee Retrieved 4 April 2018 The Forestry Commission The National Arboreta forestry gov uk Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 Retrieved 4 April 2018 Eastwoodhill National Arboretum of New Zealand eastwoodhill org nz Archived from the original on 11 March 2008 Retrieved 4 April 2018 nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ulmus parvifolia External links editU parvifolia Flora of China www efloras org U parvifolia Flora of North America www efloras org Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ulmus parvifolia amp oldid 1218228637, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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