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US domestic reactions to the 2011 military intervention in Libya

April 14, 2024

The domestic reactions in the United States after the 2011 military intervention in Libya ranged from criticism to support. Unlike the revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt, which were carried out largely without external intervention, the brutal reaction of the Gaddafi regime to the protests that began in January and February 2011 quickly made it clear that the Libyan opposition forces would not be able to achieve political progress or to overthrow their government by themselves. In light of ongoing serious human rights violations, the United Nations Security Council established a no-fly zone over Libya and authorized the member states of the UN to take all necessary measures to protect civilians and civilian populated areas under threat of attack. Two days later, a coalition of states—including the United States, the United Kingdom, and France—began to carry out air strikes against military targets in Libya. By the end of March 2011, NATO had taken over the international military operation in Libya. With the support of NATO, the insurgents successively took power in Libya, gaining control over the capital, Tripoli, in August and over Sirte, the last city held by the Gaddafi regime, in October 2011. During the fights over Sirte, Gaddafi was killed. With the insurgents taking control over most of the country and being recognized as the legitimate (transitional) government of Libya by much of the international community, a change in the Libyan regime has taken place.[1]

Opposition edit

Political institutions edit

 
House votes on H Res 292 (Ground Forces in Libya) on June 3, 2011, by congressional district
  Democratic yea
  Democratic nay
  Republican yea
  Republican nay
  Absent or no representative seated

On June 3, 2011, the United States House of Representatives passed H.Res. 292. The resolution stated the "President has failed to provide Congress with a compelling rationale" for the military campaign in Libya, and said the "President shall not deploy, establish, or maintain the presence of units and members of the United States Armed Forces on the ground in Libya unless the purpose of the presence is to rescue a member of the Armed Forces from imminent danger" and gave him, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, and the Attorney General 14 days to explain his strategy in Libya and to convince Congress the attacks are justified by U.S. interests.[2]

Another resolution voted on the same day, H.Con.Res. 51, and co-sponsored by both Democrats and Republicans, ordered Obama to withdraw forces from Libya. It failed 148–265.[3] The resolution was supported by 87 Republicans, highlighting a party shifting toward non-interventionism.[4]

Later in the month, a resolution introduced in the Senate by Jim Webb and Bob Corker required the White House to seek Senate and House approval before continuing the mission, while also seeking a ban on U.S. ground troops in the operation. Another resolution introduced by John Kerry and John McCain, and co-sponsored by Carl Levin,[5] sought to approve of the mission, but was facing abandonment, with reports indicating a fracture was occurring within the chamber.[6][7][8][9]

On June 3, the House passed a resolution 268–145 offered by Speaker John A. Boehner, calling for a withdrawal of the United States military from the air and naval operations in and around Libya. It demanded that the administration provide, within 14 days, detailed information about the nature, cost and objectives of the American contribution to the NATO operation, as well as an explanation of why the President did not come to Congress for permission to continue to take part in the mission.[10]

On June 13, the House passed another resolution 248–163 prohibiting the use of funds for operations in the conflict, with 110 Democrats and 138 Republicans voting in favor.[11][12] On June 14, Walter Jones (R-NC) and Dennis Kucinich (D-OH) announced a lawsuit against the Obama administration, joined by 6 Republicans and 2 Democrats.[13][14]

On June 24, the House rejected Joint Resolution 68, which would have provided the Obama administration with authorization to continue military operations in Libya for up to one year.[15][16] The majority of Republicans voted against the resolution, while Democrats were split, with 115 in favor of military involvement and 70 against.[17] Despite its failure to obtain legal approval from Congress, the Obama administration continued to provide the bulk of the military support for the NATO operation until the overthrow of Gaddafi in October. Before the official termination of Operation Unified Protector, US Permanent Representative to NATO Ivo Daalder said that "the United States led in this operation... It led in the planning of the operation, it led in getting the mandate for the operation, and it led in the execution of the operation... the United States conducted more sorties than any other country in this operation, twenty six percent."[18]

Reactions from individuals edit

Political figures edit

Activist edit

  • After the US troops launched 110 Tomahawk missiles at military targets in Libya, documentary filmmaker and liberal activist Michael Moore suggested that Obama should return his Nobel Peace Prize and tweeted in his official Twitter account, "May I suggest a 50-mile evacuation zone around Obama's Nobel Peace Prize?"[21][28][29] He also tweeted "We have neither the troops, stomach, or $$ to fight a ground war for months/years to defeat (Muammar Gaddafi)".[30]

Political organizations edit

  • The Libertarian Party opposed the US military intervention and LP Chair Mark Hinkle in a statement described the position of the Libertarian Party: "President Obama's decision to order military attacks on Libya is only surprising to those who actually think he deserved the Nobel Peace Prize. He has now ordered bombing strikes in six different countries, adding Libya to Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Somalia, and Yemen."[31][32]
 
Demonstrators in Minneapolis, Minnesota, show placards on March 21, 2011, to protest against the military intervention in Libya by the U.S.

Public protests edit

Main article: Public protests in the United States against the 2011 military intervention in Libya

Anti-war demonstrations were held in New York City, Chicago, Boston, Washington, D.C., Los Angeles, Minneapolis, San Francisco, Iowa City, Iowa, Saint Paul, Minnesota and Philadelphia to protest against the military intervention in Libya.[citation needed]

Mixed edit

  • The Congressional Progressive Caucus (CPC), an organization of progressive Democrats, said that the United States should conclude its campaign against Libyan air defenses as soon as possible.[24] In particular, Arizona Rep. Raul Grijalva, California Reps. Mike Honda, Lynn Woolsey and Barbara Lee said in a joint statement, "The United States must immediately shift to end the bombing in Libya. Rest assured we will fight in Congress to ensure the United States does not become embroiled in yet another destabilizing military quagmire in Libya with no clear exit plan or diplomatic strategy for peace."[24]

Support edit

Reaction from individuals edit

U.S. President Barack Obama addressing the nation about the U.S. intervention in Libya (26 March 2011)

Political figures edit

Academics edit

  • Professor[47] Juan Cole supported the no-fly zone, writing that he was, "glad that the UNSC-authorized intervention has saved them [the civilian population and Libyan rebels] from being crushed."[48] In an interview with Katrina vanden Heuvel of The Nation, Cole said, "I am supporting the intervention because I think the civilian populations of these cities...is something that should prick our conscience.".[49] In an interview with Amy Goodman of Democracy Now!, Cole said that President Obama should have sought Congressional approval at some point, and said, "Not doing that has damaged the legitimacy of the war in the eyes of the American people."[50]
  • The current Legal Adviser of the Department of State and former dean of the Yale Law School Harold Hongju Koh argued that the United States military actions are lawful, citing the Security Council Resolution and Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter in particular.[51]
  • Yale University lecturer[52] former U.S. ambassador John Negroponte thought that the military intervention in Libya was a "good idea" because it had multilateral support and humanitarian mission.[53]
  • Professor[54][55] Daniel Pipes has argued for the necessity of the Libya no-fly zone on humanitarian, political and economic grounds despite legitimate hesitations.[56]
  • Writing in Time Fareed Zakaria (PhD Harvard[57]) said he shared the view that with the Arab world, the U.S. and other nations "not to abandon the Libyan opposition as it faced a massacre"[58] and supported limited American military intervention, although he argued the wisest military strategy would have been to fund the rebel forces to destabilize the Libyan regime to avoid further military escalation.[58]

Journalists edit

According to Anglo-American author and journalist Christopher Hitchens, the no-fly zone is dually necessary to "limit the amount of damage Gaddafi can do and sharply minimize the number of people he can murder"[59] and stop the Gaddafi regime from exporting violence.[59] In particular, Hitchens criticized Gaddafi's conduct towards the Libya people during the Libyan Civil War as homicidal, sadistic and megalomaniac.[59] and the Obama administration's response to the Libyan Civil War as pathetic and dithering.[60]

Media personalities edit

According to conservative political commentator Bill O'Reilly, the United States was right in partaking in the no-fly zone over Libya because "there is no question that Gaddafi was on the verge of slaughtering his opposition."[21] Liberal pundits Cenk Uygur and Ed Schultz also announced their support for the mission as well.[citation needed]

Civic organizations edit

  • An online petition entitled "Libya: Stop the Crackdown" on an American-based international civic organization Avaaz.org endorsing the imposition of a no-fly zone to stop the aerial bombings of civilians collected over 460,000 online signatories by March 30, 2011.[citation needed]
  • The American Muslim advocacy organization Council on American-Islamic Relations called for a Libya no-fly zone to protect civilians.[61] In particular, its executive director Nihad Awad asked the United Nations to impose air and sea military exclusion zones that would prevent the Libyan military from attacking its own people[61] although a letter dated September 23, 2009 obtained by Fox News showed Nihad Awad asking Gaddafi for funding for a project entitled Muslim Peace Foundation.[62]

Political movements and organizations edit

  • Among Tea Party members, a recent poll by CNN found that 73% favoured a no-fly zone while 58% favoured attacks "directly targeted at Gaddafi's troops who are fighting the opposition forces in Libya."[63] although there has been no official statement on the Libya no-fly zone by the movement's two main national organizations, the Tea Party Patriots and Tea Party Express.[63] On April 4, 2011, however, national Tea Party leader Michael Johns, a former Heritage Foundation policy expert, criticized Obama's Libyan intervention, saying "this mess of a policy is what it looks like to have a community organizer running American foreign policy."[64]

Polls edit

At the beginning of the conflict, many[65][66][67][68][69] polls show that a plurality of respondents supported the 2011 military intervention in Libya.

In March, a Washington Post-ABC poll found 56% of Americans supported the participation of US military aircraft in enforcing the Libyan no-fly zone.[65] A CNN poll found that a greater percentage of Americans (70%) supported the imposition of the no-fly zone,[66] although only 28% of respondents said they would support sending in U.S. ground troops.[66] Similarly, a Gallup Poll showed that 47% of Americans supported U.S. military action in Libya.[69] Furthermore, an IBOPE Zogby Interactive poll showed that 57% of Americans backed the U.S. led no-fly zone in Libya.[67] An updated poll by the Pew Research Center found that a plurality of the U.S. public (47%) supported the airstrikes in Libya, although half of all respondents said the United States and its allies had no clear goal in their involvement.[68]

In March a Reuters/Ipsos survey found 90% of Americans opposed to sending in ground troops.[70] A Pew poll in April found Americans opposed arming the Libyan rebels 66% to 25%.[71]

By the end of May, a CNN/Opinion Research survey showed a 48% disapproval of President Obama's handling of the conflict, a seven-point increase over a poll conducted in March. The same poll found 55% of those surveyed believed Congress has the final authority to determine the continuation of the mission, compared to just 42% for Obama.[72]

In June a CBS poll found 59% of the country believed it should not be involved in the conflict,[73] while a Rasmussen Reports poll found only 26% believed the U.S. should continue military operations.[74]

Relevance to the War Powers Resolution edit

Some[75] have questioned the legality of the military action in relation to the War Powers Resolution and the United States Constitution, stating, for instance, that "[President Obama] abandoned the constitutional principles he carefully articulated as a presidential candidate in 2007 and ... [t]he decision to act unilaterally without seeking congressional authority eventually forced the administration to adopt legal interpretations that were not only strained, but in several cases incredulous. ... There is only one permitted mandate under the U.S. Constitution for the use of military force against another nation that has not attacked or threatened the United States. That mandate must come from Congress."[76] However, while on the surface it may appear that the President was acting entirely unilaterally, the president's June report to Congress outlined at least minimal consultation on Libya from March 1 including multiple hearings, member and staff briefings, phone calls, and emails.

In defending the action the Obama administration asserted that: Barack Obama had "constitutional authority to conduct U.S. foreign relations and as Commander in Chief and Chief Executive" and that the Libyan operation "d[id] not under that law require further congressional authorization, because U.S. military operations are distinct from the kind of 'hostilities' contemplated by the Resolution's 60 day termination provision."

Secretary of State Hillary Clinton testified to Congress in March 2011 that the administration did not need congressional authorization for its military intervention in Libya or for further decisions about it, despite congressional objections from members of both parties that the administration was violating the War Powers Resolution.[77][78] During that classified briefing, she allegedly indicated that the administration would sidestep the Resolution's provision regarding a 60-day limit on unauthorized military actions.[79] Months later, she stated that, with respect to the military operation in Libya, the United States was still flying a quarter of the sorties, and the New York Times reported that, while many presidents had bypassed other sections of the War Powers Resolution, there was little precedent for exceeding the 60-day statutory limit on unauthorized military actions – a limit which the Justice Department had said in 1980 was constitutional.[80][81] The State Department publicly took the position in June 2011 that there was no "hostility" in Libya within the meaning of the War Powers Resolution, contrary to legal interpretations by the Department of Defense and the Department of Justice Office of Legal Counsel.[82]

According to the War Powers Resolution, "The constitutional powers of the President as Commander-in-Chief to introduce United States Armed Forces into hostilities, or into situations where imminent involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the circumstances, are exercised only pursuant to (1) a declaration of war, (2) specific statutory authorization, or (3) a national emergency created by attack upon the United States, its territories or possessions, or its armed forces."[83] It goes on to specify that the President must "in every possible instance ... consult with Congress before [and regularly after] introducing United States Armed Forces" into the above situations, "into the territory, airspace or waters of a foreign nation, while equipped for combat, except for deployments which relate solely to supply, replacement, repair, or training of such forces," or after significantly enlarging foreign-based and combat-ready Forces. Within forty-eight hours of introduction the President must describe "(A) the circumstances necessitating the introduction of United States Armed Forces; (B) the constitutional and legislative authority under which such introduction took place; and (C) the estimated scope and duration of the hostilities or involvement." Sixty days after the submission of this report the President must terminate the operation dealt with by the report, barring a declaration of war or statutory authorization or an extension of the period for a maximum of thirty days, bringing the maximum to ninety days. Thus, the President is able to introduce Armed Forces only in response to a declaration of war, specific authorization, or in defense of the United States; must consult with Congress before and after the introduction and justify it; and withdraw the forces at a maximum of ninety days after introduction if one of the preconditions is not met.

On March 21, following the March 17 UNSCR 1973 and March 19 commencement of airstrikes against military targets, President Obama provided a report outlining the necessity, authority, and scope and duration of the Libya operation in order "to keep the Congress fully informed, consistent with the War Powers Resolution".[84] The circumstances necessitating this were "a[n impending] humanitarian catastrophe and ... the threat posed to international peace and security by the crisis in Libya. ... Left unaddressed, the growing instability in Libya could ignite wider instability in the Middle East, with dangerous consequences to the national security interests of the United States." The activities were authorized pursuant to UNSCR 1973 and "[the] constitutional authority to conduct U.S. foreign relations and as Commander in Chief and Chief Executive." The letter stated that the airstrikes would be "limited in nature, duration, and scope." It goes on to characterize them as "discrete and focused on employing unique U.S. military capabilities to set the conditions for our European allies and Arab partners to carry out the measures authorized by the U.N. Security Council Resolution."

By April 4 NATO oversaw all international operations in Libya. "The Department of Defense is providing forces to NATO in support of OUP [Operation Unified Protector]. U.S. armed forces now provide unique capabilities to augment and support NATO and coalition partner contributions. These capabilities include the following: electronic warfare assistance; aerial refueling; strategic lift capability; personnel recovery and search and rescue, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance support; and an alert strike package."[85]

According to the June report submitted to Congress:

Given the important U.S. interests served by U.S. military operations in Libya and the limited nature, scope and duration of the anticipated actions, the President had constitutional authority, as Commander in Chief and Chief Executive and pursuant to his foreign affairs powers, to direct such limited military operations abroad. The President is of the view that the current U.S. military operations in Libya are consistent with the War Powers Resolution and do not under that law require further congressional authorization, because U.S. military operations are distinct from the kind of "hostilities" contemplated by the Resolution's 60 day termination provision. U.S. forces are playing a constrained and supporting role in a multinational coalition, whose operations are both legitimated by and limited to the terms of a United Nations Security Council Resolution that authorizes the use of force solely to protect civilians and civilian populated areas under attack or threat of attack and to enforce a no-fly zone and an arms embargo. U.S. operations do not involve sustained fighting or active exchanges of fire with hostile forces, nor do they involve the presence of U.S. ground troops, U.S. casualties or a serious threat thereof, or any significant chance of escalation into a conflict characterized by those factors.

On June 3, H.Res. 292 and H.Con.Res.51 December 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine were voted on in the House of Representatives, with the former being adopted and resulting in the report to Congress referenced above. The report stated that "The President has failed to provide Congress with a compelling rationale based upon United States national security interests for current United States military activities regarding Libya" and proscribed any deployment of ground troops except in rescue missions. The latter resolution, which failed, stated "Pursuant to ... the War Powers Resolution, Congress directs the President to remove the United States Armed Forces from Libya by not later than the date that is 15 days after the date of the adoption of this concurrent resolution." On June 13, an ultimately expunged and largely symbolic amendment was added to HR2055 October 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, stating that "None of the funds made available by this Act may be used in contravention of the War Powers Resolution." On June 15, ten Representatives led by Dennis Kucinich filed a lawsuit against President Obama for violating the WPR; the lawsuit was dismissed by US District Judge Reggie Walton. According to Walton, the Supreme Court of the United States had already limited lawsuits against the executive branch: "While there may conceivably be some political benefit in suing the president and the secretary of defense, in light of shrinking judicial budgets, scarce judicial resources, and a heavy caseload, the court finds it frustrating to expend time and effort adjudicating the re-litigation of settled questions of law."[86]

References edit

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April 14, 2024
domestic, reactions, 2011, military, intervention, libya, domestic, reactions, united, states, after, 2011, military, intervention, libya, ranged, from, criticism, support, unlike, revolutions, tunisia, egypt, which, were, carried, largely, without, external, . The domestic reactions in the United States after the 2011 military intervention in Libya ranged from criticism to support Unlike the revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt which were carried out largely without external intervention the brutal reaction of the Gaddafi regime to the protests that began in January and February 2011 quickly made it clear that the Libyan opposition forces would not be able to achieve political progress or to overthrow their government by themselves In light of ongoing serious human rights violations the United Nations Security Council established a no fly zone over Libya and authorized the member states of the UN to take all necessary measures to protect civilians and civilian populated areas under threat of attack Two days later a coalition of states including the United States the United Kingdom and France began to carry out air strikes against military targets in Libya By the end of March 2011 NATO had taken over the international military operation in Libya With the support of NATO the insurgents successively took power in Libya gaining control over the capital Tripoli in August and over Sirte the last city held by the Gaddafi regime in October 2011 During the fights over Sirte Gaddafi was killed With the insurgents taking control over most of the country and being recognized as the legitimate transitional government of Libya by much of the international community a change in the Libyan regime has taken place 1 Contents 1 Opposition 1 1 Political institutions 1 2 Reactions from individuals 1 2 1 Political figures 1 2 2 Activist 1 3 Political organizations 1 4 Public protests 2 Mixed 3 Support 3 1 Reaction from individuals 3 1 1 Political figures 3 1 2 Academics 3 1 3 Journalists 3 1 4 Media personalities 3 2 Civic organizations 3 3 Political movements and organizations 3 4 Polls 4 Relevance to the War Powers Resolution 5 ReferencesOpposition editPolitical institutions edit nbsp House votes on H Res 292 Ground Forces in Libya on June 3 2011 by congressional district Democratic yea Democratic nay Republican yea Republican nay Absent or no representative seatedOn June 3 2011 the United States House of Representatives passed H Res 292 The resolution stated the President has failed to provide Congress with a compelling rationale for the military campaign in Libya and said the President shall not deploy establish or maintain the presence of units and members of the United States Armed Forces on the ground in Libya unless the purpose of the presence is to rescue a member of the Armed Forces from imminent danger and gave him the Secretary of State the Secretary of Defense and the Attorney General 14 days to explain his strategy in Libya and to convince Congress the attacks are justified by U S interests 2 Another resolution voted on the same day H Con Res 51 and co sponsored by both Democrats and Republicans ordered Obama to withdraw forces from Libya It failed 148 265 3 The resolution was supported by 87 Republicans highlighting a party shifting toward non interventionism 4 Later in the month a resolution introduced in the Senate by Jim Webb and Bob Corker required the White House to seek Senate and House approval before continuing the mission while also seeking a ban on U S ground troops in the operation Another resolution introduced by John Kerry and John McCain and co sponsored by Carl Levin 5 sought to approve of the mission but was facing abandonment with reports indicating a fracture was occurring within the chamber 6 7 8 9 On June 3 the House passed a resolution 268 145 offered by Speaker John A Boehner calling for a withdrawal of the United States military from the air and naval operations in and around Libya It demanded that the administration provide within 14 days detailed information about the nature cost and objectives of the American contribution to the NATO operation as well as an explanation of why the President did not come to Congress for permission to continue to take part in the mission 10 On June 13 the House passed another resolution 248 163 prohibiting the use of funds for operations in the conflict with 110 Democrats and 138 Republicans voting in favor 11 12 On June 14 Walter Jones R NC and Dennis Kucinich D OH announced a lawsuit against the Obama administration joined by 6 Republicans and 2 Democrats 13 14 On June 24 the House rejected Joint Resolution 68 which would have provided the Obama administration with authorization to continue military operations in Libya for up to one year 15 16 The majority of Republicans voted against the resolution while Democrats were split with 115 in favor of military involvement and 70 against 17 Despite its failure to obtain legal approval from Congress the Obama administration continued to provide the bulk of the military support for the NATO operation until the overthrow of Gaddafi in October Before the official termination of Operation Unified Protector US Permanent Representative to NATO Ivo Daalder said that the United States led in this operation It led in the planning of the operation it led in getting the mandate for the operation and it led in the execution of the operation the United States conducted more sorties than any other country in this operation twenty six percent 18 Reactions from individuals edit Political figures edit Former Green Party presidential candidate Ralph Nader condemned US president Barack Obama s action in Libya 19 Nader branded Obama as war criminal 20 and called for his impeachment 21 Democratic Congressman Dennis Kucinich suggested that Barack Obama could be impeached 20 Kucinich said Obama s action in Libya was a grave decision that cannot be made by the president alone He also claimed Obama violated the Constitution by failing to seek the approval of the Congress first 22 Republican politician and former Governor of Massachusetts Mitt Romney said the Libya policy shows Obama is tentative indecisive timid and nuanced 23 Writing an op ed in The New York Times Al Hunt criticized the respective remarks made by both men 23 Libertarian Republican Congressman Ron Paul said The no fly zone is unconstitutional because Congress has not authorized it 22 Republican Representative Candice Miller called for the U S to pull its troops out of the coalition forces in Libya Miller said Mr President you have failed to state a clear and convincing explanation of the vital national interest at stake which demands our intervention in Libya You have failed to state a clearly defined mission for our military to defend that interest 24 Republican politician former House Speaker and 2012 presidential candidate Newt Gingrich described the military intervention as an opportunistic amateurism without planning or professionalism 20 although on a March 7 interview with Greta Van Susteren Gingrich called for the imposition of a Libyan no fly zone 25 26 Senator Jim Webb D VA stated that Obama s decision to begin military attacks on a foreign country without the approval of Congress sets a dangerous precedent saying The issue is whether a president can unilaterally begin and continue a military campaign for reasons that he alone has defined as meeting the demanding standards of a vital national interest worthy of risking American lives and expending billions of dollars of our taxpayers money 27 Senator Rand Paul R KY a Tea Party backed freshman U S senator remained a staunch early opponent of the war citing ignorance on the Obama administration s part over the identity of the rebels citing ties on their part to Al Qaeda Activist edit After the US troops launched 110 Tomahawk missiles at military targets in Libya documentary filmmaker and liberal activist Michael Moore suggested that Obama should return his Nobel Peace Prize and tweeted in his official Twitter account May I suggest a 50 mile evacuation zone around Obama s Nobel Peace Prize 21 28 29 He also tweeted We have neither the troops stomach or to fight a ground war for months years to defeat Muammar Gaddafi 30 Political organizations edit The Libertarian Party opposed the US military intervention and LP Chair Mark Hinkle in a statement described the position of the Libertarian Party President Obama s decision to order military attacks on Libya is only surprising to those who actually think he deserved the Nobel Peace Prize He has now ordered bombing strikes in six different countries adding Libya to Afghanistan Iraq Pakistan Somalia and Yemen 31 32 nbsp Demonstrators in Minneapolis Minnesota show placards on March 21 2011 to protest against the military intervention in Libya by the U S Public protests edit Main article Public protests in the United States against the 2011 military intervention in Libya Anti war demonstrations were held in New York City Chicago Boston Washington D C Los Angeles Minneapolis San Francisco Iowa City Iowa Saint Paul Minnesota and Philadelphia to protest against the military intervention in Libya citation needed Mixed editThe Congressional Progressive Caucus CPC an organization of progressive Democrats said that the United States should conclude its campaign against Libyan air defenses as soon as possible 24 In particular Arizona Rep Raul Grijalva California Reps Mike Honda Lynn Woolsey and Barbara Lee said in a joint statement The United States must immediately shift to end the bombing in Libya Rest assured we will fight in Congress to ensure the United States does not become embroiled in yet another destabilizing military quagmire in Libya with no clear exit plan or diplomatic strategy for peace 24 Support editReaction from individuals edit source source source source source source source U S President Barack Obama addressing the nation about the U S intervention in Libya 26 March 2011 Political figures edit In his weekly radio address U S President Barack Obama defended the no fly zone arguing in just one month the United States has worked with our international partners to mobilize a broad coalition secure an international mandate to protect civilians stop an advancing army prevent a massacre and establish a no fly zone with our allies and partners 33 The 42nd President of the United States Bill Clinton endorsed the no fly zone arguing that he wouldn t have intervened if anti Gaddafi rebel leaders didn t ask for the imposition of the no fly zone 34 Top United States Senate Democrats 35 Carl Levin Dick Durbin and Jack Reed spoke out in support of the no fly zone 35 Levin said Obama proceeded in a way that is cautious and thoughtful 35 while Durbin aid Obama worked to build an international base of support among U S allies and Arab nations before authorizing any U S attack on Qadhafi forces 35 All three members were opponents of the 2003 invasion of Iraq 35 Senior United States Senator John McCain called for imposition of the no fly zone as a first step in tackling the massacre in the country 36 37 38 Along with Senator John McCain Senior United States Senator Joe Lieberman called for the imposition of the no fly zone 39 40 saying The fact is now is the time for action not just statements 41 Senior United States Senator and current Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations John Kerry called for the imposition of a no fly zone saying the international community cannot simply watch from the sidelines as this quest for democracy is met with raw violence 42 Moreover Kerry said the no fly zone did not constitute an act of military intervention 43 Current minority leader of the United States House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi lent her support for President Obama s military action against Libya citing U N approval and humanitarian goals 44 Prominent 45 46 Tea Party supported US Senator Marco Rubio of Florida said the U S was right to support the Libya no fly zone 45 and accused the Obama Administration of being too prudent in its military engagement in Libya citation needed Academics edit Professor 47 Juan Cole supported the no fly zone writing that he was glad that the UNSC authorized intervention has saved them the civilian population and Libyan rebels from being crushed 48 In an interview with Katrina vanden Heuvel of The Nation Cole said I am supporting the intervention because I think the civilian populations of these cities is something that should prick our conscience 49 In an interview with Amy Goodman of Democracy Now Cole said that President Obama should have sought Congressional approval at some point and said Not doing that has damaged the legitimacy of the war in the eyes of the American people 50 The current Legal Adviser of the Department of State and former dean of the Yale Law School Harold Hongju Koh argued that the United States military actions are lawful citing the Security Council Resolution and Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter in particular 51 Yale University lecturer 52 former U S ambassador John Negroponte thought that the military intervention in Libya was a good idea because it had multilateral support and humanitarian mission 53 Professor 54 55 Daniel Pipes has argued for the necessity of the Libya no fly zone on humanitarian political and economic grounds despite legitimate hesitations 56 Writing in Time Fareed Zakaria PhD Harvard 57 said he shared the view that with the Arab world the U S and other nations not to abandon the Libyan opposition as it faced a massacre 58 and supported limited American military intervention although he argued the wisest military strategy would have been to fund the rebel forces to destabilize the Libyan regime to avoid further military escalation 58 Journalists edit According to Anglo American author and journalist Christopher Hitchens the no fly zone is dually necessary to limit the amount of damage Gaddafi can do and sharply minimize the number of people he can murder 59 and stop the Gaddafi regime from exporting violence 59 In particular Hitchens criticized Gaddafi s conduct towards the Libya people during the Libyan Civil War as homicidal sadistic and megalomaniac 59 and the Obama administration s response to the Libyan Civil War as pathetic and dithering 60 Media personalities edit According to conservative political commentator Bill O Reilly the United States was right in partaking in the no fly zone over Libya because there is no question that Gaddafi was on the verge of slaughtering his opposition 21 Liberal pundits Cenk Uygur and Ed Schultz also announced their support for the mission as well citation needed Civic organizations edit An online petition entitled Libya Stop the Crackdown on an American based international civic organization Avaaz org endorsing the imposition of a no fly zone to stop the aerial bombings of civilians collected over 460 000 online signatories by March 30 2011 citation needed The American Muslim advocacy organization Council on American Islamic Relations called for a Libya no fly zone to protect civilians 61 In particular its executive director Nihad Awad asked the United Nations to impose air and sea military exclusion zones that would prevent the Libyan military from attacking its own people 61 although a letter dated September 23 2009 obtained by Fox News showed Nihad Awad asking Gaddafi for funding for a project entitled Muslim Peace Foundation 62 Political movements and organizations edit Among Tea Party members a recent poll by CNN found that 73 favoured a no fly zone while 58 favoured attacks directly targeted at Gaddafi s troops who are fighting the opposition forces in Libya 63 although there has been no official statement on the Libya no fly zone by the movement s two main national organizations the Tea Party Patriots and Tea Party Express 63 On April 4 2011 however national Tea Party leader Michael Johns a former Heritage Foundation policy expert criticized Obama s Libyan intervention saying this mess of a policy is what it looks like to have a community organizer running American foreign policy 64 Polls edit At the beginning of the conflict many 65 66 67 68 69 polls show that a plurality of respondents supported the 2011 military intervention in Libya In March a Washington Post ABC poll found 56 of Americans supported the participation of US military aircraft in enforcing the Libyan no fly zone 65 A CNN poll found that a greater percentage of Americans 70 supported the imposition of the no fly zone 66 although only 28 of respondents said they would support sending in U S ground troops 66 Similarly a Gallup Poll showed that 47 of Americans supported U S military action in Libya 69 Furthermore an IBOPE Zogby Interactive poll showed that 57 of Americans backed the U S led no fly zone in Libya 67 An updated poll by the Pew Research Center found that a plurality of the U S public 47 supported the airstrikes in Libya although half of all respondents said the United States and its allies had no clear goal in their involvement 68 In March a Reuters Ipsos survey found 90 of Americans opposed to sending in ground troops 70 A Pew poll in April found Americans opposed arming the Libyan rebels 66 to 25 71 By the end of May a CNN Opinion Research survey showed a 48 disapproval of President Obama s handling of the conflict a seven point increase over a poll conducted in March The same poll found 55 of those surveyed believed Congress has the final authority to determine the continuation of the mission compared to just 42 for Obama 72 In June a CBS poll found 59 of the country believed it should not be involved in the conflict 73 while a Rasmussen Reports poll found only 26 believed the U S should continue military operations 74 Relevance to the War Powers Resolution editSome 75 have questioned the legality of the military action in relation to the War Powers Resolution and the United States Constitution stating for instance that President Obama abandoned the constitutional principles he carefully articulated as a presidential candidate in 2007 and t he decision to act unilaterally without seeking congressional authority eventually forced the administration to adopt legal interpretations that were not only strained but in several cases incredulous There is only one permitted mandate under the U S Constitution for the use of military force against another nation that has not attacked or threatened the United States That mandate must come from Congress 76 However while on the surface it may appear that the President was acting entirely unilaterally the president s June report to Congress outlined at least minimal consultation on Libya from March 1 including multiple hearings member and staff briefings phone calls and emails In defending the action the Obama administration asserted that Barack Obama had constitutional authority to conduct U S foreign relations and as Commander in Chief and Chief Executive and that the Libyan operation d id not under that law require further congressional authorization because U S military operations are distinct from the kind of hostilities contemplated by the Resolution s 60 day termination provision Secretary of State Hillary Clinton testified to Congress in March 2011 that the administration did not need congressional authorization for its military intervention in Libya or for further decisions about it despite congressional objections from members of both parties that the administration was violating the War Powers Resolution 77 78 During that classified briefing she allegedly indicated that the administration would sidestep the Resolution s provision regarding a 60 day limit on unauthorized military actions 79 Months later she stated that with respect to the military operation in Libya the United States was still flying a quarter of the sorties and the New York Times reported that while many presidents had bypassed other sections of the War Powers Resolution there was little precedent for exceeding the 60 day statutory limit on unauthorized military actions a limit which the Justice Department had said in 1980 was constitutional 80 81 The State Department publicly took the position in June 2011 that there was no hostility in Libya within the meaning of the War Powers Resolution contrary to legal interpretations by the Department of Defense and the Department of Justice Office of Legal Counsel 82 According to the War Powers Resolution The constitutional powers of the President as Commander in Chief to introduce United States Armed Forces into hostilities or into situations where imminent involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the circumstances are exercised only pursuant to 1 a declaration of war 2 specific statutory authorization or 3 a national emergency created by attack upon the United States its territories or possessions or its armed forces 83 It goes on to specify that the President must in every possible instance consult with Congress before and regularly after introducing United States Armed Forces into the above situations into the territory airspace or waters of a foreign nation while equipped for combat except for deployments which relate solely to supply replacement repair or training of such forces or after significantly enlarging foreign based and combat ready Forces Within forty eight hours of introduction the President must describe A the circumstances necessitating the introduction of United States Armed Forces B the constitutional and legislative authority under which such introduction took place and C the estimated scope and duration of the hostilities or involvement Sixty days after the submission of this report the President must terminate the operation dealt with by the report barring a declaration of war or statutory authorization or an extension of the period for a maximum of thirty days bringing the maximum to ninety days Thus the President is able to introduce Armed Forces only in response to a declaration of war specific authorization or in defense of the United States must consult with Congress before and after the introduction and justify it and withdraw the forces at a maximum of ninety days after introduction if one of the preconditions is not met On March 21 following the March 17 UNSCR 1973 and March 19 commencement of airstrikes against military targets President Obama provided a report outlining the necessity authority and scope and duration of the Libya operation in order to keep the Congress fully informed consistent with the War Powers Resolution 84 The circumstances necessitating this were a n impending humanitarian catastrophe and the threat posed to international peace and security by the crisis in Libya Left unaddressed the growing instability in Libya could ignite wider instability in the Middle East with dangerous consequences to the national security interests of the United States The activities were authorized pursuant to UNSCR 1973 and the constitutional authority to conduct U S foreign relations and as Commander in Chief and Chief Executive The letter stated that the airstrikes would be limited in nature duration and scope It goes on to characterize them as discrete and focused on employing unique U S military capabilities to set the conditions for our European allies and Arab partners to carry out the measures authorized by the U N Security Council Resolution By April 4 NATO oversaw all international operations in Libya The Department of Defense is providing forces to NATO in support of OUP Operation Unified Protector U S armed forces now provide unique capabilities to augment and support NATO and coalition partner contributions These capabilities include the following electronic warfare assistance aerial refueling strategic lift capability personnel recovery and search and rescue intelligence surveillance and reconnaissance support and an alert strike package 85 According to the June report submitted to Congress Given the important U S interests served by U S military operations in Libya and the limited nature scope and duration of the anticipated actions the President had constitutional authority as Commander in Chief and Chief Executive and pursuant to his foreign affairs powers to direct such limited military operations abroad The President is of the view that the current U S military operations in Libya are consistent with the War Powers Resolution and do not under that law require further congressional authorization because U S military operations are distinct from the kind of hostilities contemplated by the Resolution s 60 day termination provision U S forces are playing a constrained and supporting role in a multinational coalition whose operations are both legitimated by and limited to the terms of a United Nations Security Council Resolution that authorizes the use of force solely to protect civilians and civilian populated areas under attack or threat of attack and to enforce a no fly zone and an arms embargo U S operations do not involve sustained fighting or active exchanges of fire with hostile forces nor do they involve the presence of U S ground troops U S casualties or a serious threat thereof or any significant chance of escalation into a conflict characterized by those factors On June 3 H Res 292 and H Con Res 51 Archived December 16 2012 at the Wayback Machine were voted on in the House of Representatives with the former being adopted and resulting in the report to Congress referenced above The report stated that The President has failed to provide Congress with a compelling rationale based upon United States national security interests for current United States military activities regarding Libya and proscribed any deployment of ground troops except in rescue missions The latter resolution which failed stated Pursuant to the War Powers Resolution Congress directs the President to remove the United States Armed Forces from Libya by not later than the date that is 15 days after the date of the adoption of this concurrent resolution On June 13 an ultimately expunged and largely symbolic amendment was added to HR2055 Archived October 30 2012 at the Wayback Machine stating that None of the funds made available by this Act may be used in contravention of the War Powers Resolution On June 15 ten Representatives led by Dennis Kucinich filed a lawsuit against President Obama for violating the WPR the lawsuit was dismissed by US District Judge Reggie Walton According to Walton the Supreme Court of the United States had already limited lawsuits against the executive branch While there may conceivably be some political benefit in suing the president and the secretary of defense in light of shrinking judicial budgets scarce judicial resources and a heavy caseload the court finds it frustrating to expend time and effort adjudicating the re litigation of settled questions of law 86 References edit Payandeh Mehrdad 2012 The United Nations Military Intervention and Regime Change in Libya PDF Virginia Journal of International Law 52 2 357 358 Retrieved March 5 2013 David A Fahrenthold June 3 2011 House rebukes Obama on Libya mission but does not demand withdrawal The Washington Post Retrieved June 6 2011 A US Congress Unwilling to Exercise Its War Powers Kevin Gosztola Wiki Leaks Central June 4 2011 Accessed June 7 2011 The Kucinich Republicans Wall Street Journal June 6 2011 Accessed June 7 2011 Levin No clear sentiment in Senate to end American role in Libyan campaign John T Bennett The Hill June 10 2011 Accessed June 10 2011 Libyan Conflict Begins to Fracture Senate David M Drucker Roll Call June 8 2011 Accessed June 9 2011 Senators Briefed on Libya Disagree About Next Step ABC News June 9 2011 Accessed June 9 2011 Corker co sponsors Libya resolution DNJ June 8 2011 Accessed June 9 2011 Kerry may scrap Libya resolution Seattle Post Intelligencer June 8 2011 Accessed June 9 2011 House Rebukes Obama for Continuing Libyan Mission Without Its Consent by Jennifer Steinhauer On Agreeing to the Amendment Amendment 6 to H R 2055 GovTrack June 13 2011 Accessed June 14 2011 House passes another Libya rebuke of Obama David Fahrentold Washington Post June 13 2011 Accessed June 14 2011 Reps Kucinich Jones to file suit against Obama on Libyan war Pete Kasperowicz The Hill June 14 2011 Accessed June 14 2011 Kucinich other House members file lawsuit against Obama on Libya military mission Felicia Sonmez Washington Post June 15 2011 Accessed June 15 2011 House rejects Libya authorization measure June 24 2011 Text H J Res 68 112th Congress 2011 2012 Authorizing the limited use of the United States Armed Forces in support of the NATO mission in Libya June 24 2011 Archived copy Archived from the original on June 17 2016 Retrieved May 16 2016 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Remarks to the Press on Libya and Operation Unified Protector United States Mission to NATO Archived from the original on October 16 2015 Retrieved October 4 2015 McMaster Nick March 21 2011 Ralph Nader Impeach War Criminal Obama If Bush Cheney Were Criminals Obama Is Too Newser Retrieved April 23 2011 a b c Avlon John P essay March 23 2011 Left s View on Libya Is This Bush s Third Term CNN Retrieved April 23 2011 a b c O Reilly Bill essay March 27 2011 A Noble Fight in Libya Boston Herald Retrieved April 23 2011 a b Staff writer March 23 2011 Everyone s a Critic Obama s Growing List of Libya Dissenters The Week Retrieved April 23 2011 a b Hunt Albert R March 27 2011 Libya Action Creates Risks for Obama The New York Times a b c Allen Jonathan March 23 2011 Candice Miller to Obama Pull Out of Coalition Politico Retrieved April 23 2011 Linkins Jason March 23 2011 Newt Gingrich Attempts To Clarify His Position on Libya But Wow So Confusing The Huffington Post Retrieved April 23 2011 Wolf Z Byron March 23 2011 Newt Gingrich Contradicts Self on Libya Tries To Explain The Note blog of ABC News Retrieved April 23 2011 Webb pushes for Obama to explain U S operations HamptonRoads com PilotOnline com Archived from the original on June 11 2011 Fabian Jordan March 19 2011 Michael Moore Rips Obama over Libya The Hill s Twitter Room blog of The Hill Retrieved April 23 2011 Staff writer March 20 2011 Filmmaker Michael Moore Rips President Obama over Libya Fox News Retrieved April 23 2011 Blas Lorena March 20 2011 Documentary Maker Michael Moore Critical About Action on Libya USA Today Retrieved April 23 2011 Press release March 20 2011 They Hate Us Because We Bomb Them Says Libertarian Chair Libertarian Party Retrieved April 23 2011 Devine James J essay March 25 2011 Voice of the People This Used To Be a Free Country njtoday net Retrieved April 23 2011 Obama Barack March 28 2011 Remarks by the President in Address to the Nation on Libya whitehouse gov via National Archives Grove Lloyd Bill Clinton Endorses No Fly Zone The Daily Beast a b c d e Breshanan John March 23 2011 Senate Democrats defend Obama on Libya Politico Libyan no fly zone call by US senator John McCain BBC News March 9 2011 McCain calls for no fly zone over Libya criticizes Obama s handling of situation CBS News March 2 2011 Pressure Mounts for No Fly Zone in Libya The Christian Science Monitor March 6 2011 Bliss Jeff February 27 2011 McCain Lieberman Support Creating a No Fly Zone Over Libya Bloomberg Bowman Michael March 3 2011 US Senators Advocate No Fly Zone Over Libya Global Security org Drake Bruce Obama Should Impose No Fly Zone on Libya and Aid Insurgents Senators Say Arsenault Mark March 17 2011 Kerry Asks UN To Approve Libya No Fly Zone The Boston Globe So Jimmy March 6 2011 Kerry A Libyan No Fly Zone Is Not Intervention CBS News Nancy Pelosi Stands by Obama on Libya San Francisco Chronicle March 23 2011 a b Cadel Emily Libya a hint of tea party divisions Congress org Cillizza Chris March 31 2011 The Rapid Emergence of Marco Rubio The Washington Post Faculty News and Awards Archived May 19 2011 at the Wayback Machine Department of History University of Michigan 2007 Cole Juan March 28 2011 An Open Letter to the Left on Libya The Nation Juan Cole and Katrina vanden Heuvel Do We Belong in Libya The Nation March 29 2011 Democracy Now June 22 2011 Koh Harold Hongju March 27 2011 Statement Regarding Use of Force in Libya America gov John D Negroponte Yale University Goal For Libya Is Have Gadhafi To Step Down NPR March 22 2011 School of Public Policy Announces 2007 Distinguished Visiting Professor Daniel Pipes Pepperdine University Archived from the original on December 8 2007 Retrieved May 13 2008 Why the U S Must Help Libya s Opposition Fox News March 11 2011 Lion s Den Back to the shores of Tripoli The Jerusalem Post March 15 2011 Fareed Zakaria s Website Archived from the original on August 25 2010 Retrieved May 10 2010 a b Zakaria Fareed March 24 2011 Gaddafi s Endgame How Will the U S Get Out of Libya Time Archived from the original on April 16 2011 a b c Hitchens Christopher March 7 2011 American Inaction Favors Libya Slate Hitchens Christopher February 25 2011 Is Barack Obama Secretly Swiss Slate a b CAIR Calls for Libya No Fly Zone to Protect Civilians PRNewswire February 22 2011 CAIR Caught in Gaddafi Web Fox News April 7 2011 a b Weigel David March 22 2011 Weak Tea Slate Foreign policy expert Michael Johns sits down with the WE to discuss Libya U S participation and President Obama s handling of the situation The Western Experience April 4 2011 Archived January 12 2012 at the Wayback Machine a b Cohen Jon March 14 2011 Poll Conditional Support for Libya No Fly Zone The Washington Post a b c Memoli Michael A March 22 2011 70 of Americans Back No Fly Operation in Libya CNN Poll Finds Los Angeles Times a b Poll Majority supports no fly zone in Libya Arab American News January 10 2009 a b Swanson Emily March 28 2011 Libya Poll Plurality Of U S Public Supports Airstrikes But Majority Unsure of Goal The Huffington Post a b 47 Americans approve US action in Libya Poll The Economic Times India March 23 2011 Majority of Americans against sending ground troops to Libya International Business Times March 24 2011 Accessed June 7 2011 Americans oppose arming the Libyan rebels Global Public Square April 6 2011 Accessed June 7 2011 CNN Opinion Research Corporation Poll May 24 26 2011 Polling Report Accessed June 7 2011 CBS News poll 6 8 11 CBS News June 8 2011 Accessed June 10 2011 CFR s James Lindsay White House should be moderately worried on Libya Allen McDuffree Washington Post June 13 2011 Accessed June 13 2011 Sonmez Felicia June 15 2011 Kucinich other House members file lawsuit against Obama on Libya military mission Washington Post Retrieved June 2 2023 Fisher Louis The law military operations in Libya no war No hostilities Presidential Studies Quarterly 42 1 2012 190 204 Print Congress members grill administration officials on Libya mission CNN March 31 2011 Lillis Mike et al March 30 2011 White House briefing changes few minds on Libya involvement The Hill Crabtree Susan March 30 2011 Clinton To Congress Obama Would Ignore Your War Resolutions Talking Points Memo Charlie Savage May 25 2011 Libya Effort Is Called Violation of War Act The New York Times Savage Charlie June 17 2011 2 Top Lawyers Lost to Obama in Libya War Policy Debate New York Times State Department legal adviser Obama acting lawfully in Libya www jurist org June 28 2011 Retrieved June 2 2023 Avalon Project War Powers Resolution avalon law yale edu Retrieved June 2 2023 Letter from the President regarding the commencement of operations in Libya whitehouse gov March 21 2011 Retrieved June 2 2023 United States Activities in Libya page 11 http s3 documentcloud org documents 204680 united states activities in libya 6 15 11 pdf Libya War Lawsuit Against Obama by U S Lawmakers Thrown Out Bloomberg com October 20 2011 Retrieved June 2 2023 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title US domestic reactions to the 2011 military intervention in Libya amp oldid 1217221113, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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