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United States Naval Research Laboratory

January 01, 1970

The United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) is the corporate research laboratory for the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. It was founded in 1923 and conducts basic scientific research, applied research, technological development and prototyping. The laboratory's specialties include plasma physics, space physics, materials science, and tactical electronic warfare. NRL is one of the first US government scientific R&D laboratories, having opened in 1923 at the instigation of Thomas Edison, and is currently under the Office of Naval Research.[2]

U.S. Naval Research Laboratory
Aerial view in 2021
Established1923 (1923)
Research typeBasic and Applied Research
Budget$1.1 billion[1]
Field of research
DirectorDr. Bruce Danly
Staff2,538 civilian
86 military (2015)
LocationWashington, D.C., United States
38°49′21″N 77°01′30″W / 38.82250°N 77.02500°W / 38.82250; -77.02500
U.S. Naval Research Laboratory
Active1923–present
Country United States
Branch United States Navy
 United States Marine Corps
TypeResearch
Websitenrl.navy.mil
Commanders
CommanderCapt. Jesse H. Black
Director of ResearchDr. Bruce Danly
Naval Research Laboratory seal used before 2016

As of 2016, NRL was a Navy Working Capital Fund activity, which means it is not a line-item in the US Federal Budget. Instead of direct funding from Congress, all costs, including overhead, were recovered through sponsor-funded research projects. NRL's research expenditures were approximately $1 billion per year.[3]

Research edit

 
Part of the Naval Research Laboratory main campus in Washington, D.C. The prominent dish antenna is often used as a symbol of the laboratory.

The Naval Research Laboratory conducts a wide variety of basic research and applied research relevant to the US Navy. NRL scientists and engineers author[when?] over 1200 openly published research papers in a wide range of conferences, symposia, and journals each year.

It has a history of scientific breakthroughs and technological achievements dating back to its foundation in 1923.[4] In some instances the laboratory's contributions to military technology have been declassified decades after those technologies have become widely adopted.

In 2011, NRL researchers published 1,398 unclassified scientific and technical articles, book chapters and conference proceedings.[5] In 2008, the NRL was ranked No. 3 among all U.S. institutions holding nanotechnology-related patents, behind IBM and the University of California.[6]

Current areas of research at NRL include, for example:[5]

In 2014, the NRL was researching: armor for munitions in transport, high-powered lasers, remote explosives detection, spintronics, the dynamics of explosive gas mixtures, electromagnetic railgun technology, detection of hidden nuclear materials, graphene devices, high-power extremely high frequency (35–220 GHz) amplifiers, acoustic lensing, information-rich orbital coastline mapping, arctic weather forecasting, global aerosol analysis & prediction, high-density plasmas, millisecond pulsars, broadband laser data links, virtual mission operation centers, battery technology, photonic crystals, carbon nanotube electronics, electronic sensors, mechanical nano-resonators, solid-state chemical sensors, organic opto-electronics, neural-electronic interfaces and self-assembling nanostructures.[5][7]

The laboratory includes a range of R&D facilities. 2014 additions included the NRL Nanoscience Institute's 5,000 sq ft (460 m2) Class 100 nanofabrication cleanroom;[8][9] quiet and ultra-quiet measurement labs;[10] and the Laboratory for Autonomous Systems Research (LASR).[11]

Notable accomplishments edit

 
This building on NRL's main campus features prominent radomes on its roof

Space sciences edit

The Naval Research Laboratory has a long history of spacecraft development. This includes the second, fifth and seventh American satellites in Earth orbit, the first solar-powered satellite, the first surveillance satellite, the first meteorological satellite and the first GPS satellite. Project Vanguard, the first American satellite program, tasked NRL with the design, construction and launch of an artificial satellite, which was accomplished in 1958. As of 2024, Vanguard I and its upper launch stage are still in orbit, making them the longest-lived man-made satellites. Vanguard II was the first satellite to observe the Earth's cloud cover and therefore the first meteorological satellite. NRL's Galactic Radiation and Background I (GRAB I) was the first U.S. intelligence satellite, mapping out Soviet radar networks from space. The Global Positioning System (GPS) was invented at NRL and tested by NRL's Timation series of satellites. The first operational GPS satellite, Timation IV (NTS-II) was designed and constructed at NRL.[12]

NRL pioneered the study of the sun Ultraviolet and X-Ray spectrum and continues to contribute to the field with satellites like Coriolis launched in 2003. NRL is also responsible for the Tactical Satellite Program with spacecraft launched in 2006, 2009 and 2011.

The NRL designed the first satellite tracking system, Minitrack, which became the prototype for future satellite tracking networks. Prior to the success of surveillance satellites, the iconic parabolic antenna atop NRL's main headquarters in Washington, D.C. was part of Communication Moon Relay, a project that utilized signals bounced off the Moon both for long-distance communications research and surveillance of internal Soviet transmissions during the Cold War.

NRL's spacecraft development program continues today with the TacSat-4 experimental tactical reconnaissance and communication satellite. In addition to spacecraft design, NRL designs and operates spaceborne research instruments and experiments, such as the Strontium Iodide Radiation Instrumentation (SIRI) and RAM Angle and Magnetic field sensor (RAMS) aboard STPSat-5,[13] the Wide-field Imager for Solar PRobe (WISPR) aboard the Parker Solar Probe, and the Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph Experiment (LASCO)[14] aboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO). NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (FGST) [formerly called Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST)] was tested at NRL spacecraft testing facilities.[15] NRL scientists have most recently contributed leading research to the study of novas[16][17] and gamma ray bursts.[18][19][20][21]

Meteorology edit

 
NRL satellite image of hurricane Harvey just prior to landfall on the Texas coast, 2017.

The Marine Meteorology Division (Naval Research Lab–Monterey, NRL–MRY), located in Monterey, California, contributes to weather forecasting in the United States and around the world by publishing imagery from 18 weather satellites. Satellite images of severe weather (e.g. hurricanes and cyclones) that are used for advanced warning often originate from NRL–MRY, as seen in 2017 during Hurricane Harvey.[22] NRL is also involved in weather forecasting models such as the Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting model released in 2007.[23]

Materials science edit

NRL has a long history of contributions to materials science, dating back to the use of Industrial radiography with gamma rays for the nondestructive inspection of metal casings and welds on Navy vessels beginning in the 1920s. Modern mechanical fracture mechanics were pioneered at NRL and were subsequently applied to solve fracture problems in Navy vessels, commercial aircraft and Polaris missiles. That knowledge is in widespread use today in applications ranging from design of nuclear reactors to aircraft, submarines and toxic material storage tanks.[4]

NRL developed the synthesis of high-purity GaAs crystals used in a myriad of modern high frequency transceivers including cellular phones, satellite communication systems, commercial and military radar systems including those aboard all US combat aircraft and ARM, Phoenix, AIM-9L and AMRAAM missiles. NRL's GaAs inventions were licensed by Rockwell, Westinghouse, Texas Instruments and Hughes Research.[24] High-purity GaAs is also used for high-efficiency solar cells like those aboard NASA's Spirit and Opportunity rovers currently on Mars.[25]

NRL discovered solar-wind hydrogen in Apollo lunar soil samples provided by a NASA-funded research mission.[26]

Fundamental aspects of stealth technology were developed at NRL, including the radar absorption mechanisms in ferrite-containing materials.[24] Metal bearing surface treatments using Cr ion implantation researched at NRL nearly tripled the service life of Navy turbine engine parts and was adopted for Army helicopter parts as well.[24] Fluorinated polyurethane coatings developed at NRL are used to line fuel storage tanks throughout the US Navy, reducing leakage and environmental and fuel contamination. The same polymer films are used in Los Angeles-class submarine radomes to repel water and enable radar operation soon after surfacing.[24]

Scientists at NRL frequently contribute theoretical and experimental research on novel materials,[27][28][29] particularly magnetic materials[30][31][32][33][34][35] and nanomaterials[36][37][38][39] and thermoplastic.[40]

Radar edit

The first modern U.S. radar was invented and developed at NRL in Washington, DC in 1922. By 1939, NRL installed the first operational radar aboard the USS New York, in time for radar to contribute to naval victories of the Coral Sea, Midway and Guadalcanal. NRL then further developed over-the-horizon radar as well as radar data displays.[4] NRL's Radar Division[41] continues important research & development contributing to US Navy and US Department of Defense capabilities.

Tactical electronic warfare edit

NRL's Tactical Electronic Warfare (TEW) Division[42] is responsible for research and development in support of the Navy's tactical electronic warfare requirements and missions. These include electronic warfare support measures, electronic countermeasures, and supporting counter-countermeasures, as well as studies, analyses, and simulations for determining and improving the performance of Electronic Warfare systems. NRL TEW includes aerial, surface, and ground EW within its scope. NRL is responsible for the identification, friend or foe (IFF) system and a number of other advances.

Information security edit

The Information Technology Division[43] features an information security R&D group, which is where the IETF's IP Security (IPsec) protocols were originally developed. The Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) protocol developed at NRL is widely used for virtual private network (VPN) connections worldwide. The projects developed by the laboratory often become mainstream applications without public awareness of the developer; an example in computer science is onion routing, the core principle of the anonymizing Tor software.

Nuclear research edit

Nuclear power research was initiated at NRL as early as 1939,[4] six years before the first atomic bomb, for the purpose of powering submarines. Uranium enrichment methods sponsored by NRL over the course of World War II were adopted by the Manhattan Project[44] and guided the design of Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Uranium enrichment plant. NRL is currently developing laser focusing techniques aimed at inertial confinement fusion technology.[45]

Physical sciences edit

The static discharger seen on trailing edges of virtually all modern aircraft was originally developed by NRL scientists during World War II. After the war, the laboratory developed modern synthetic lubricants[46][47] initially for use in the Navy's jet aircraft but subsequently adopted by the commercial jet industry.[4]

In the late 1960s, NRL researched low-temperature physics, achieving for the first time a temperature within one millionth of a degree of absolute zero in 1967. In 1985 two scientists at the laboratory, Herbert A. Hauptman and Jerome Karle, won the Nobel Prize for devising direct methods employing X-ray diffraction analysis in the determination of crystal structures.[48] Their methods form the basis for the computer packages used in pharmaceutical labs and research institutions worldwide for the analysis of more than 10,000 new substances each year.[49]

NRL has most recently published research on quantum computing,[50][51] quantum dots,[52] plasma shockwaves,[53] thermodynamics of liquids,[54] modeling of oil spills[55] and other topics.

NRL operates a small squadron of research aircraft termed Scientific Development Squadron (VXS) 1. Its missions include, for example, Rampant Lion, which used sophisticated airborne instrumentation (gravimeters, magnetometers and hyperspectral cameras) to collect precise 3D topography of two-thirds of Afghanistan and locate natural resources (underground gas and mineral deposits, vegetation types, etc.) there[56] and in Iraq and Colombia.[57]

Plasma science edit

The Division of Plasma Physics conducts research and development into ionized matter. NRL currently holds the world record for most energetic rail gun projectile (33 MJ, 9.2 kWh)[58] and fastest man-made projectile (2.24 million mph, 3.60 million km/h).[59]

Artificial intelligence edit

NRL established the Navy Center for Applied Research in Artificial Intelligence in 1981,[60] which conducts basic and applied research in artificial intelligence, cognitive science, autonomy, and human-centered computing. Among its achievements are advances in cognitive architectures, human-robot interaction, and machine learning.

Organization edit

As of 2017, the laboratory was divided into four research directorates, one financial directorate, and one executive directorate. All the directorates are headquartered in Washington, D.C. Many directorates have other facilities elsewhere, primarily at either the Stennis Space Center in Bay St Louis, Mississippi or in Monterey, California.

Staff edit

Most NRL staff are civilians in the civil service, with a relatively small number of Navy enlisted personnel or officers. Virtually all NRL staff are US citizens and are not dual-nationals. In addition, there are some support contractors that work on-site at NRL. As of 31 December 2015, across all NRL locations, NRL had 2540 civilian employees (i.e., not including civilian contractors).[3] On the same date, there were 35 military officers on-board NRL and 58 enlisted on-board NRL, most of whom are with NRL's VXS-1 Scientific Flight Detachment, which is located at the Patuxent River ('Pax River') Naval Air Station (NAS) in southern Maryland.[3]

NRL has special authority to use a Pay-Band pay system instead of using the traditional General Schedule (GS) pay system for its civilian employees.[61][62] This gives NRL more ability to pay employees based on performance and merit, rather than time-in-grade or some other seniority metric. There are several different pay-band groups at NRL, each being for different categories of civilian employees. As of 31 December 2015, NRL had 1615 civilian scientists/engineers in the NP pay system, 103 civilian technicians in the NR pay system, 383 civilian administrative specialists/professionals in the NO pay system, and 238 civilian administrative support staff in the NC pay system.[3]

NRL scientists & engineers typically are in the (NP) pay group in NRL's Pay Band system.[61] The NP-II pay band is equivalent to GS-5 Step 1 through GS-10 Step 10. The NP-III pay band is equivalent to GS-11 Step 1 through GS-13 Step 10. NRL's Pay Band IV corresponds to the GS-14 Step 1 to GS-15 Step 10 pay grades, inclusive, while NRL's Pay Band V can pay above GS-15 Step 10 and corresponds to the Senior Technologist (ST) pay grade elsewhere in the civil service.

For new graduates, someone with a Bachelor of Science degree typically is hired at a salary in the GS-7 range; someone with a Master of Science degree typically is hired at a salary in the GS-11 range; someone with a PhD typically is hired at a salary in the GS-12 range. NRL has the flexibility to offer partial student loan repayments for new hires.

According to the NRL Fact Book (2016), of NRL civilian full-time permanent employees, 870 had a doctorate, 417 had a master's, and 576 had a bachelor's as their highest degree.[3]

The laboratory also hosts post-doctoral researchers and was voted #15 in the Best Places to Work PostDocs 2013 survey.[63]

Research directorates edit

The four research directorates within NRL were:[64]

  • The Systems Directorate (Code 5000) is responsible for performing a range of activities from basic research through engineering development to expand the operational capabilities of the US Navy. There are four research divisions: Radar, Information Technology, Optical Sciences, and Tactical Electronic Warfare.
  • The Materials Science and Component Technology Directorate (Code 6000) carries out a range of materials research with the aim of better understanding of the materials in order to develop improved and advanced materials for use by the US Navy. There are seven research divisions: Laboratory for the Structure of Matter, Chemistry, Material Science & Technology, Laboratory for Computational Physics and Fluid Dynamics, Plasma Physics, Electronics Science & Technology, and the Center for Biomolecular Science & Engineering.
  • The Ocean and Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate (Code 7000) performs research in the fields of acoustics, remote sensing, oceanography, marine geosciences, marine meteorology, and space science.[65] There are six research divisions: Acoustics, Remote Sensing, Oceanography, Marine Geosciences, Marine Meteorology, and Space Science.
  • The Naval Center for Space Technology (Code 8000) is a focal point and integrator for NRL technologies used in space systems. It provides system engineering and technical assistance for development and acquisition of space systems. There are two research departments: Space Systems Development and Spacecraft Engineering.

Support directorates edit

 
Scientific Development Squadron ONE (VXS-1) NP-3D Orion.

The two support directorates were:[64]

  • The Executive Directorate operations are directed by the Commander of the NRL, who typically is a US Navy Captain. Scientific Development Squadron ONE (VXS-1), located at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland, which provides airborne research facilities to NRL and other agencies of the US Government, is run out of the Executive Directorate.
  • The Business Operations Directorate provides program management for the business programs which support the scientific directorates of NRL. It provides contracting, financial management and supply expertise to the scientific projects.

Nanoscience Institute edit

In April 2001, in a departure from traditional working relationships between NRL scientists, the Institute for Nanoscience was established to conduct multidisciplinary research in the fields of materials, electronics and biology. Scientists may be part of the Nanoscience Institute while still performing research for their respective divisions.[66]

 
The Laboratory for Autonomous Systems Research has a Tropical High Bay that is a 60-foot by 40-foot greenhouse, and it contains a re-creation of a southeast Asian rain forest. In the Tropical High Bay, temperatures average 80 degrees with 80 percent humidity year round.

Laboratory for Autonomous Systems Research edit

Opened March 2012,[67] the Laboratory for Autonomous Systems Research (LASR) is a 50,000 square foot facility that supports basic and applied research in autonomous systems. The facility supports a wide range of interdisciplinary basic and applied research in autonomous systems to include research in autonomous systems, intelligent autonomy, human-autonomous system interaction and collaboration, sensor systems, power and energy systems, networking and communications, and platforms.[68]

LASR provides unique facilities and simulated environmental high bays (littoral, desert, tropical, and forest) and instrumented reconfigurable high bay spaces to support integration of science and technology components into research prototype systems.[69]

Locations edit

 
An aerial view of the NRL complex in 2012. The area shown contains the oldest five buildings on the campus.

The main campus of NRL is in Washington, D.C., near the southernmost part of the District. It is on the Potomac River and is immediately south of (but is not part of) Joint Base Anacostia-Bolling. This campus is immediately north of the Blue Plains site of the DC Water Authority. Exit 1 of northbound I-295 leads directly to Overlook Avenue and the NRL Main Gate. The U.S. Postal Service operates a post office on the NRL main campus.[70]

In addition, NRL operates several field sites and satellite facilities:[5][64][71]

History edit

Early history edit

Artifacts found on the NRL campus, such as stone tools and ceramic shards, show that the site had been inhabited since the Late Archaic Period. Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore, granted the tract of land which includes the present NRL campus to William Middleton in 1663. It became part of the District of Columbia in 1791, and was purchased by Thomas Grafton Addison in 1795, who named the area Bellevue and built a mansion on the highlands to the east.

Zachariah Berry purchased the land in 1827, who rented it out for various purposes including a fishery at Blue Plains. The mansion was demolished during the Civil War to build Fort Greble. In 1873 the land was purchased by the federal government as the Bellevue Annex to the Naval Gun Factory, and several buildings were constructed including the Commandant's house, "Quarters A", which is still in use today.[76]

Foundation edit

 
NRL in 1923, the year it was founded, showing the first five buildings on its campus

The Naval Research Laboratory came into existence from an idea that originated from Thomas Edison. In a May 1915 editorial piece in the New York Times Magazine, Edison wrote; "The Government should maintain a great research laboratory... In this could be developed...all the technique of military and naval progression without any vast expense."[77] This statement addressed concerns about World War I in the United States.[78]

Edison then agreed to serve as the head of the Naval Consulting Board that consisted of civilians who had achieved expertise. The focus of the Naval Consulting Board was as advisor to the U.S. Navy pertaining to science and technology. The board brought forward a plan to create a modern facility for the Navy. In 1916 Congress allocated $1.5 million for implementation. However, construction was delayed until 1920 because of the war and internal disagreements within the board.[78]

The U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, the first modern research institution created within the United States Navy, began operations at 1100 on 2 July 1923. The Laboratory's two original divisions – Radio and Sound – performed research in the fields of high-frequency radio and underwater sound propagation. They produced communications equipment, direction-finding devices, sonar sets, and the first practical radar equipment built in the United States. They performed basic research, participating in the discovery and early exploration of the ionosphere. The NRL gradually worked towards its goal of becoming a broadly based research facility. By the beginning of World War II, five new divisions had been added: Physical Optics, Chemistry, Metallurgy, Mechanics and Electricity, and Internal Communications.[78]

World War II years and growth edit

 
NRL in 1944, after significant wartime growth

Total employment at the NRL jumped from 396 in 1941 to 4400 in 1946, expenditures from $1.7 million to $13.7 million, the number of buildings from 23 to 67, and the number of projects from 200 to about 900. During World War II, scientific activities necessarily were concentrated almost entirely on applied research. Advances were made in radio, radar, and sonar. Countermeasures were devised. New lubricants were produced, as were antifouling paints, luminous identification tapes, and a marking dye to help locate survivors of disasters at sea. A thermal diffusion process was conceived and used to supply some of the U-235 isotope needed for one of the first atomic bombs. Also, many new devices that developed from booming wartime industry were type tested and then certified as reliable for the Fleet.[78]

After WWII edit

As a result of the scientific accomplishments of the WWII, the United States emerged into the postwar era determined to consolidate its wartime gains in science and technology and to preserve the working relationship between its armed forces and the scientific community. While the Navy was establishing the Office of Naval Research (ONR) in 1946 as a liaison with and supporter of basic and applied scientific research, the Navy encouraged NRL to broaden its scope since it was the Navy Department's corporate research laboratory. NRL was placed under the administrative oversight of ONR after ONR was created. NRL's Commanding Officer reports to the Navy's Chief of Naval Research (CNR). The Chief of Naval Research leads the Office of Naval Research, which primarily is located in the Ballston area of Arlington, Virginia. The reorganization also caused a parallel shift of the Laboratory's emphasis to one of long-range basic and applied research in the full range of the physical sciences.[5]

However, rapid expansion during the war had left NRL improperly structured to address long-term Navy requirements. One major task – neither easily nor rapidly accomplished – was that of reshaping and coordinating research. This was achieved by transforming a group of largely autonomous scientific divisions into a unified institution with a clear mission and a fully coordinated research program. The first attempt at reorganization vested power in an executive committee composed of all the division superintendents. This committee was impracticably large, so in 1949, a civilian director of research was named and given full authority over the program. Positions for associate directors were added in 1954.[5]

Modern era edit

 
NRL in 2001

In 1992, the previously separate Naval Oceanographic and Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NOARL), with centers in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, and Monterey, California, was merged into NRL. Since then, NRL is also the lead Navy center for research in Oceanographic and Atmospheric Sciences, with special strengths in physical oceanography, marine geosciences, ocean acoustics, marine meteorology, and remote oceanic and atmospheric sensing.[78]

Centennial edit

Commissioned July 2, 1923, as the Naval Experimental and Research Laboratory — later shortened to the Naval Research Laboratory (c.1926) — the laboratory began operations seven years after inventor Thomas Edison suggested that the Government establish "a great research laboratory."

Throughout the past century, NRL has changed the way the U.S. military fights, improved its capabilities, prevented technological surprise, transferred vital technology to industry, and tilted the world’s balance of power on at least three occasions; with the first U.S. radar, world’s first intelligence satellite, and first operational satellite of the Global Positioning System (GPS).[79]

July 2, 2023, the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory celebrates 100 years of service as the Navy's corporate laboratory with a rich history of performing advanced scientific research and making significant contributions to U.S. military forces on, under, and above the seas.[80]

Environmental contamination edit

The Navy’s environmental investigations began in 1984. NRL was not listed on the National Priorities List as a Superfund and the Maryland Department of the Environment has regulatory oversight. Since the early 2010s, the Navy and MDE have coordinated their activities at NR. In 2017 groundwater investigation PFAS were present on-base in the shallow aquifer. As of 2022, there are 6 active IRP sites (Photo-processing Waste Discharge, fire testing area etc) and 3 active munition response sites at former small arms ranges with lead contamination in the Chesapeake Bay Detachment.[81] An online Restoration Advisory Board (RAB) meeting in May 2021 alarmed residents because of extremely high PFAS levels in the soil at the CBD's fire training facility.[82]

See also edit

References edit

  This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Navy

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July

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January 01, 1970
united, states, naval, research, laboratory, corporate, research, laboratory, united, states, navy, united, states, marine, corps, founded, 1923, conducts, basic, scientific, research, applied, research, technological, development, prototyping, laboratory, spe. The United States Naval Research Laboratory NRL is the corporate research laboratory for the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps It was founded in 1923 and conducts basic scientific research applied research technological development and prototyping The laboratory s specialties include plasma physics space physics materials science and tactical electronic warfare NRL is one of the first US government scientific R amp D laboratories having opened in 1923 at the instigation of Thomas Edison and is currently under the Office of Naval Research 2 U S Naval Research LaboratoryAerial view in 2021Established1923 1923 Research typeBasic and Applied ResearchBudget 1 1 billion 1 Field of researchNational security Fundamental scienceDirectorDr Bruce DanlyStaff2 538 civilian86 military 2015 LocationWashington D C United States38 49 21 N 77 01 30 W 38 82250 N 77 02500 W 38 82250 77 02500U S Naval Research LaboratoryActive1923 presentCountry United StatesBranch United States Navy United States Marine CorpsTypeResearchWebsitenrl navy milCommandersCommanderCapt Jesse H BlackDirector of ResearchDr Bruce Danly Naval Research Laboratory seal used before 2016 As of 2016 NRL was a Navy Working Capital Fund activity which means it is not a line item in the US Federal Budget Instead of direct funding from Congress all costs including overhead were recovered through sponsor funded research projects NRL s research expenditures were approximately 1 billion per year 3 Contents 1 Research 2 Notable accomplishments 2 1 Space sciences 2 2 Meteorology 2 3 Materials science 2 4 Radar 2 5 Tactical electronic warfare 2 6 Information security 2 7 Nuclear research 2 8 Physical sciences 2 9 Plasma science 2 10 Artificial intelligence 3 Organization 3 1 Staff 3 2 Research directorates 3 3 Support directorates 3 4 Nanoscience Institute 3 5 Laboratory for Autonomous Systems Research 4 Locations 5 History 5 1 Early history 5 2 Foundation 5 3 World War II years and growth 5 4 After WWII 5 5 Modern era 5 6 Centennial 6 Environmental contamination 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksResearch edit nbsp Part of the Naval Research Laboratory main campus in Washington D C The prominent dish antenna is often used as a symbol of the laboratory The Naval Research Laboratory conducts a wide variety of basic research and applied research relevant to the US Navy NRL scientists and engineers author when over 1200 openly published research papers in a wide range of conferences symposia and journals each year It has a history of scientific breakthroughs and technological achievements dating back to its foundation in 1923 4 In some instances the laboratory s contributions to military technology have been declassified decades after those technologies have become widely adopted In 2011 NRL researchers published 1 398 unclassified scientific and technical articles book chapters and conference proceedings 5 In 2008 the NRL was ranked No 3 among all U S institutions holding nanotechnology related patents behind IBM and the University of California 6 Current areas of research at NRL include for example 5 Advanced radio optical and infrared sensors Autonomous systems Computer science cognitive science and artificial intelligence Communications Technology e g radio networking optical transmission Directed energy technology Electronic electro optical device technology Electronic warfare Enhanced maintainability reliability and survivability technology Environmental effects on naval systems Human robot interaction Imaging research and systems Information Security Marine geosciences Materials Meteorology Ocean acoustics Oceanography Plasma physics Space systems and technology Surveillance and sensor technology Undersea technology In 2014 the NRL was researching armor for munitions in transport high powered lasers remote explosives detection spintronics the dynamics of explosive gas mixtures electromagnetic railgun technology detection of hidden nuclear materials graphene devices high power extremely high frequency 35 220 GHz amplifiers acoustic lensing information rich orbital coastline mapping arctic weather forecasting global aerosol analysis amp prediction high density plasmas millisecond pulsars broadband laser data links virtual mission operation centers battery technology photonic crystals carbon nanotube electronics electronic sensors mechanical nano resonators solid state chemical sensors organic opto electronics neural electronic interfaces and self assembling nanostructures 5 7 The laboratory includes a range of R amp D facilities 2014 additions included the NRL Nanoscience Institute s 5 000 sq ft 460 m2 Class 100 nanofabrication cleanroom 8 9 quiet and ultra quiet measurement labs 10 and the Laboratory for Autonomous Systems Research LASR 11 Notable accomplishments edit nbsp This building on NRL s main campus features prominent radomes on its roof Space sciences edit The Naval Research Laboratory has a long history of spacecraft development This includes the second fifth and seventh American satellites in Earth orbit the first solar powered satellite the first surveillance satellite the first meteorological satellite and the first GPS satellite Project Vanguard the first American satellite program tasked NRL with the design construction and launch of an artificial satellite which was accomplished in 1958 As of 2024 update Vanguard I and its upper launch stage are still in orbit making them the longest lived man made satellites Vanguard II was the first satellite to observe the Earth s cloud cover and therefore the first meteorological satellite NRL s Galactic Radiation and Background I GRAB I was the first U S intelligence satellite mapping out Soviet radar networks from space The Global Positioning System GPS was invented at NRL and tested by NRL s Timation series of satellites The first operational GPS satellite Timation IV NTS II was designed and constructed at NRL 12 NRL pioneered the study of the sun Ultraviolet and X Ray spectrum and continues to contribute to the field with satellites like Coriolis launched in 2003 NRL is also responsible for the Tactical Satellite Program with spacecraft launched in 2006 2009 and 2011 The NRL designed the first satellite tracking system Minitrack which became the prototype for future satellite tracking networks Prior to the success of surveillance satellites the iconic parabolic antenna atop NRL s main headquarters in Washington D C was part of Communication Moon Relay a project that utilized signals bounced off the Moon both for long distance communications research and surveillance of internal Soviet transmissions during the Cold War NRL s spacecraft development program continues today with the TacSat 4 experimental tactical reconnaissance and communication satellite In addition to spacecraft design NRL designs and operates spaceborne research instruments and experiments such as the Strontium Iodide Radiation Instrumentation SIRI and RAM Angle and Magnetic field sensor RAMS aboard STPSat 5 13 the Wide field Imager for Solar PRobe WISPR aboard the Parker Solar Probe and the Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph Experiment LASCO 14 aboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory SOHO NASA s Fermi Gamma ray Space Telescope FGST formerly called Gamma ray Large Area Space Telescope GLAST was tested at NRL spacecraft testing facilities 15 NRL scientists have most recently contributed leading research to the study of novas 16 17 and gamma ray bursts 18 19 20 21 Meteorology edit nbsp NRL satellite image of hurricane Harvey just prior to landfall on the Texas coast 2017 The Marine Meteorology Division Naval Research Lab Monterey NRL MRY located in Monterey California contributes to weather forecasting in the United States and around the world by publishing imagery from 18 weather satellites Satellite images of severe weather e g hurricanes and cyclones that are used for advanced warning often originate from NRL MRY as seen in 2017 during Hurricane Harvey 22 NRL is also involved in weather forecasting models such as the Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting model released in 2007 23 Materials science edit NRL has a long history of contributions to materials science dating back to the use of Industrial radiography with gamma rays for the nondestructive inspection of metal casings and welds on Navy vessels beginning in the 1920s Modern mechanical fracture mechanics were pioneered at NRL and were subsequently applied to solve fracture problems in Navy vessels commercial aircraft and Polaris missiles That knowledge is in widespread use today in applications ranging from design of nuclear reactors to aircraft submarines and toxic material storage tanks 4 NRL developed the synthesis of high purity GaAs crystals used in a myriad of modern high frequency transceivers including cellular phones satellite communication systems commercial and military radar systems including those aboard all US combat aircraft and ARM Phoenix AIM 9L and AMRAAM missiles NRL s GaAs inventions were licensed by Rockwell Westinghouse Texas Instruments and Hughes Research 24 High purity GaAs is also used for high efficiency solar cells like those aboard NASA s Spirit and Opportunity rovers currently on Mars 25 NRL discovered solar wind hydrogen in Apollo lunar soil samples provided by a NASA funded research mission 26 Fundamental aspects of stealth technology were developed at NRL including the radar absorption mechanisms in ferrite containing materials 24 Metal bearing surface treatments using Cr ion implantation researched at NRL nearly tripled the service life of Navy turbine engine parts and was adopted for Army helicopter parts as well 24 Fluorinated polyurethane coatings developed at NRL are used to line fuel storage tanks throughout the US Navy reducing leakage and environmental and fuel contamination The same polymer films are used in Los Angeles class submarine radomes to repel water and enable radar operation soon after surfacing 24 Scientists at NRL frequently contribute theoretical and experimental research on novel materials 27 28 29 particularly magnetic materials 30 31 32 33 34 35 and nanomaterials 36 37 38 39 and thermoplastic 40 Radar edit The first modern U S radar was invented and developed at NRL in Washington DC in 1922 By 1939 NRL installed the first operational radar aboard the USS New York in time for radar to contribute to naval victories of the Coral Sea Midway and Guadalcanal NRL then further developed over the horizon radar as well as radar data displays 4 NRL s Radar Division 41 continues important research amp development contributing to US Navy and US Department of Defense capabilities Tactical electronic warfare edit NRL s Tactical Electronic Warfare TEW Division 42 is responsible for research and development in support of the Navy s tactical electronic warfare requirements and missions These include electronic warfare support measures electronic countermeasures and supporting counter countermeasures as well as studies analyses and simulations for determining and improving the performance of Electronic Warfare systems NRL TEW includes aerial surface and ground EW within its scope NRL is responsible for the identification friend or foe IFF system and a number of other advances Information security edit The Information Technology Division 43 features an information security R amp D group which is where the IETF s IP Security IPsec protocols were originally developed The Encapsulating Security Payload ESP protocol developed at NRL is widely used for virtual private network VPN connections worldwide The projects developed by the laboratory often become mainstream applications without public awareness of the developer an example in computer science is onion routing the core principle of the anonymizing Tor software Nuclear research edit Nuclear power research was initiated at NRL as early as 1939 4 six years before the first atomic bomb for the purpose of powering submarines Uranium enrichment methods sponsored by NRL over the course of World War II were adopted by the Manhattan Project 44 and guided the design of Oak Ridge National Laboratory s Uranium enrichment plant NRL is currently developing laser focusing techniques aimed at inertial confinement fusion technology 45 Physical sciences edit The static discharger seen on trailing edges of virtually all modern aircraft was originally developed by NRL scientists during World War II After the war the laboratory developed modern synthetic lubricants 46 47 initially for use in the Navy s jet aircraft but subsequently adopted by the commercial jet industry 4 In the late 1960s NRL researched low temperature physics achieving for the first time a temperature within one millionth of a degree of absolute zero in 1967 In 1985 two scientists at the laboratory Herbert A Hauptman and Jerome Karle won the Nobel Prize for devising direct methods employing X ray diffraction analysis in the determination of crystal structures 48 Their methods form the basis for the computer packages used in pharmaceutical labs and research institutions worldwide for the analysis of more than 10 000 new substances each year 49 NRL has most recently published research on quantum computing 50 51 quantum dots 52 plasma shockwaves 53 thermodynamics of liquids 54 modeling of oil spills 55 and other topics NRL operates a small squadron of research aircraft termed Scientific Development Squadron VXS 1 Its missions include for example Rampant Lion which used sophisticated airborne instrumentation gravimeters magnetometers and hyperspectral cameras to collect precise 3D topography of two thirds of Afghanistan and locate natural resources underground gas and mineral deposits vegetation types etc there 56 and in Iraq and Colombia 57 Plasma science edit The Division of Plasma Physics conducts research and development into ionized matter NRL currently holds the world record for most energetic rail gun projectile 33 MJ 9 2 kWh 58 and fastest man made projectile 2 24 million mph 3 60 million km h 59 Artificial intelligence edit NRL established the Navy Center for Applied Research in Artificial Intelligence in 1981 60 which conducts basic and applied research in artificial intelligence cognitive science autonomy and human centered computing Among its achievements are advances in cognitive architectures human robot interaction and machine learning Organization editAs of 2017 the laboratory was divided into four research directorates one financial directorate and one executive directorate All the directorates are headquartered in Washington D C Many directorates have other facilities elsewhere primarily at either the Stennis Space Center in Bay St Louis Mississippi or in Monterey California Staff edit Most NRL staff are civilians in the civil service with a relatively small number of Navy enlisted personnel or officers Virtually all NRL staff are US citizens and are not dual nationals In addition there are some support contractors that work on site at NRL As of 31 December 2015 across all NRL locations NRL had 2540 civilian employees i e not including civilian contractors 3 On the same date there were 35 military officers on board NRL and 58 enlisted on board NRL most of whom are with NRL s VXS 1 Scientific Flight Detachment which is located at the Patuxent River Pax River Naval Air Station NAS in southern Maryland 3 NRL has special authority to use a Pay Band pay system instead of using the traditional General Schedule GS pay system for its civilian employees 61 62 This gives NRL more ability to pay employees based on performance and merit rather than time in grade or some other seniority metric There are several different pay band groups at NRL each being for different categories of civilian employees As of 31 December 2015 NRL had 1615 civilian scientists engineers in the NP pay system 103 civilian technicians in the NR pay system 383 civilian administrative specialists professionals in the NO pay system and 238 civilian administrative support staff in the NC pay system 3 NRL scientists amp engineers typically are in the NP pay group in NRL s Pay Band system 61 The NP II pay band is equivalent to GS 5 Step 1 through GS 10 Step 10 The NP III pay band is equivalent to GS 11 Step 1 through GS 13 Step 10 NRL s Pay Band IV corresponds to the GS 14 Step 1 to GS 15 Step 10 pay grades inclusive while NRL s Pay Band V can pay above GS 15 Step 10 and corresponds to the Senior Technologist ST pay grade elsewhere in the civil service For new graduates someone with a Bachelor of Science degree typically is hired at a salary in the GS 7 range someone with a Master of Science degree typically is hired at a salary in the GS 11 range someone with a PhD typically is hired at a salary in the GS 12 range NRL has the flexibility to offer partial student loan repayments for new hires According to the NRL Fact Book 2016 of NRL civilian full time permanent employees 870 had a doctorate 417 had a master s and 576 had a bachelor s as their highest degree 3 The laboratory also hosts post doctoral researchers and was voted 15 in the Best Places to Work PostDocs 2013 survey 63 Research directorates edit The four research directorates within NRL were 64 The Systems Directorate Code 5000 is responsible for performing a range of activities from basic research through engineering development to expand the operational capabilities of the US Navy There are four research divisions Radar Information Technology Optical Sciences and Tactical Electronic Warfare The Materials Science and Component Technology Directorate Code 6000 carries out a range of materials research with the aim of better understanding of the materials in order to develop improved and advanced materials for use by the US Navy There are seven research divisions Laboratory for the Structure of Matter Chemistry Material Science amp Technology Laboratory for Computational Physics and Fluid Dynamics Plasma Physics Electronics Science amp Technology and the Center for Biomolecular Science amp Engineering The Ocean and Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate Code 7000 performs research in the fields of acoustics remote sensing oceanography marine geosciences marine meteorology and space science 65 There are six research divisions Acoustics Remote Sensing Oceanography Marine Geosciences Marine Meteorology and Space Science The Naval Center for Space Technology Code 8000 is a focal point and integrator for NRL technologies used in space systems It provides system engineering and technical assistance for development and acquisition of space systems There are two research departments Space Systems Development and Spacecraft Engineering Support directorates edit nbsp Scientific Development Squadron ONE VXS 1 NP 3D Orion The two support directorates were 64 The Executive Directorate operations are directed by the Commander of the NRL who typically is a US Navy Captain Scientific Development Squadron ONE VXS 1 located at Naval Air Station Patuxent River Maryland which provides airborne research facilities to NRL and other agencies of the US Government is run out of the Executive Directorate The Business Operations Directorate provides program management for the business programs which support the scientific directorates of NRL It provides contracting financial management and supply expertise to the scientific projects Nanoscience Institute edit In April 2001 in a departure from traditional working relationships between NRL scientists the Institute for Nanoscience was established to conduct multidisciplinary research in the fields of materials electronics and biology Scientists may be part of the Nanoscience Institute while still performing research for their respective divisions 66 nbsp The Laboratory for Autonomous Systems Research has a Tropical High Bay that is a 60 foot by 40 foot greenhouse and it contains a re creation of a southeast Asian rain forest In the Tropical High Bay temperatures average 80 degrees with 80 percent humidity year round Laboratory for Autonomous Systems Research edit Opened March 2012 67 the Laboratory for Autonomous Systems Research LASR is a 50 000 square foot facility that supports basic and applied research in autonomous systems The facility supports a wide range of interdisciplinary basic and applied research in autonomous systems to include research in autonomous systems intelligent autonomy human autonomous system interaction and collaboration sensor systems power and energy systems networking and communications and platforms 68 LASR provides unique facilities and simulated environmental high bays littoral desert tropical and forest and instrumented reconfigurable high bay spaces to support integration of science and technology components into research prototype systems 69 Locations edit nbsp An aerial view of the NRL complex in 2012 The area shown contains the oldest five buildings on the campus The main campus of NRL is in Washington D C near the southernmost part of the District It is on the Potomac River and is immediately south of but is not part of Joint Base Anacostia Bolling This campus is immediately north of the Blue Plains site of the DC Water Authority Exit 1 of northbound I 295 leads directly to Overlook Avenue and the NRL Main Gate The U S Postal Service operates a post office on the NRL main campus 70 In addition NRL operates several field sites and satellite facilities 5 64 71 NRL South is located at NASA s Stennis Space Center in Bay St Louis Mississippi and specializes in oceanography marine geology geophysics geoacoustics and geotechnology NRL Monterey is located east of the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey California 72 sharing a campus with the Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center 73 and the San Francisco Bay Area Monterey local forecast office of the National Weather Service NRL Monterey is dedicated to meteorology and atmospheric research The Scientific Development Squadron VXS 1 is located at the Patuxent River Naval Air Station in Lexington Park Maryland and operates a wide range of research aircraft 74 The Chesapeake Bay Detachment CBD in Chesapeake Beach Maryland is 168 acre site for research in radar electronic warfare optical devices materials communications and fire research This facility is often used in combination with the Multiple Research Site on Tilghman Island Maryland just across the Chesapeake Bay The Midway Research Center in Quantico Virginia Free Space Antenna Range in Pomonkey Maryland and Blossom Point Satellite Tracking and Command Station in Blossom Point Maryland are used by NRL s Naval Center for Space Technology 75 The Marine Corrosion Facility located on Fleming Key at Naval Air Station Key West in Florida is used by the Center for Corrosion Science amp Engineering NRL operates several synchrotron radiation beamlines and the Extreme Ultraviolet and X Ray Calibration Facility at the National Synchrotron Light Source at the Brookhaven National Laboratory citation needed History editEarly history edit Artifacts found on the NRL campus such as stone tools and ceramic shards show that the site had been inhabited since the Late Archaic Period Cecil Calvert 2nd Baron Baltimore granted the tract of land which includes the present NRL campus to William Middleton in 1663 It became part of the District of Columbia in 1791 and was purchased by Thomas Grafton Addison in 1795 who named the area Bellevue and built a mansion on the highlands to the east Zachariah Berry purchased the land in 1827 who rented it out for various purposes including a fishery at Blue Plains The mansion was demolished during the Civil War to build Fort Greble In 1873 the land was purchased by the federal government as the Bellevue Annex to the Naval Gun Factory and several buildings were constructed including the Commandant s house Quarters A which is still in use today 76 Foundation edit nbsp NRL in 1923 the year it was founded showing the first five buildings on its campus The Naval Research Laboratory came into existence from an idea that originated from Thomas Edison In a May 1915 editorial piece in the New York Times Magazine Edison wrote The Government should maintain a great research laboratory In this could be developed all the technique of military and naval progression without any vast expense 77 This statement addressed concerns about World War I in the United States 78 Edison then agreed to serve as the head of the Naval Consulting Board that consisted of civilians who had achieved expertise The focus of the Naval Consulting Board was as advisor to the U S Navy pertaining to science and technology The board brought forward a plan to create a modern facility for the Navy In 1916 Congress allocated 1 5 million for implementation However construction was delayed until 1920 because of the war and internal disagreements within the board 78 The U S Naval Research Laboratory the first modern research institution created within the United States Navy began operations at 1100 on 2 July 1923 The Laboratory s two original divisions Radio and Sound performed research in the fields of high frequency radio and underwater sound propagation They produced communications equipment direction finding devices sonar sets and the first practical radar equipment built in the United States They performed basic research participating in the discovery and early exploration of the ionosphere The NRL gradually worked towards its goal of becoming a broadly based research facility By the beginning of World War II five new divisions had been added Physical Optics Chemistry Metallurgy Mechanics and Electricity and Internal Communications 78 World War II years and growth edit nbsp NRL in 1944 after significant wartime growth Total employment at the NRL jumped from 396 in 1941 to 4400 in 1946 expenditures from 1 7 million to 13 7 million the number of buildings from 23 to 67 and the number of projects from 200 to about 900 During World War II scientific activities necessarily were concentrated almost entirely on applied research Advances were made in radio radar and sonar Countermeasures were devised New lubricants were produced as were antifouling paints luminous identification tapes and a marking dye to help locate survivors of disasters at sea A thermal diffusion process was conceived and used to supply some of the U 235 isotope needed for one of the first atomic bombs Also many new devices that developed from booming wartime industry were type tested and then certified as reliable for the Fleet 78 After WWII edit As a result of the scientific accomplishments of the WWII the United States emerged into the postwar era determined to consolidate its wartime gains in science and technology and to preserve the working relationship between its armed forces and the scientific community While the Navy was establishing the Office of Naval Research ONR in 1946 as a liaison with and supporter of basic and applied scientific research the Navy encouraged NRL to broaden its scope since it was the Navy Department s corporate research laboratory NRL was placed under the administrative oversight of ONR after ONR was created NRL s Commanding Officer reports to the Navy s Chief of Naval Research CNR The Chief of Naval Research leads the Office of Naval Research which primarily is located in the Ballston area of Arlington Virginia The reorganization also caused a parallel shift of the Laboratory s emphasis to one of long range basic and applied research in the full range of the physical sciences 5 However rapid expansion during the war had left NRL improperly structured to address long term Navy requirements One major task neither easily nor rapidly accomplished was that of reshaping and coordinating research This was achieved by transforming a group of largely autonomous scientific divisions into a unified institution with a clear mission and a fully coordinated research program The first attempt at reorganization vested power in an executive committee composed of all the division superintendents This committee was impracticably large so in 1949 a civilian director of research was named and given full authority over the program Positions for associate directors were added in 1954 5 Modern era edit nbsp NRL in 2001 In 1992 the previously separate Naval Oceanographic and Atmospheric Research Laboratory NOARL with centers in Bay St Louis Mississippi and Monterey California was merged into NRL Since then NRL is also the lead Navy center for research in Oceanographic and Atmospheric Sciences with special strengths in physical oceanography marine geosciences ocean acoustics marine meteorology and remote oceanic and atmospheric sensing 78 Centennial edit Commissioned July 2 1923 as the Naval Experimental and Research Laboratory later shortened to the Naval Research Laboratory c 1926 the laboratory began operations seven years after inventor Thomas Edison suggested that the Government establish a great research laboratory Throughout the past century NRL has changed the way the U S military fights improved its capabilities prevented technological surprise transferred vital technology to industry and tilted the world s balance of power on at least three occasions with the first U S radar world s first intelligence satellite and first operational satellite of the Global Positioning System GPS 79 July 2 2023 the U S Naval Research Laboratory celebrates 100 years of service as the Navy s corporate laboratory with a rich history of performing advanced scientific research and making significant contributions to U S military forces on under and above the seas 80 Environmental contamination editThe Navy s environmental investigations began in 1984 NRL was not listed on the National Priorities List as a Superfund and the Maryland Department of the Environment has regulatory oversight Since the early 2010s the Navy and MDE have coordinated their activities at NR In 2017 groundwater investigation PFAS were present on base in the shallow aquifer As of 2022 there are 6 active IRP sites Photo processing Waste Discharge fire testing area etc and 3 active munition response sites at former small arms ranges with lead contamination in the Chesapeake Bay Detachment 81 An online Restoration Advisory Board RAB meeting in May 2021 alarmed residents because of extremely high PFAS levels in the soil at the CBD s fire training facility 82 See also editUnited States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory MCWL Office of Naval Research ONR Air Force Research Laboratory AFRL United States Army Research Development and Engineering Command RDECOM Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DARPA Naval Research Laboratory Flyrt Flying Radar Target History of radar Robert Morris Page One of the main American radar scientists Interactive Scenario Builder 3 D modeling and simulation application for studying the radio frequency RF environment NRLMSISE 00 Model of the Earth s atmosphere from ground to space SIMDIS 3 D Analysis and Display Toolset Clementine spacecraft National Research Libraries Alliance Fleet Electronic Warfare Center FEWC National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA University National Oceanographic Laboratory System UNOLS List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy TransApps rapid development and fielding of secure mobile apps in the battlefieldReferences edit nbsp This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Navy Facts Figures PDF Retrieved 3 May 2021 Mission U S Naval Research Laboratory Retrieved 9 December 2013 a b c d e 2016 NRL FactBook PDF U S Naval Research Laboratory August 2016 Retrieved 30 December 2017 a b c d e Saul Oresky Don DeYoung eds 2000 The Little Book of Big Achievements PDF Naval Research Laboratory Retrieved 31 January 2014 a b c d e f NRL Fact Book 2014 PDF Naval Research Laboratory May 2014 Retrieved 8 February 2015 Hsinchun Chen Mihail C Roco Xin Li Yiling Lin 1 March 2008 Trends in nanotechnology patents Nature Nanotechnology 3 3 123 125 Bibcode 2008NatNa 3 123C doi 10 1038 nnano 2008 51 PMID 18654475 Nanoscience Programs Nanoscience Institute Naval Research Laboratory Archived from the original on 18 August 2012 Retrieved 31 January 2014 Other Nano Resources National Nanotechnology Coordinated Infrastructure National Science Foundation Retrieved 25 September 2019 About the Nanoscience Institute Nanoscience Institute Naval Research Laboratory Archived from the original on 19 August 2012 Retrieved 31 January 2014 Claire Peachey Kathy Parrish eds October 2008 Major Facilities 2008 PDF Naval Research Laboratory Brian Heater 1 March 2012 LASR behind the curtain of the Navy s robotics laboratory Engadget Retrieved 4 March 2016 Robert R Whitlock Thomas B McCaskill 3 June 2009 NRL GPS Bibliography PDF Naval Research Laboratory U S Air Force STPSat 5 Satellite Fully Integrated Onboard 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2014 Inferred Cosmic Ray Spectrum from Fermi Large Area Telescope gama Ray Observations of Earth s Limb Physical Review Letters 112 15 151103 arXiv 1403 5372 Bibcode 2014PhRvL 112o1103A doi 10 1103 PhysRevLett 112 151103 PMID 24785023 S2CID 26695193 NRL Monterey Product Demonstrations U S Naval Research Laboratory Marine Meteorology Division Retrieved 4 March 2016 Weather Forecast Accuracy Gets Boost with New Computer Model University Corporation for Atmospheric Research National Science Foundation 25 August 2006 Archived from the original on 10 March 2016 Retrieved 25 September 2019 a b c d Don J DeYoung June 1998 Maureen Long Saul Oresky eds Celebrating 75 Years of Science and Technology Development for the Navy and the Nation PDF Naval Research Laboratory Photovoltaics for Mars Research amp Engineering NASA Glenn Research Center 8 September 2008 Archived from the original on 31 July 2009 Retrieved 30 December 2017 Hydrogen detected in lunar samples points to resource availability for space exploration EurekAlert Retrieved 24 November 2023 Feldman J L Singh D J Bernstein N 26 June 2014 Lattice dynamical model for the filled skutterudite Harmonic and anharmonic couplings Physical Review B 89 22 224304 Bibcode 2014PhRvB 89v4304F doi 10 1103 PhysRevB 89 224304 Manni S Choi Sungkyun Mazin I I Coldea R Altmeyer Michaela Jeschke Harald O Valenti Roser Gegenwart P 11 June 2014 Effect of isoelectronic doping on the honeycomb lattice iridate Physical Review B 89 24 245113 arXiv 1312 0815 Bibcode 2014PhRvB 89x5113M doi 10 1103 PhysRevB 89 245113 S2CID 118490653 Liu Xiao Queen Daniel R Metcalf Thomas H Karel Julie E Hellman Frances 8 July 2014 Hydrogen Free Amorphous Silicon with No Tunneling States Physical Review Letters 113 2 025503 Bibcode 2014PhRvL 113b5503L doi 10 1103 PhysRevLett 113 025503 PMID 25062205 S2CID 20919532 Glasbrenner J K Bussmann K M Mazin I I 17 October 2014 Magnetic spiral induced by strong correlations in MnAu2 Physical Review B 90 14 144421 arXiv 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Review B 90 6 064101 arXiv 1407 1189 Bibcode 2014PhRvB 90f4101N doi 10 1103 PhysRevB 90 064101 S2CID 119187385 Gunlycke Daniel White Carter T 31 July 2014 Specular graphene transport barrier Physical Review B 90 3 035452 Bibcode 2014PhRvB 90c5452G doi 10 1103 PhysRevB 90 035452 Ott Florian D Spiegel Leo L Norris David J Erwin Steven C 7 October 2014 Microscopic Theory of Cation Exchange in CdSe Nanocrystals Physical Review Letters 113 15 156803 arXiv 1409 4832 Bibcode 2014PhRvL 113o6803O doi 10 1103 PhysRevLett 113 156803 PMID 25375732 S2CID 38367161 Eshel Tamir 14 March 2017 Warfighters Will Be Able to Press and Repair their Armor Defense Update Radar Home U S Naval Research Laboratory Radar Division TEWD Home U S Naval Research Laboratory Tactical Electronic Warfare Division ITD Home U S Naval Research Laboratory Information Technology Division Ahern Joseph James April 2002 The United States Navy s Early Atomic Energy Research 1939 1946 PDF International Journal of Naval History 1 1 NRL Nike Laser Focuses on Nuclear Fusion U S Naval Research Laboratory Press release 20 March 2013 Retrieved 4 March 2016 Bried E Kidder H F Murphy C M Zisman W A April 1947 Synthetic Lubricant Fluids from Branched Chain Diesters Physical and Chemical Properties of Pure Diesters Industrial amp Engineering Chemistry 39 4 484 491 doi 10 1021 ie50448a014 Murphy C M O Rear J G Zisman W A January 1953 Pinic Acid Diesters Effect of Amide Type Compounds Industrial amp Engineering Chemistry 45 1 119 125 doi 10 1021 ie50517a040 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1985 Nobelprize org Retrieved 4 March 2016 NRL Scientists Receive 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry U S Naval Research Laboratory Retrieved 4 March 2016 Webster L A Truex K Duan L M Steel D G Bracker A S Gammon D Sham L J 24 March 2014 Coherent Control to Prepare an InAs Quantum Dot for Spin Photon Entanglement Physical Review Letters 112 12 126801 Bibcode 2014PhRvL 112l6801W doi 10 1103 PhysRevLett 112 126801 PMID 24724666 S2CID 45471721 Solenov 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Determination of the Thermodynamic Scaling Exponent for Relaxation in Liquids from Static Ambient Pressure Quantities Physical Review Letters 113 8 085701 arXiv 1403 4551 Bibcode 2014PhRvL 113h5701C doi 10 1103 PhysRevLett 113 085701 PMID 25192107 S2CID 1116846 Poje A C Ozgokmen T M Lipphardt B L Haus B K Ryan E H Haza A C Jacobs G A Reniers A J H M Olascoaga M J Novelli G Griffa A Beron Vera F J et al 18 August 2014 Submesoscale dispersion in the vicinity of the Deepwater Horizon spill Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 35 12693 12698 arXiv 1407 3308 Bibcode 2014PNAS 11112693P doi 10 1073 pnas 1402452111 PMC 4156713 PMID 25136097 Naval Research Laboratory 18 June 2010 Afghanistan s rich mineral deposits Aerogeophysical survey provides promising prospects of economic development ScienceDaily In Afghanistan High Tech Tools Replace The Hammer NPR 18 June 2010 Spencer Ackerman 10 December 2010 Video Navy s Mach 8 Railgun Obliterates Record WIRED Nike krypton laser achieves spot in Guinness World Records Phys org Naval Research Laboratory 24 July 2014 The Navy Center for Applied Research in Artificial Intelligence www nrl navy mil Retrieved 5 February 2020 a b Department of Defense Science and Technology Reinvention Laboratory STRL Personnel Management Demonstration Project Program Federal Register Defense Department 28 July 2014 Personnel Demonstration Project NRL Human Resources Office Archived from the original on 6 April 2004 Best Places to Work Postdocs 2013 The Scientist 1 April 2013 TOP 25 INSTITUTIONS a b c Facilities U S Naval Research Laboratory Retrieved 31 December 2017 Ocean amp Atmospheric Science Directorate Code 7000 U S Naval Research Laboratory Retrieved 20 July 2008 Nanoscience Institute U S Naval Research Laboratory Retrieved 31 December 2017 Naval Research Laboratory Opens Laboratory for Autonomous Systems Research U S Naval Research Laboratory 16 March 2012 Laboratory for Autonomous Systems Research U S Naval Research Laboratory Retrieved 16 April 2020 SPECTRA PDF U S Naval Research Laboratory 2012 pp 2 6 NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY U S Postal Service Retrieved on September 11 2018 4555 OVERLOOK AVE SW WASHINGTON DC 20375 0001 Field Sites U S Naval Research Laboratory Retrieved 10 December 2013 Directions and Maps U S Naval Research Laboratory Marine Meteorology Division Retrieved 4 March 2016 Monterey U S Naval Research Laboratory Retrieved 30 December 2017 Scientific Development Squadron ONE VXS 1 U S Naval Research Laboratory Retrieved 4 March 2016 Facilities U S Naval Research Laboratory Space Systems Development Department Retrieved 30 December 2017 Prehistoric Artifacts Open Window to the Past at NRL U S Naval Research Laboratory Press release 28 July 2014 Retrieved 1 August 2014 Big Laboratory for Navy Planned PDF NY Times 8 October 1915 Retrieved 5 July 2008 a b c d e Timothy D Calderwood October 1998 Highlights of NRL s First 75 Years PDF Naval Research Laboratory 100 Years of Contributions to Sea Power and National Security PDF NRL June 2023 Retrieved 21 July 2023 U S Naval Research Laboratory Centennial Navy 21 July 2023 Retrieved 21 July 2023 Naval Research Laboratory Chesapeake Bay Detachment Site Descriptions www navfac navy mil nd Retrieved 5 August 2022 Pat Elder 20 May 2021 State Acknowledges Massive Contamination in Chesapeake Beach MD Military Poisons Retrieved 5 August 2022 Sterling Christopher H 2008 Military Communications From Ancient Times to the 21st Century ABC CLIO ISBN 978 1851097326 p 326 JulyExternal links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Naval Research Laboratory Official website nbsp Human Resources NRL The Little Book of Big Achievements PDF NRL 100 Years of Contributions to Sea Power and National Security PDF NRL Pushing the Horizon 75 years of High Stakes Science and Technology at the Naval Research Laboratory PDF NRL NRL Videos NRL YouTube Videos NRL Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title United 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