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Tutton's salt

February 15, 2024

Tutton's salts are a family of salts with the formula M2M'(SO4)2(H2O)6 (sulfates) or M2M'(SeO4)2(H2O)6 (selenates). These materials are double salts, which means that they contain two different cations, M+ and M'2+ crystallized in the same regular ionic lattice.[1] The univalent cation can be potassium, rubidium, cesium, ammonium (NH4), deuterated ammonium (ND4) or thallium. Sodium or lithium ions are too small. The divalent cation can be magnesium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc or cadmium. In addition to sulfate and selenate, the divalent anion can be chromate (CrO42−), tetrafluoroberyllate (BeF42−), hydrogenphosphate (HPO42−)[2] or monofluorophosphate (PO3F2−). Tutton's salts crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/a.[3] The robustness is the result of the complementary hydrogen-bonding between the tetrahedral anions and cations as well their interactions with the metal aquo complex [M(H2O)6]2+.

Examples and related compounds edit

Perhaps the best-known is Mohr's salt, ferrous ammonium sulfate (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.(H2O)6).[4] Other examples include the vanadous Tutton salt (NH4)2V(SO4)2(H2O)6 and the chromous Tutton salt (NH4)2Cr(SO4)2(H2O)6.[5] In solids and solutions, the M'2+ ion exists as a metal aquo complex [M'(H2O)6]2+.

Related to the Tutton's salts are the alums, which are also double salts but with the formula MM'(SO4)2(H2O)12. The Tutton's salts were once termed "false alums".[6]

  •  
    Unit cell of ferrous ammonium sulfate (N is violet, O is red, S is orange, Fe is large red).
  •  
    The same structure with hydrogen bonding network highlighted.

History edit

Tutton salts are sometimes called Schönites after the naturally occurring mineral called Schönite (K2Mg(SO4)2(H2O)6). They are named for Alfred Edwin Howard Tutton, who identified and characterised a large range of these salts around 1900.[7]
Such salts were of historical importance because they were obtainable in high purity and served as reliable reagents and spectroscopic standards.

Table of salts edit

M1 M2 formula name a Å b Å c Å β° V Å3 colour Nα Nβ Nγ Biaxial 2V other
K Cd K2[Cd(H2O)6](SO4)2 Potassium cadmium sulfate hexahydrate[8]
Cs Cd Cs2[Cd(H2O)6](SO4)2 caesium cadmium sulphate hexahydrate[9]
NH4 Cd (NH4)2[Cd(H2O)6](SO4)2 Ammonium Cadmium Sulfate Hydrate 9.395 12.776 6.299 106°43' 727.63 colourless l.486 1.488 1.494 Biaxial(-f) large[10] density=2.05[11]

Slowly loses water in dry air.[12]

K Co K2[Co(H2O)6](SO4)2[13] Potassium cobaltous sulfate[14] 6.151 9.061 12.207 104.8° 657.78[15] red density=2.21
Rb Co Rb2[Co(H2O)6](SO4)2 Rubidium hexaaquacobalt(II) sulphate 6.24 9.19 12.453 105.99° 686.5[12] ruby-red[16] desnsity=2.56
Cs Co Cs2[Co(H2O)6](SO4)2 Caesium hexaaquacobalt(II) sulphate 9.318(1) 12.826(3) 6.3650(9) 107.13(1)° 727.0[17] dark red
NH4 Co (NH4)2[Co(H2O)6](SO4)2[18] Cobaltous ammonium sulfate hexahydrate 6.242 9.255 12.549 106.98° 693.3[19] purple[20] density=1.89
Tl Co Tl2[Co(H2O)6](SO4)2 Cobaltous thallium sulfate hexahydrate, Thallium hexaaquacobalt(II) sulfate, 9.227(1) 12.437(2) 6.220(1) 106.40(1)° 684.7 light red[21]
Tl Co Tl2[Co(H2O)6](SO4)2 dithallium cobalt sulfate hexahydrate 9.235(1) 12.442(2) 6.227(1) 106.40(1)° yellowish pink 1.599 1.613 1.624 biaxial(-) medium large[22] density=4.180 g/cm3
Rb Cr Rb2[Cr(H2O)6](SO4)2[23] dirubidium chromium sulfate hexahydrate
Cs Cr Cs2[Cr(H2O)6](SO4)2[23] dicaesium chromium sulfate hexahydrate
ND4 Cr (ND4)2Cr(SO4)2 · 6 H2O[23] dideuterated ammonium chromium sulfate hexahydrate bright blue, formed from   with ammonium sulfate in minimal water under nitrogen gas. Stable in air from oxidation, but may dehydrate.[24]
K Cu K2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2 cyanochroite[14] 9.27 12.44 6.30 104.47[25] 663.0[25] pale green blue density=2.21[25] within unit cell 7.76 between two Cu atoms[26]
Rb Cu Rb2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2 Dirubidium hexaaquacopper sulfate 9.267 12.366 6.228 105°19' 686.8 brilliant greenish blue 1.488 1.491 1.506 biaxial (+)[27] medium density=2.580g/cm3[10] Cu-O 2.098 Å Rb-O 3.055 Å.[27]
Cs Cu Cs2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2[28] dicaesium hexaaquacopper sulfate 9.439 12.762 6.310 106°11' 718.5 brilliant greenish blue, 1.504 1.506 1.514 biaxial (+) density=2.864g/cm3[29]
NH4 Cu (NH4)2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2 ammonium hexaaquacopper(II) sulfate[30] 6.31 12.38 9.22 106.16° 691.25[31] density=1.921;[31] heat of formation=-777.9 kcal/mol[31] Jahn-Teller distortion axis switches under pressure of ~1500 bars, a,b axis shrinks 3.3% and 3.5% and c axis extends 4.5%.[30]
Tl Cu Tl2[Cu(H2O)6](SO4)2 Thallium copper sulfate hydrate 9.268 12.364 6.216 105°33' brilliant greenish blue 1.600 1.610 1.620 biaxial very large[32] density=3.740 g/cm3
K Fe K2[Fe(H2O)6](SO4)2 dipotassium iron sulfate hexahydrate[14]
Rb Fe Rb2[Fe(H2O)6](SO4)2 Rubidium iron sulfate hydrate 9.218 12.497 6.256 105°45' pale green 1.480 1.489 1.501 biaxial (+) large, density=2.523g/cm3[33]
Cs Fe Cs2[Fe(H2O)6](SO4)2 Caesium hexaaquairon(II) sulphate 9.357(2) 12.886(2) 6.381(1) 106.94(1)° 736.0 dark yellow[17] very pale green 1.501 1.504 1.516 biaxial (+) medium[34] density=2.805
NH4 Fe (NH4)2[Fe(H2O)6](SO4)2 mohrite[14] 6.24(1) 12.65(2) 9.32(2) 106.8(1) 704.28 vitreous pale green density=1.85 named after Karl Friedrich Mohr[35]
Tl Fe Tl2[Fe(H2O)6](SO4)2 Thallium hexaaquairon(II) sulfate 9.262(2) 12.497(1) 6.235(2) 106.15(1)° 693.2[21] light green 1.590 1.605 =1.616 biaxial (-) large density=3.662g/cm3[36]
K Mg K2[Mg(H2O)6](SO4)2 picromerite 9.04 12.24 6.095 104° 48'[14] colourless or white 1.460 1.462 1.472 biaxial (+) medium density=2.025g/cm3;[37] expanded second coordination sphere around Mg.[14]
Rb Mg Rb2[Mg(H2O)6](SO4)2 rubidium magnesium sulphate hexahydrate[38] 9.235 12.486 6.224 105°59' colourless 1.467 1.469 1.476[39] biaxial
Cs Mg Cs2[Mg(H2O)6](SO4)2 Cesium hexaaquamagnesium sulphate 9.338(2) 12.849(4) 6.361(2) 107.07(2)° 729.6 colourless[17] 1.481 1.485 1.492 biaxial(+) medium density=2.689[40]
NH4 Mg (NH4)2[Mg(H2O)6](SO4)2 boussingaultite 9.28 12.57 6.2 107°6'[14][18]
NH4 Mg (NH4)2[Mg(H2O)6](SO4)2 Ammonium Magnesium Chromium Oxide Hydrate 9.508±.001 12.674 6.246 106°14' bright yellow 1.637 1.638 1.653 biaxial(+) small density=1.840 g/cm 3[10]
Tl Mg Tl2[Mg(H2O)6](SO4)2[41] dithallium magnesium sulfate hexahydrate 9.22 9.262(2) 12.42 12.459(2) 6.185 6.207(1) 106°30' 106.39(2)° 687.1 colourless[21] density=3.532 g/cm3
Rb Mn Rb2[Mn(H2O)6](SO4)2 Dirubidium hexaaquamanganese sulfate(VI) 9.282(2) 12.600(2) 6.254(2) 105.94(2) 703.3Å3[42][43]
Cs Mn Cs2[Mn(H2O)6](SO4)2 Caesium hexaaquamanganese(II) sulphate 9.418(3) 12.963(2) 6.386(3) 107.17(4)° 744.9 pale pink[17] purplish white[44] 1.495 1.497 1.502 biaxial(+) large density=2.763[44]
NH4 Mn (NH4)2[Mn(H2O)6](SO4)2 manganese ammonium sulfate hexahydrate 9.40 12.74 6.26 107.0°[45] pale pink 1.482 1.456 1.492 biaxial(+) large density=1.827 [46]
Tl Mn Tl2[Mn(H2O)6](SO4)2 Thallium manganese sulfate hexahydrate 9.3276(6), 9.322(2) 12.5735(8), 12.565(2) 6.2407(4), and 6.233(1) 106.310(3)°[47] 106.29(2)°, 700.8[21] light pink
K Ni K2Ni(SO4)2 · 6 H2O[13] Potassium Nickel Sulfate Hexahydrate[14] used as UV filter[48]
Rb Ni Rb2[Ni(H2O)6](SO4)2 Rubidium Nickel Sulfate Hexahydrate 6.221 12.41 9.131 106.055° 677.43 001 surface has step growth of 4.6 Å, optical transmission bands at 250, 500 and 860 nm which are the same as nickel sulfate hexahydrate, but UV band transmits more. Heavy absorption 630-720 nm and 360-420 nm3 density 2.596 g cm−3.[48] stable to 100.5 °C solubility in g/100ml=0.178t + 4.735 MW=529.87
Cs Ni Cs2[Ni(H2O)6](SO4)2 Caesium hexaaquanickel(II) sulphate, Cesium Nickel Sulfate Hexahydrate 9.259(2) 12.767(2) 6.358(1) 107.00(2)° 718.7[17] greenish blue 1.507 1.512 1.516 biaxial(-) very large density=2.883 [49] used as UV filter[48]
NH4 Ni (NH4)2[Ni(H2O)6](SO4)2 nickel-boussingaultite[14][50] 9.186 12.468 6.424 684.0 blueish green.[51][52] density=1.918 cas=51287-85-5
Tl Ni Tl2[Ni(H2O)6](SO4)2 Thallium hexaaquanickel(II) sulfate 9.161(2) 12.389(2) 6.210(2) 106.35(2)° 676.3 greenish blue[21] 1.602 1.615 1.620 biaxial(-) large density=3.763[53]
K Ru K2[Ru(H2O)6](SO4)2 [54] 8.950 12.268 6.135 105.27 644
Rb Ru Rb2[Ru(H2O)6](SO4)2 [54] 9.132 12.527 6.351 106.30
K V K2[V(H2O)6](SO4)2 Vanadium(II) potassium sulfate hexahydrate [55]
Rb V Rb2[V(H2O)6](SO4)2 Rubidium vanadium(II) sulfate
NH4 V (NH4)2[V(H2O)6](SO4)2 Vanadium(II) ammonium sulfate hexahydrate 9.42 12.76 6.22 107.2° 714.2 amethyst density=1.8 V-O length 2.15Å[56]
K Zn K2[Zn(H2O)6](SO4)2[13][14] dipotassium zinc sulphate hexahydrate 9.041 12.310 6.182 104.777° colourless 1.478 1.481 1.496 biaxial large density=2.242g/cm3[57] Thermal decomposition at 252K.[58]
Rb Zn Rb2[Zn(H2O)6](SO4)2 Rubidium Zinc Sulphate Hexahydrate[59] 9.185 12.450 6.242 105°54' colourless 1.483 1.489 1.497 biaxial large [60]
Cs Zn Cs2[Zn(H2O)6](SO4)2 zinc cesium sulphate hexahydrate [61] 9.314(2) 12.817(2) 6.369(2) 106.94(2)° 727.3 colourless[17] 1.507 1.610 1.615 biaxial(-) large density=2.881 [62]
NH4 Zn (NH4)2[Zn(H2O)6](SO4)2 9.205 12.475 6.225 106°52'[18] 684.1 heat of fusion 285 J/g[63]
Tl Zn Tl2[Zn(H2O)6](SO4)2 Thallium hexaaquazinc(II) sulfate [64] 9.219(2) 12.426(2) 6.226(1) 106.29(2)° 684.6 colourless[21]
selenates
Cs Ni Cs2[Zn(H2O)6](SeO4)2 Dicaesium nickel selenate hexahydrate[65] 7.4674 7.9152 11.7972 106.363 669.04 light green
Rb Cu Rb2[Cu(H2O)6](SeO4)2 Dirubidium copper selenate hexahydrate[66] 6.363 12.431 9.373 104.33 718.3

Organic salts edit

Some organic bases can also form salts that crystallise like Tutton's salts.

formula name a Å b Å c Å β° V Å3 colour Nα Nβ Nγ Biaxial 2V other
(C4H12N2)[Zn(H2O)6](SO4)2 piperazinediium hexaaquazinc(II) bis(sulfate)[67] 12.9562 10.6502 13.3251 114.032 1679.30 Colourless
cadmium creatininium sulfate[68] 6.5584 27.871 7.1955 110.371 1232.99 colourless

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February 15, 2024
tutton, salt, family, salts, with, formula, sulfates, seo4, selenates, these, materials, double, salts, which, means, that, they, contain, different, cations, crystallized, same, regular, ionic, lattice, univalent, cation, potassium, rubidium, cesium, ammonium. Tutton s salts are a family of salts with the formula M2M SO4 2 H2O 6 sulfates or M2M SeO4 2 H2O 6 selenates These materials are double salts which means that they contain two different cations M and M 2 crystallized in the same regular ionic lattice 1 The univalent cation can be potassium rubidium cesium ammonium NH4 deuterated ammonium ND4 or thallium Sodium or lithium ions are too small The divalent cation can be magnesium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc or cadmium In addition to sulfate and selenate the divalent anion can be chromate CrO42 tetrafluoroberyllate BeF42 hydrogenphosphate HPO42 2 or monofluorophosphate PO3F2 Tutton s salts crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21 a 3 The robustness is the result of the complementary hydrogen bonding between the tetrahedral anions and cations as well their interactions with the metal aquo complex M H2O 6 2 Contents 1 Examples and related compounds 2 History 3 Table of salts 4 Organic salts 5 ReferencesExamples and related compounds editPerhaps the best known is Mohr s salt ferrous ammonium sulfate NH4 2Fe SO4 2 H2O 6 4 Other examples include the vanadous Tutton salt NH4 2V SO4 2 H2O 6 and the chromous Tutton salt NH4 2Cr SO4 2 H2O 6 5 In solids and solutions the M 2 ion exists as a metal aquo complex M H2O 6 2 Related to the Tutton s salts are the alums which are also double salts but with the formula MM SO4 2 H2O 12 The Tutton s salts were once termed false alums 6 nbsp Unit cell of ferrous ammonium sulfate N is violet O is red S is orange Fe is large red nbsp The same structure with hydrogen bonding network highlighted History editTutton salts are sometimes called Schonites after the naturally occurring mineral called Schonite K2Mg SO4 2 H2O 6 They are named for Alfred Edwin Howard Tutton who identified and characterised a large range of these salts around 1900 7 Such salts were of historical importance because they were obtainable in high purity and served as reliable reagents and spectroscopic standards Table of salts editM1 M2 formula name a A b A c A b V A3 colour Na Nb Ng Biaxial 2V otherK Cd K2 Cd H2O 6 SO4 2 Potassium cadmium sulfate hexahydrate 8 Cs Cd Cs2 Cd H2O 6 SO4 2 caesium cadmium sulphate hexahydrate 9 NH4 Cd NH4 2 Cd H2O 6 SO4 2 Ammonium Cadmium Sulfate Hydrate 9 395 12 776 6 299 106 43 727 63 colourless l 486 1 488 1 494 Biaxial f large 10 density 2 05 11 Slowly loses water in dry air 12 K Co K2 Co H2O 6 SO4 2 13 Potassium cobaltous sulfate 14 6 151 9 061 12 207 104 8 657 78 15 red density 2 21Rb Co Rb2 Co H2O 6 SO4 2 Rubidium hexaaquacobalt II sulphate 6 24 9 19 12 453 105 99 686 5 12 ruby red 16 desnsity 2 56Cs Co Cs2 Co H2O 6 SO4 2 Caesium hexaaquacobalt II sulphate 9 318 1 12 826 3 6 3650 9 107 13 1 727 0 17 dark redNH4 Co NH4 2 Co H2O 6 SO4 2 18 Cobaltous ammonium sulfate hexahydrate 6 242 9 255 12 549 106 98 693 3 19 purple 20 density 1 89Tl Co Tl2 Co H2O 6 SO4 2 Cobaltous thallium sulfate hexahydrate Thallium hexaaquacobalt II sulfate 9 227 1 12 437 2 6 220 1 106 40 1 684 7 light red 21 Tl Co Tl2 Co H2O 6 SO4 2 dithallium cobalt sulfate hexahydrate 9 235 1 12 442 2 6 227 1 106 40 1 yellowish pink 1 599 1 613 1 624 biaxial medium large 22 density 4 180 g cm3Rb Cr Rb2 Cr H2O 6 SO4 2 23 dirubidium chromium sulfate hexahydrateCs Cr Cs2 Cr H2O 6 SO4 2 23 dicaesium chromium sulfate hexahydrateND4 Cr ND4 2Cr SO4 2 6 H2O 23 dideuterated ammonium chromium sulfate hexahydrate bright blue formed from CrSO 4 3 H 2 O displaystyle ce CrSO4 3H2O nbsp with ammonium sulfate in minimal water under nitrogen gas Stable in air from oxidation but may dehydrate 24 K Cu K2 Cu H2O 6 SO4 2 cyanochroite 14 9 27 12 44 6 30 104 47 25 663 0 25 pale green blue density 2 21 25 within unit cell 7 76 between two Cu atoms 26 Rb Cu Rb2 Cu H2O 6 SO4 2 Dirubidium hexaaquacopper sulfate 9 267 12 366 6 228 105 19 686 8 brilliant greenish blue 1 488 1 491 1 506 biaxial 27 medium density 2 580g cm3 10 Cu O 2 098 A Rb O 3 055 A 27 Cs Cu Cs2 Cu H2O 6 SO4 2 28 dicaesium hexaaquacopper sulfate 9 439 12 762 6 310 106 11 718 5 brilliant greenish blue 1 504 1 506 1 514 biaxial density 2 864g cm3 29 NH4 Cu NH4 2 Cu H2O 6 SO4 2 ammonium hexaaquacopper II sulfate 30 6 31 12 38 9 22 106 16 691 25 31 density 1 921 31 heat of formation 777 9 kcal mol 31 Jahn Teller distortion axis switches under pressure of 1500 bars a b axis shrinks 3 3 and 3 5 and c axis extends 4 5 30 Tl Cu Tl2 Cu H2O 6 SO4 2 Thallium copper sulfate hydrate 9 268 12 364 6 216 105 33 brilliant greenish blue 1 600 1 610 1 620 biaxial very large 32 density 3 740 g cm3K Fe K2 Fe H2O 6 SO4 2 dipotassium iron sulfate hexahydrate 14 Rb Fe Rb2 Fe H2O 6 SO4 2 Rubidium iron sulfate hydrate 9 218 12 497 6 256 105 45 pale green 1 480 1 489 1 501 biaxial large density 2 523g cm3 33 Cs Fe Cs2 Fe H2O 6 SO4 2 Caesium hexaaquairon II sulphate 9 357 2 12 886 2 6 381 1 106 94 1 736 0 dark yellow 17 very pale green 1 501 1 504 1 516 biaxial medium 34 density 2 805NH4 Fe NH4 2 Fe H2O 6 SO4 2 mohrite 14 6 24 1 12 65 2 9 32 2 106 8 1 704 28 vitreous pale green density 1 85 named after Karl Friedrich Mohr 35 Tl Fe Tl2 Fe H2O 6 SO4 2 Thallium hexaaquairon II sulfate 9 262 2 12 497 1 6 235 2 106 15 1 693 2 21 light green 1 590 1 605 1 616 biaxial large density 3 662g cm3 36 K Mg K2 Mg H2O 6 SO4 2 picromerite 9 04 12 24 6 095 104 48 14 colourless or white 1 460 1 462 1 472 biaxial medium density 2 025g cm3 37 expanded second coordination sphere around Mg 14 Rb Mg Rb2 Mg H2O 6 SO4 2 rubidium magnesium sulphate hexahydrate 38 9 235 12 486 6 224 105 59 colourless 1 467 1 469 1 476 39 biaxialCs Mg Cs2 Mg H2O 6 SO4 2 Cesium hexaaquamagnesium sulphate 9 338 2 12 849 4 6 361 2 107 07 2 729 6 colourless 17 1 481 1 485 1 492 biaxial medium density 2 689 40 NH4 Mg NH4 2 Mg H2O 6 SO4 2 boussingaultite 9 28 12 57 6 2 107 6 14 18 NH4 Mg NH4 2 Mg H2O 6 SO4 2 Ammonium Magnesium Chromium Oxide Hydrate 9 508 001 12 674 6 246 106 14 bright yellow 1 637 1 638 1 653 biaxial small density 1 840 g cm 3 10 Tl Mg Tl2 Mg H2O 6 SO4 2 41 dithallium magnesium sulfate hexahydrate 9 22 9 262 2 12 42 12 459 2 6 185 6 207 1 106 30 106 39 2 687 1 colourless 21 density 3 532 g cm3Rb Mn Rb2 Mn H2O 6 SO4 2 Dirubidium hexaaquamanganese sulfate VI 9 282 2 12 600 2 6 254 2 105 94 2 703 3A3 42 43 Cs Mn Cs2 Mn H2O 6 SO4 2 Caesium hexaaquamanganese II sulphate 9 418 3 12 963 2 6 386 3 107 17 4 744 9 pale pink 17 purplish white 44 1 495 1 497 1 502 biaxial large density 2 763 44 NH4 Mn NH4 2 Mn H2O 6 SO4 2 manganese ammonium sulfate hexahydrate 9 40 12 74 6 26 107 0 45 pale pink 1 482 1 456 1 492 biaxial large density 1 827 46 Tl Mn Tl2 Mn H2O 6 SO4 2 Thallium manganese sulfate hexahydrate 9 3276 6 9 322 2 12 5735 8 12 565 2 6 2407 4 and 6 233 1 106 310 3 47 106 29 2 700 8 21 light pinkK Ni K2Ni SO4 2 6 H2O 13 Potassium Nickel Sulfate Hexahydrate 14 used as UV filter 48 Rb Ni Rb2 Ni H2O 6 SO4 2 Rubidium Nickel Sulfate Hexahydrate 6 221 12 41 9 131 106 055 677 43 001 surface has step growth of 4 6 A optical transmission bands at 250 500 and 860 nm which are the same as nickel sulfate hexahydrate but UV band transmits more Heavy absorption 630 720 nm and 360 420 nm3 density 2 596 g cm 3 48 stable to 100 5 C solubility in g 100ml 0 178t 4 735 MW 529 87Cs Ni Cs2 Ni H2O 6 SO4 2 Caesium hexaaquanickel II sulphate Cesium Nickel Sulfate Hexahydrate 9 259 2 12 767 2 6 358 1 107 00 2 718 7 17 greenish blue 1 507 1 512 1 516 biaxial very large density 2 883 49 used as UV filter 48 NH4 Ni NH4 2 Ni H2O 6 SO4 2 nickel boussingaultite 14 50 9 186 12 468 6 424 684 0 blueish green 51 52 density 1 918 cas 51287 85 5Tl Ni Tl2 Ni H2O 6 SO4 2 Thallium hexaaquanickel II sulfate 9 161 2 12 389 2 6 210 2 106 35 2 676 3 greenish blue 21 1 602 1 615 1 620 biaxial large density 3 763 53 K Ru K2 Ru H2O 6 SO4 2 54 8 950 12 268 6 135 105 27 644Rb Ru Rb2 Ru H2O 6 SO4 2 54 9 132 12 527 6 351 106 30K V K2 V H2O 6 SO4 2 Vanadium II potassium sulfate hexahydrate 55 Rb V Rb2 V H2O 6 SO4 2 Rubidium vanadium II sulfateNH4 V NH4 2 V H2O 6 SO4 2 Vanadium II ammonium sulfate hexahydrate 9 42 12 76 6 22 107 2 714 2 amethyst density 1 8 V O length 2 15A 56 K Zn K2 Zn H2O 6 SO4 2 13 14 dipotassium zinc sulphate hexahydrate 9 041 12 310 6 182 104 777 colourless 1 478 1 481 1 496 biaxial large density 2 242g cm3 57 Thermal decomposition at 252K 58 Rb Zn Rb2 Zn H2O 6 SO4 2 Rubidium Zinc Sulphate Hexahydrate 59 9 185 12 450 6 242 105 54 colourless 1 483 1 489 1 497 biaxial large 60 Cs Zn Cs2 Zn H2O 6 SO4 2 zinc cesium sulphate hexahydrate 61 9 314 2 12 817 2 6 369 2 106 94 2 727 3 colourless 17 1 507 1 610 1 615 biaxial large density 2 881 62 NH4 Zn NH4 2 Zn H2O 6 SO4 2 9 205 12 475 6 225 106 52 18 684 1 heat of fusion 285 J g 63 Tl Zn Tl2 Zn H2O 6 SO4 2 Thallium hexaaquazinc II sulfate 64 9 219 2 12 426 2 6 226 1 106 29 2 684 6 colourless 21 selenatesCs Ni Cs2 Zn H2O 6 SeO4 2 Dicaesium nickel selenate hexahydrate 65 7 4674 7 9152 11 7972 106 363 669 04 light greenRb Cu Rb2 Cu H2O 6 SeO4 2 Dirubidium copper selenate hexahydrate 66 6 363 12 431 9 373 104 33 718 3Organic salts editSome organic bases can also form salts that crystallise like Tutton s salts formula name a A b A c A b V A3 colour Na Nb Ng Biaxial 2V other C4H12N2 Zn H2O 6 SO4 2 piperazinediium hexaaquazinc II bis sulfate 67 12 9562 10 6502 13 3251 114 032 1679 30 Colourlesscadmium creatininium sulfate 68 6 5584 27 871 7 1955 110 371 1232 99 colourlessReferences edit Housecroft C E Sharpe A G 2008 Inorganic Chemistry 3rd ed Prentice Hall p 699 ISBN 978 0 13 175553 6 Ettoumi Houda Bulou Alain Sunol Joan Josep Mhiri Tahar November 2015 Synthesis crystal structure and vibrational study of K 2 Cu HPO 4 2 6 H 2 O displaystyle ce K2Cu HPO4 2 6H2O nbsp A new metal hydrogenphosphate compound Journal of Molecular Structure 1099 181 188 Bibcode 2015JMoSt1099 181E doi 10 1016 j molstruc 2015 06 060 Bosi Ferdinando Belardi Girolamo Ballirano Paolo 2009 Structural features in Tutton s salts K2 M2 H2O 6 SO4 2 with M2 Mg Fe Co Ni Cu and Zn American Mineralogist 94 1 74 82 Bibcode 2009AmMin 94 74B doi 10 2138 am 2009 2898 S2CID 97302855 B N Figgis E S Kucharski P A Reynolds F Tasset 1989 The structure of ND 4 2 Fe SO 4 2 6 D 2 O displaystyle ce ND4 2Fe SO4 2 6D2O nbsp at 4 3 K by neutron diffraction Acta Crystallogr C45 942 944 doi 10 1107 S0108270188013903 Greenwood Norman N Earnshaw Alan 1997 Chemistry of the Elements 2nd ed Butterworth Heinemann ISBN 978 0 08 037941 8 Taylor F Sherwood 1942 Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry 6th ed William Heinemann A E Tutton 1900 1901 A Comparative Crystallographical Study of the Double Selenates of the Series R 2 M SeO 4 2 6 H 2 O displaystyle ce R2M SeO4 2 6H2O nbsp Salts in Which M Is Zinc Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 67 435 441 58 84 doi 10 1098 rspl 1900 0002 Nyquist Richard A Kagel Ronald O 30 March 1972 Handbook of Infrared and Raman Spectra of Inorganic Compounds and Organic Salts Infrared Spectra of Inorganic Compounds Academic Press pp 297 298 ISBN 9780080878522 Retrieved 18 June 2013 also includes Ni Cu Lakshman S V J T V Krishna Rao 1984 Absorption spectrum of VO 2 displaystyle ce VO2 nbsp ion doped in caesium cadmium sulphate hexahydrate single crystal Solid State Communications 49 6 567 570 Bibcode 1984SSCom 49 567L doi 10 1016 0038 1098 84 90193 5 ISSN 0038 1098 a b c Swanson H E H F McMurdie M C Morris E H Evans September 1970 Standard X ray Diffraction Powder Patterns PDF National Bureau of Standards Monograph 25 Section 8 National Bureau of Standards Retrieved 16 June 2013 materials database Atom Work Retrieved 2 July 2015 a b Materials Database Atom Work Retrieved 2 July 2015 a b c Ananthanarayanan V 1961 Raman spectra of crystalline double sulphates Zeitschrift fur Physik 163 2 144 157 Bibcode 1961ZPhy 163 144A doi 10 1007 BF01336872 ISSN 1434 6001 S2CID 120815961 a b c d e f g h i j Bosi F G Belardi P Ballirano 2009 Structural features in Tutton s salts K 2 M 2 H 2 O 6 SO 4 2 displaystyle ce K2 M2 H2O 6 SO4 2 nbsp with M 2 Mg Fe Co Ni Cu and Zn displaystyle ce M2 Mg Fe Co Ni Cu and Zn nbsp American Mineralogist 94 1 74 82 Bibcode 2009AmMin 94 74B doi 10 2138 am 2009 2898 ISSN 0003 004X S2CID 97302855 materials database Atom Work Retrieved 2 July 2015 Krebs Robert E 2006 01 01 The History And Use of Our Earth s Chemical Elements A Reference Guide Greenwood Publishing Group p 59 ISBN 9780313334382 Retrieved 17 June 2013 a b c d e f Euler H B Barbier A Meents A Kirfel 2003 Crystal structure of Tutton s salts Cs 2 M II H 2 O 6 SO 4 2 displaystyle ce Cs2 M II H2O 6 SO4 2 nbsp M II Mg Mn Fe Co Ni Zn displaystyle ce M II Mg Mn Fe Co Ni Zn nbsp PDF Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie New Crystal Structures 218 4 409 413 doi 10 1524 ncrs 2003 218 4 409 ISSN 1433 7266 Retrieved 15 June 2013 a b c Ananthanarayanan V June 1962 Raman spectra of crystalline double sulphates Part II Ammonium double sulphates Zeitschrift fur Physik 166 3 318 327 Bibcode 1962ZPhy 166 318A doi 10 1007 BF01380779 S2CID 123224200 Materials database Atom Work Lim Ae Ran 2011 Thermodynamic properties and phase transitions of Tutton salt NH 4 2 Co SO 4 2 6 H 2 O displaystyle ce NH4 2Co SO4 2 6H2O nbsp crystals Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 109 3 1619 1623 doi 10 1007 s10973 011 1849 2 ISSN 1388 6150 S2CID 95478618 a b c d e f Euler Harald Bruno Barbier Alke Meents Armin Kirfel 2009 Crystal structures of Tutton s salts Tl 2 M II H 2 O 6 SO 4 2 displaystyle ce Tl2 M II H2O 6 SO4 2 nbsp M II Mg Mn Fe Co Ni Zn displaystyle ce M II Mg Mn Fe Co Ni Zn nbsp Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie New Crystal Structures 224 3 355 359 doi 10 1524 ncrs 2009 0157 ISSN 1433 7266 Swanson H E McMurdie H F Morris M C Evans E H September 1969 Standard X ray Diffraction Powder Patterns Section 7 Data for 81 Substances Washington D C UNT Digital Library p 70 Retrieved June 17 2013 a b c Dobe Christopher Christopher Noble Graham Carver Philip L W Tregenna Piggott Garry J McIntyre Anne Laure Barra Antonia Neels Stefan Janssen Fanni Juranyi 2004 Electronic and Molecular Structure of High Spin d4 Complexes Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Cr D2O 6 2 Cation in Tutton s Salts Journal of the American Chemical Society 126 50 16639 16652 doi 10 1021 ja046095c ISSN 0002 7863 PMID 15600370 Dobe Christopher Hans Peter Andres Philip L W Tregenna Piggott Susanne Mossin Hogni Weihe Stefan Janssen 2002 Variable temperature inelastic neutron scattering study of chromium II Tutton salt manifestation of the 5E e Jahn Teller effect Chemical Physics Letters 362 5 6 387 396 Bibcode 2002CPL 362 387D doi 10 1016 S0009 2614 02 01131 4 ISSN 0009 2614 a b c materials database Retrieved 2 July 2015 Zhou Dawei R W Kreilick 1993 Electron spin exchange in single crystals of copper Tutton s salt Cu H 2 O 6 NH 4 2 SO 4 displaystyle ce Cu H2O 6 NH4 2SO4 nbsp The Journal of Physical Chemistry 97 37 9304 9310 doi 10 1021 j100139a009 ISSN 0022 3654 a b Ballirano Paolo Girolamo Belardi 2007 Rietveld refinement of the Tutton s salt Rb 2 Cu H 2 O 6 SO 4 2 displaystyle ce Rb2 Cu H2O 6 SO4 2 nbsp from parallel beam X ray powder diffraction data Acta Crystallographica Section E 63 2 i56 i58 doi 10 1107 S1600536807002656 ISSN 1600 5368 Ballirano Paolo Girolamo Belardi Ferdinando Bosi 2007 Redetermination of the Tutton s salt Cs 2 Cu H 2 O 6 SO 4 2 displaystyle ce Cs2 Cu H2O 6 SO4 2 nbsp Acta Crystallographica Section E 63 7 i164 i165 doi 10 1107 S1600536807029790 ISSN 1600 5368 Swanson H E McMurdie H F Morris M C Evans E H September 1969 Standard X ray Diffraction Powder Patterns Section 7 Data for 81 Substances Washington D C UNT Digital Library p 14 Retrieved June 17 2013 a b Simmons Charles J Michael A Hitchman Horst Stratemeier Arthur J Schultz 1993 High pressure low temperature single crystal neutron diffraction study of deuterated and hydrogenous ammonium hexaaquacopper II sulfate Tutton s salt a pressure switchable Jahn Teller distortion Journal of the American Chemical Society 115 24 11304 11311 doi 10 1021 ja00077a032 ISSN 0002 7863 a b c 976 Diammonium hexaquacopper ii sulfate NH 4 2 Cu H 2 O 6 SO 4 2 displaystyle ce NH4 2 Cu H2O 6 SO4 2 nbsp ICSD 62991 openmopac Retrieved 2 July 2015 Swanson H E McMurdie H F Morris M C Evans E H September 1969 Standard X ray Diffraction Powder Patterns Section 7 Data for 81 Substances Washington D C UNT Digital Library p 72 Retrieved June 17 2013 Swanson H E H F McMurdie M C Morris E H Evans September 1970 Standard X ray Diffraction Powder Patterns PDF National Bureau of Standards Monograph 25 Section 8 National Bureau of Standards p 64 Retrieved 16 June 2013 Swanson H E McMurdie H F Morris M C Evans E H September 1969 Standard X ray Diffraction Powder Patterns Section 7 Data for 81 Substances Washington D C UNT Digital Library p 14 Retrieved June 17 2013 Mohrite PDF Mineral Data Publishing Retrieved 17 June 2013 Swanson H E H F McMurdie M C Morris E H Evans September 1970 Standard X ray Diffraction Powder Patterns PDF National Bureau of Standards Monograph 25 Section 8 National Bureau of Standards p 87 Retrieved 16 June 2013 Swanson H E H F McMurdie M C Morris E H Evans September 1970 Standard X ray Diffraction Powder Patterns PDF National Bureau of Standards Monograph 25 Section 8 National Bureau of Standards p 54 Retrieved 16 June 2013 Somasekharam V Y P Reddy 1985 Spectroscopic studies on vanadyl ion in rubidium magnesium sulphate hexahydrate Solid State Communications 53 8 695 697 Bibcode 1985SSCom 53 695S doi 10 1016 0038 1098 85 90380 1 ISSN 0038 1098 Swanson H E McMurdie H F Morris M C Evans E H September 1970 Standard X ray Diffraction Powder Patterns Section 8 Data for 81 Substances Washington D C UNT Digital Library p 70 Retrieved June 17 2013 Swanson H E McMurdie H F Morris M C Evans E H September 1969 Standard X ray Diffraction Powder Patterns Section 7 Data for 81 Substances Washington D C UNT Digital Library p 18 Retrieved June 17 2013 Chand Prem R Murali Krishna J Lakshmana Rao S V J Lakshman 1993 EPR and optical 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110X Swanson H E McMurdie H F Morris M C Evans E H September 1970 Standard X ray Diffraction Powder Patterns Section 8 Data for 81 Substances PDF Washington D C p 12 Retrieved June 17 2013 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Nalbandyan V B 29 February 2012 Thallium manganese sulfate hexahydrate a missing Tutton s salt and a brief review of the entire family Powder Diffraction 23 1 52 55 Bibcode 2008PDiff 23 52N doi 10 1154 1 2840634 S2CID 97043497 a b c Wang Xia Xinxin Zhuang Genbo Su Youping He 2008 A new ultraviolet filter Rb 2 Ni SO 4 2 6 H 2 O displaystyle ce Rb2Ni SO4 2 6H2O nbsp RNSH single crystal PDF Optical Materials 31 2 233 236 Bibcode 2008OptMa 31 233W doi 10 1016 j optmat 2008 03 020 ISSN 0925 3467 Swanson H E McMurdie H F Morris M C Evans E H September 1969 Standard X ray Diffraction Powder Patterns Section 7 Data for 81 Substances Washington D C UNT Digital Library p 23 Retrieved June 17 2013 Montgomery H E C Lingafelter 10 November 1964 The crystal structure of Tutton s salts II Magnesium ammonium sulfate hexahydrate and nickel ammonium sulfate hexahydrate Acta Crystallographica International Union of Crystallography 17 11 1478 doi 10 1107 s0365110x6400367x Morris Marlene C McMurdie Howard F Evans Eloise H Paretzkin Boris Hubbard Camden R Carmel Simon J 1980 Standard X ray Diffraction Powder Patterns Section 17 Data for 54 Substances Final Report National Bureau of Standards Bibcode 1980nbs reptR M The Monoclinic Double Sulphates Containing Ammonium Completion of the Double Sulphate Series January 1916 Swanson H E McMurdie H F Morris M C Evans E H September 1969 Standard X ray Diffraction Powder Patterns Section 7 Data for 81 Substances Washington D C UNT Digital Library p 78 Retrieved June 17 2013 a b Bernhard Paul Ludi Andreas March 1984 Infrared and Raman spectra of the hexaaquaruthenium ions normal coordinate analysis for Ru H 2 O 6 2 displaystyle ce Ru H2O 6 2 nbsp and Ru H 2 O 6 3 displaystyle ce Ru H2O 6 3 nbsp Inorganic Chemistry 23 7 870 872 doi 10 1021 ic00175a015 Mido M Satake amp Y Satake M 2010 01 01 Chemistry Of Transition Elements Discovery Publishing House p 43 ISBN 9788171412433 Retrieved 17 June 2013 Montgomery H B Morosin J J Natt A M Witkowska E C Lingafelter 1967 The crystal structure of Tutton s salts VI Vanadium II iron II and cobalt II ammonium sulfate hexahydrates Acta Crystallographica 22 6 775 780 doi 10 1107 S0365110X67001550 ISSN 0365 110X Swanson H E McMurdie H F Morris M C Evans E H September 1969 Standard X ray Diffraction Powder Patterns Section 7 Data for 81 Substances Washington D C UNT Digital Library p 43 Retrieved June 17 2013 Lim Ae Ran Kim Sun Ha 23 July 2015 Structural and thermodynamic properties of Tutton salt K2Zn SO4 2 6H2O Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 123 1 371 376 doi 10 1007 s10973 015 4865 9 S2CID 93389171 Somasekharam V Prasad P Siva Ramesh K Reddy Y P 1 February 1986 Electronic Spectra of VO and Cu Ions in Rubidium Zinc Sulphate Hexahydrate Physica Scripta 33 2 169 172 Bibcode 1986PhyS 33 169S doi 10 1088 0031 8949 33 2 014 S2CID 250762626 Swanson H E McMurdie H F Morris M C Evans E H September 1969 Standard X ray Diffraction Powder Patterns Section 7 Data for 81 Substances Washington D C UNT Digital Library p 55 Retrieved June 17 2013 Lakshmana Rao J K Purandar 1980 Absorption spectrum of VO 2 displaystyle ce VO2 nbsp in zinc cesium sulphate hexahydrate Solid State Communications 33 3 363 364 Bibcode 1980SSCom 33 363L doi 10 1016 0038 1098 80 91171 0 ISSN 0038 1098 Swanson H E McMurdie H F Morris M C Evans E H September 1969 Standard X ray Diffraction Powder Patterns Section 7 Data for 81 Substances Washington D C UNT Digital Library p 25 Retrieved June 17 2013 Voigt W S Goring 1994 Melting of Tutton s salts studied by DSC Thermochimica Acta 237 1 13 26 doi 10 1016 0040 6031 94 85179 4 ISSN 0040 6031 Chand Prem Krishna R Murali Rao J Lakshmana Lakshman S V J November 1993 EPR and optical studies of vanadyl complexes in two host crystals of Tutton salts of thallium Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids 127 2 245 254 Bibcode 1993REDS 127 245C doi 10 1080 10420159308220322 Yankova Rumyana Genieva Svetlana June 2019 Crystal structure and IR investigation of double salt Cs2Ni SeO4 2 4H2O Chemical Data Collections 21 100234 doi 10 1016 j cdc 2019 100234 S2CID 181399910 Yankova Rumyana May 2020 Hirshfeld surface analysis and ir investigation for the rubidium hexaaquacopper II selenate Chemical Data Collections 27 100379 doi 10 1016 j cdc 2020 100379 S2CID 218940437 Rekik Walid Naili Houcine Mhiri Tahar Bataille Thierry April 2005 Piperazinediium hexaaquazinc II bis sulfate A structural analogue of Tutton s salts Acta Crystallographica Section E 61 4 m629 doi 10 1107 s1600536805005982 Colaneri Michael J Teat Simon J Vitali Jacqueline 20 February 2020 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Characteristics and Crystal Structure of a Tutton Salt Analogue Copper Doped Cadmium Creatininium Sulfate The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 124 11 2242 2252 Bibcode 2020JPCA 124 2242C doi 10 1021 acs jpca 0c00004 OSTI 1777953 PMID 32078331 S2CID 211231042 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tutton 27s salt amp oldid 1170450037, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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