Tupinambis is a lizardgenus which belongs to the familyTeiidae and contains eight described species. These large lizards are commonly referred to as tegus (teiús in Portuguese). T. merianae (Argentine black and white tegu), T. rufescens (red tegu), and T. teguixin (gold tegu) are popular in the pet trade. They are primarily found in South America, although T. teguixin also occurs in Panama.
In 2012, a number of tegu species were reclassified from Tupinambis to the previously used genus Salvator. The newly proposed classification comes from a restructuring of the family Teiidae based upon the study of 137 morphological characteristics. The new classification is as follows: Salvator duseni (yellow tegu), Salvator rufescens (red tegu), Salvator merianae (Argentine black and white tegu), Tupinambis teguixin (gold tegu), Tupinambis longilineus (Rhondonia tegu), Tupinambis palustris (swamp tegu) and Tupinambis quadrilineatus (four-lined tegu).[1]
Tupinambis lizards are called teiú in Portuguese. The lizards are also called tishiriú in the extinct Tuxá language of Bahia, Brazil,[2] and dzižuảsu in the extinct Potiguara language of Pernambuco, Brazil.[3]
As with many other animals from tropical South America (e.g. the Cariamae), Tupinambis owes its scientific name to the pioneering accounts given by Piso & Marcgrave in their Historia Naturalis Brasiliae (1648). However, a misinterpretation (by Linnaeus) of the Latin text occurred, which reads "TEIVGVACV [...] Tupinambis", 'to the Tupinambá [Indigenous group] TEIVGVACU'. Tupinambis was merely a metalinguistic term meaning 'to/for the Tupinambá,' whereas the intended, indigenous name for the animal was teiú-guaçú [lizard-big]; lit. 'big lizard'.[4]
Description
The Tupinambis species have heterodont dentition consisting of four different types of teeth.[5] Incisor-type—tricuspid—teeth reside at the tip of the mouth.[5] Recurved canine-type teeth occur further back on the tooth row.[5] Behind those reside a separate set of incisor-like teeth (though flattened in a perpendicular plane to the first set of incisors).[5] The rearmost teeth are blunt, rounded, peg-shaped teeth.[5] The rearmost two tooth classes only occur in sexually mature individuals, thus indicating an ontogenetic shift in tooth morphology.[5] Along with changes in tooth type, the frequency of each tooth type also changes with ontogeny, without an overall change in tooth count (approximately 70 teeth).[5] Rather than increase tooth count, the teeth themselves increase in size as the jaw grows from hatchling to adult.[5] This ontogenetic shift in tooth morphology suggests a shift in diet with age; however, few dietary studies have been done to support this claim and limited stomach content observations do not show much variability between hatchlings and juveniles.[5]
Tupinambis zuliensis Murphy, Jowers, Lehtinen, Charles, Colli, Peres Jr., Hendry, & Pyron, 2016 – Maracaibo Basin tegu
Evolution
Mitochondrial DNA analysis indicates a deep divergence between a northern clade (containing T. teguixin, T. palustris and T. quadrilineatus) and a southern clade (containing T. duseni).[9] The northern and southern clades are morphologically distinct, with the northern clade possessing a single pair of loreal scales between the eye and the nostril and a smooth texture to the scales on the body and the southern clade possessing two pairs of loreal scales and a bumpy texture to the scales on the body.[10] At least one review of the morphology of the family Teiidae has placed the tegus of the southern clade in the genus Salvator.[11] Subsequent studies support the paraphyletic status of Tupinambis, though further research will be necessary to determine if the split will gain wider acceptance among the herpetological community.[12] Comparative analysis of hemipenial anatomy also provides support for the split between Tupinambis and Salvator.[13]
Tegus probably originated sometime during the Cenozoic era. Tupinambis fossils from Argentina date back to the Late Miocene.[14] Fossils of the extinct tegu Paradracaena can be found in earlier Miocene deposits.[15]
References
^Harvey, MB; Ugueto, GN; Gutberlet, RL (2012). "Review of Teiid Morphology with a Revised Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Teiidae (Lepidosauria: Squamata)". Zootaxa. 3459: 1–156. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3459.1.1.
^Pompeu Sobrinho, Thomaz. 1958. Línguas Tapuias desconhecidas do Nordeste: Alguns vocabulários inéditos. Boletim de Antropologia (Fortaleza-Ceará) 2. 3-19.
^Meader, Robert E. (1978). Indios do Nordeste: Levantamento sobre os remanescentes tribais do nordeste brasileiro (in Portuguese). Brasilia: SIL International.
^ abcdefghiDessem, D (1985). "Ontogenetic Changes in the Dentition and Diet of Tupinambis (Lacertilia: Teiidae)". Copeia. 1985 (1): 245–247. doi:10.2307/1444823. JSTOR 1444823.
^Silva, Marcélia B.; Ribeiro-Júnior, Marco A.; Ávila-Pires, Teresa C. S. (2018). "A New Species of Tupinambis Daudin, 1802 (Squamata: Teiidae) from Central South America". Journal of Herpetology. 52: 94–110. doi:10.1670/16-036. S2CID 90826104.
^"Tegu - Tupinambis - Overview - Encyclopedia of Life". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
^"Salvator merianae". The Reptile Database. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
^Harvey, MB; Ugueto, GN; Gutberlet, RL (2012). "Review of teiid morphology with a revised taxonomy and phylogeny of the Teiidae (Lepidosauria: Squamata)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3459: 1–156. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3459.1.1.
^Pyron, R. A.; Burbrink, F. T.; Wiens, J. J. (2013). "A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13 (1): 93. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-93. PMC3682911. PMID 23627680.
^Da Silva, M; Filho, G; Cronemberger, Á; Carvalho, L; Manzani, P; Vieira, J (2013). "Description of the hemipenial morphology of Tupinambis quadrilineatus Manzani and Abe, 1997 (Squamata, Teiidae) and new records from Piauí, Brazil". ZooKeys (361): 61–72. doi:10.3897/zookeys.361.5738. PMC3867120. PMID 24363597.
^Santiago Brizuela. "New Tupinambis remains from the late Miocene of Argentina and a review of the South American teiids". Retrieved 27 March 2016.
^Pujos, F.; Albino, A.M.; Baby, P.; Guyot, J.L. (2009). "Presence of the extinct lizard Paradracaena (Teiidae) in the Middle Miocene of the Peruvian Amazon". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (2): 594–598. doi:10.1671/039.029.0227. S2CID 86362708.
Further reading
Boulenger GA. 1885. Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Second Edition. Volume II. ...Teiidæ ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiii + 497 pp. + Plates I-XXIV. (Genus Tupinambis, pp. 334–335).
Daudin FM. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, Génerale et Particulière des Reptiles; Ouvrage faisant suite à l'Histoire Naturelle générale et particulière, composée par Leclerc de Buffon, et rédigé par C.S. Sonnini, membre de plusieurs Sociétés savantes. Tome Troisième [Volume 3]. Paris: F. Dufart. 452 pp. (Tupinambis, new genus, pp. 5–6). (in French).
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tupinambis.
Wikispecies has information related to Tupinambis.
January 27, 2023
tupinambis, lizard, genus, which, belongs, family, teiidae, contains, eight, described, species, these, large, lizards, commonly, referred, tegus, teiús, portuguese, merianae, argentine, black, white, tegu, rufescens, tegu, teguixin, gold, tegu, popular, trade. Tupinambis is a lizard genus which belongs to the family Teiidae and contains eight described species These large lizards are commonly referred to as tegus teius in Portuguese T merianae Argentine black and white tegu T rufescens red tegu and T teguixin gold tegu are popular in the pet trade They are primarily found in South America although T teguixin also occurs in Panama TupinambisGold tegu Tupinambis teguixin Scientific classificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass ReptiliaOrder SquamataFamily TeiidaeGenus TupinambisDaudin 1802In 2012 a number of tegu species were reclassified from Tupinambis to the previously used genus Salvator The newly proposed classification comes from a restructuring of the family Teiidae based upon the study of 137 morphological characteristics The new classification is as follows Salvator duseni yellow tegu Salvator rufescens red tegu Salvator merianae Argentine black and white tegu Tupinambis teguixin gold tegu Tupinambis longilineus Rhondonia tegu Tupinambis palustris swamp tegu and Tupinambis quadrilineatus four lined tegu 1 Contents 1 Names 2 Description 3 Taxonomy 4 Evolution 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksNames EditTupinambis lizards are called teiu in Portuguese The lizards are also called tishiriu in the extinct Tuxa language of Bahia Brazil 2 and dzizuảsu in the extinct Potiguara language of Pernambuco Brazil 3 As with many other animals from tropical South America e g the Cariamae Tupinambis owes its scientific name to the pioneering accounts given by Piso amp Marcgrave in their Historia Naturalis Brasiliae 1648 However a misinterpretation by Linnaeus of the Latin text occurred which reads TEIVGVACV Tupinambis to the Tupinamba Indigenous group TEIVGVACU Tupinambis was merely a metalinguistic term meaning to for the Tupinamba whereas the intended indigenous name for the animal was teiu guacu lizard big lit big lizard 4 Description EditThe Tupinambis species have heterodont dentition consisting of four different types of teeth 5 Incisor type tricuspid teeth reside at the tip of the mouth 5 Recurved canine type teeth occur further back on the tooth row 5 Behind those reside a separate set of incisor like teeth though flattened in a perpendicular plane to the first set of incisors 5 The rearmost teeth are blunt rounded peg shaped teeth 5 The rearmost two tooth classes only occur in sexually mature individuals thus indicating an ontogenetic shift in tooth morphology 5 Along with changes in tooth type the frequency of each tooth type also changes with ontogeny without an overall change in tooth count approximately 70 teeth 5 Rather than increase tooth count the teeth themselves increase in size as the jaw grows from hatchling to adult 5 This ontogenetic shift in tooth morphology suggests a shift in diet with age however few dietary studies have been done to support this claim and limited stomach content observations do not show much variability between hatchlings and juveniles 5 Taxonomy EditSpecies listed alphabetically by specific name 6 Tupinambis cryptus Murphy Jowers Lehtinen Charles Colli Peres Jr Hendry amp Pyron 2016 cryptic golden tegu Tupinambis cuzcoensis Murphy Jowers Lehtinen Charles Colli Peres Jr Hendry amp Pyron 2016 Cusco tegu Tupinambis longilineus Avila Pires 1995 Rhondonia tegu Tupinambis matipu Silva Ribeiro Junior amp Avila Pires 2018 7 Tupinambis palustris Manzani amp Abe 2002 swamp tegu Tupinambis quadrilineatus Manzani amp Abe 1997 four lined tegu Tupinambis teguixin Linnaeus 1758 gold tegu formerly T nigropunctatus 8 Tupinambis zuliensis Murphy Jowers Lehtinen Charles Colli Peres Jr Hendry amp Pyron 2016 Maracaibo Basin teguEvolution EditMitochondrial DNA analysis indicates a deep divergence between a northern clade containing T teguixin T palustris and T quadrilineatus and a southern clade containing T duseni 9 The northern and southern clades are morphologically distinct with the northern clade possessing a single pair of loreal scales between the eye and the nostril and a smooth texture to the scales on the body and the southern clade possessing two pairs of loreal scales and a bumpy texture to the scales on the body 10 At least one review of the morphology of the family Teiidae has placed the tegus of the southern clade in the genus Salvator 11 Subsequent studies support the paraphyletic status of Tupinambis though further research will be necessary to determine if the split will gain wider acceptance among the herpetological community 12 Comparative analysis of hemipenial anatomy also provides support for the split between Tupinambis and Salvator 13 Tegus probably originated sometime during the Cenozoic era Tupinambis fossils from Argentina date back to the Late Miocene 14 Fossils of the extinct tegu Paradracaena can be found in earlier Miocene deposits 15 References Edit Harvey MB Ugueto GN Gutberlet RL 2012 Review of Teiid Morphology with a Revised Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Teiidae Lepidosauria Squamata Zootaxa 3459 1 156 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 3459 1 1 Pompeu Sobrinho Thomaz 1958 Linguas Tapuias desconhecidas do Nordeste Alguns vocabularios ineditos Boletim de Antropologia Fortaleza Ceara 2 3 19 Meader Robert E 1978 Indios do Nordeste Levantamento sobre os remanescentes tribais do nordeste brasileiro in Portuguese Brasilia SIL International Cf Etnolinguistica discussion list 2 22 2012 http lista etnolinguistica org 3167 a b c d e f g h i Dessem D 1985 Ontogenetic Changes in the Dentition and Diet of Tupinambis Lacertilia Teiidae Copeia 1985 1 245 247 doi 10 2307 1444823 JSTOR 1444823 Tupinambis The Reptile Database Silva Marcelia B Ribeiro Junior Marco A Avila Pires Teresa C S 2018 A New Species of Tupinambis Daudin 1802 Squamata Teiidae from Central South America Journal of Herpetology 52 94 110 doi 10 1670 16 036 S2CID 90826104 Tegu Tupinambis Overview Encyclopedia of Life Encyclopedia of Life Retrieved 27 March 2016 Fitzgerald et al 1999 Salvator merianae The Reptile Database Retrieved 27 March 2016 Harvey MB Ugueto GN Gutberlet RL 2012 Review of teiid morphology with a revised taxonomy and phylogeny of the Teiidae Lepidosauria Squamata PDF Zootaxa 3459 1 156 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 3459 1 1 Pyron R A Burbrink F T Wiens J J 2013 A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata including 4161 species of lizards and snakes BMC Evolutionary Biology 13 1 93 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 13 93 PMC 3682911 PMID 23627680 Da Silva M Filho G Cronemberger A Carvalho L Manzani P Vieira J 2013 Description of the hemipenial morphology of Tupinambis quadrilineatus Manzani and Abe 1997 Squamata Teiidae and new records from Piaui Brazil ZooKeys 361 61 72 doi 10 3897 zookeys 361 5738 PMC 3867120 PMID 24363597 Santiago Brizuela New Tupinambis remains from the late Miocene of Argentina and a review of the South American teiids Retrieved 27 March 2016 Pujos F Albino A M Baby P Guyot J L 2009 Presence of the extinct lizard Paradracaena Teiidae in the Middle Miocene of the Peruvian Amazon Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29 2 594 598 doi 10 1671 039 029 0227 S2CID 86362708 Further reading EditBoulenger GA 1885 Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum Natural History Second Edition Volume II Teiidae London Trustees of the British Museum Natural History Taylor and Francis printers xiii 497 pp Plates I XXIV Genus Tupinambis pp 334 335 Daudin FM 1802 Histoire Naturelle Generale et Particuliere des Reptiles Ouvrage faisant suite a l Histoire Naturelle generale et particuliere composee par Leclerc de Buffon et redige par C S Sonnini membre de plusieurs Societes savantes Tome Troisieme Volume 3 Paris F Dufart 452 pp Tupinambis new genus pp 5 6 in French External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tupinambis Wikispecies has information related to Tupinambis Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tupinambis amp oldid 1048435961, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
