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2016 Atlantic hurricane season

October 28, 2023

The 2016 Atlantic hurricane season was the deadliest Atlantic hurricane season since 2008, and the first above-average hurricane season since 2012, producing 15 named storms, 7 hurricanes and 4 major hurricanes. The season officially started on June 1 and ended on November 30, though the first storm, Hurricane Alex which formed in the Northeastern Atlantic, developed on January 12, being the first hurricane to develop in January since 1938. The final storm, Otto, crossed into the Eastern Pacific on November 25, a few days before the official end. Following Alex, Tropical Storm Bonnie brought flooding to South Carolina and portions of North Carolina. Tropical Storm Colin in early June brought minor flooding and wind damage to parts of the Southeastern United States, especially Florida. Hurricane Earl left 94 fatalities in the Dominican Republic and Mexico, 81 of which occurred in the latter. In early September, Hurricane Hermine, the first hurricane to make landfall in Florida since Hurricane Wilma in 2005, brought extensive coastal flooding damage especially to the Forgotten and Nature coasts of Florida. Hermine was responsible for five fatalities and about $550 million (2016 USD) in damage.[b]

2016 Atlantic hurricane season
Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formedJanuary 12, 2016
Last system dissipatedNovember 25, 2016[a]
Strongest storm
NameMatthew
 • Maximum winds165 mph (270 km/h)
(1-minute sustained)
 • Lowest pressure934 mbar (hPa; 27.58 inHg)
Seasonal statistics
Total depressions16, 1 unofficial
Total storms15, 1 unofficial
Hurricanes7
Major hurricanes
(Cat. 3+)		4
Total fatalities736 total
Total damage≥ $17.485 billion (2016 USD)
Related articles
Atlantic hurricane seasons
2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018

The strongest, costliest, and deadliest storm of the season was Hurricane Matthew, the southernmost Category 5 Atlantic hurricane on record and the first to reach that intensity since Felix in 2007, ending the longest streak of seasons without a hurricane of such intensity in the Satellite Era. With at least 603 deaths attributed to it, Matthew was the deadliest Atlantic hurricane since Stan of 2005. Furthermore, damage from Matthew is estimated to be at least $16.5 billion, making it the ninth costliest Atlantic hurricane on record at the time. Hurricane Nicole became the first major hurricane to directly impact Bermuda since Hurricane Fabian in 2003, leaving widespread but relatively moderate damage on the island. The final tropical cyclone of the season – Hurricane Otto – brought severe flooding to Central America in November, particularly in Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Otto left 23 deaths and about $190 million in damage. On November 25, the storm emerged into the Eastern Pacific basin, the first such occurrence since Hurricane Cesar–Douglas in 1996. Most of the season's tropical cyclones impacted land, and nine of those storms caused loss of life. Collectively, the storms left at least 736 fatalities and $17.49 billion in damage, making the season the costliest since 2012.

Most forecasting groups predicted above average activity in anticipation of a dissipating El Niño event and the development of a La Niña, as well as warmer than normal sea surface temperatures. Overall, the forecasts were fairly accurate.

Seasonal forecasts edit

Predictions of tropical activity in the 2016 season
Source Date Named
storms 		Hurricanes Major
hurricanes
Average (1981–2010[1]) 12.1 6.4 2.7
Record high activity[2] 30 15 7†
Record low activity[2] 1 0† 0†
TSR[3] December 16, 2015 13 5 2
TSR[4] April 5, 2016 12 6 2
CSU[5] April 14, 2016 13 6 2
CCU[6] April 15, 2016 13 7 4
NCSU[7] April 15, 2016 15–18 8–11 3–5
UKMO[8] May 12, 2016 14* 8* N/A
NOAA[9] May 27, 2016 10–16 4–8 1–4
TSR[10] May 27, 2016 17 9 4
CSU[11] June 1, 2016 14 6 2
CSU[12] July 1, 2016 15 6 2
TSR[13] July 5, 2016 16 8 3
CSU[14] August 4, 2016 15 6 2
TSR[15] August 5, 2016 15 7 3
NOAA[16] August 11, 2016 12–17 5–8 2–4
Actual activity 15 7 4
* June–November only.
† Most recent of several such occurrences. (See all)

Ahead of and during the season, several meteorological services and scientific agencies forecast how many named storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes will form during a season, and/or how many tropical cyclones will affect a particular country. These agencies include the Tropical Storm Risk (TSR) Consortium of the University College London, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), United Kingdom Met Office (UKMO), Coastal Carolina University (CCU), Colorado State University (CSU), and North Carolina State University (NCSU). The forecasts include weekly and monthly changes in significant factors that help determine the number of tropical storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes within a particular year. Some of these forecasts also take into consideration what happened in previous seasons and the predicted weakening of the 2014–2016 El Niño event.[3] On average, an Atlantic hurricane season between 1981 and 2010 contained twelve tropical storms, six hurricanes, and two major hurricanes, with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index of between 66 and 103 units.[1] Broadly speaking, ACE is a measure of the power of a tropical or subtropical storm multiplied by the length of time it existed. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration or stronger intensity will have high values of ACE. It is only calculated for full advisories on specific tropical systems reaching or exceeding wind speeds of 39 mph (63 km/h). Accordingly, tropical depressions are not included here. After the storm has dissipated, typically after the end of the season, the NHC reexamines the data, and produces a final report on each storm. These revisions can lead to a revised ACE total either upward or downward compared to the operational value.[17]

Pre-season forecasts edit

The first forecast for the year was issued by CSU on December 11, who anticipated that one of four different scenarios could occur. The scenario considered most likely was that Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) and thermohaline circulation (THC) would be stronger, but effects from El Niño would remain, resulting in a slightly above average season. The next most likely scenario was that both the AMO and THC would strengthen and the El Niño effects would cease to exist, causing a well above average season. In the other two scenarios, which were given the same probability of occurrence, the AMO and THC would weaken and the effects of El Niño would either disappear or some would remain, resulting in either a near average or well below average season.[18]

TSR subsequently issued their first outlook for the 2016 season during December 16, 2015 and predicted that activity would be about 20% below the 1950–2015 average, or about 15% below the 2005–2015 average. Specifically they thought that there would be 13 tropical storms, 5 hurricanes, 2 major hurricanes and an ACE index of 79 units.[3] A few months later, TSR issued their second prediction for the season during April 6, 2016 and lowered the predicted number of named storms to 12 but raised the number of hurricanes to 6.[4] On April 14, CSU predicted that the season would be near-normal, predicting 13 named storms, 6 hurricanes and 2 major hurricanes with ACE near 93.[5] On April 15, NCSU predicted the season would be very active, with 15–18 named storms, 8–11 hurricanes and 3–5 major hurricanes. A month later, the UKMO released its forecast, predicting a slightly above-average season with 14 named storms and 8 hurricanes. It also predicted an ACE index of 125, above the defined average ACE index at 103.[8]

On May 27, NOAA issued its first outlook calling for a near-normal season with a 70% chance that 10–16 named storms could form, including 4–8 hurricanes of which 1–4 could reach major hurricane status. NOAA also stated that there is a 45% chance of a near-normal season, 30% chance of an above-normal season and 25% chance of a below-normal season.[9] Also on May 27, TSR substantially increased their forecast numbers, predicting activity would be about 30% above the average with 17 named storms, 9 hurricanes, 4 major hurricanes and an ACE near 130. The reason for the increased activity forecast was the increased likelihood of La Niña forming during the season in addition to a trend towards a negative North Atlantic Oscillation, which generally favors a warmer tropical Atlantic. TSR predicted that there is a 57% chance that the 2016 Atlantic season would be above-normal, a 33% chance it would be near-normal, and only a 10% chance it would be below-normal.[10]

Mid-season outlooks edit

CSU updated their forecast on June 1 to include 14 named storms, 6 hurricanes and 2 major hurricanes to include Tropical Storm Bonnie.[11] It was again updated on July 1 to include 15 named storms, 6 hurricanes and 2 major hurricanes, to accommodate for tropical storms Colin and Danielle.[12] On July 5, TSR released their fourth forecast for the season, slightly lowering the predicted numbers to 16 tropical storms, 8 hurricanes and 3 major hurricanes.[13] On August 5, TSR released their final forecast for the season, lowering the numbers to 15 named storms and 7 hurricanes due to the influence of La Niña being less than anticipated previously.[15] NOAA updated their forecast on August 11, increasing their predictions to 12–17 named storms, 5–8 hurricanes, and 2–4 major hurricanes.[16]

Seasonal summary edit

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the 2016 Atlantic hurricane season.
Hurricane OttoHurricane Nicole (2016)Hurricane MatthewTropical Storm Julia (2016)Hurricane HermineHurricane Earl (2016)Tropical Storm Colin (2016)Tropical Storm Bonnie (2016)Hurricane Alex (2016)Saffir–Simpson scale
 
Three tropical cyclones active in the Atlantic basin on August 31. From left to right: Hermine (left), TD Eight (northeast of Hermine, middle), and Gaston (right)

The 2016 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 2016.[7] It was an above average season and the most active since 2012, producing a total of 15 named storms, 7 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes. The first storm, Hurricane Alex, developed on January 12, while the final system, Hurricane Otto, made a crossover to the Eastern Pacific on November 25. The higher-than-normal activity was attributed to many factors. Most significantly, one of the strongest El Niño events recorded in history rapidly dissipated, transforming to cool-neutral conditions across the Pacific in late summer. This led to warmer than normal sea surface temperatures across the Atlantic, though the subtropical regions were slightly cooler than normal; slightly lower than normal sea level pressures; and reduced wind shear, especially in the Caribbean, which had experienced record values of wind shear in the past recent years. Moisture levels, however, were anomalously dry, which likely prevented some of the storms from becoming significant hurricanes. Steering currents had also been different from past years, which had previously had a trough of low pressure dominating the East Coast of the United States.[19] The tropical cyclones of this season caused about $16.1 billion in damage and at least 748 deaths,[20] being the costliest season since 2012, the deadliest since 2008.[21] The Atlantic hurricane season officially ended on November 30, 2016.[7]

The year opened up with an anomalous storm in January: Hurricane Alex, the first system of such intensity to develop in January since 1938.[22] Activity picked up at the end of May into June, with three consecutive tropical storms: Bonnie, Colin, and Danielle. The latter two became the earliest third- and fourth-named storms on record respectively.[23][24][25] July saw no storm development for the first time in four years, however.[26] August saw the formation of five tropical cyclones, including Earl, Fiona, Gaston, Eight, and Hermine. A Category 1 hurricane, Earl wrought tremendous damage in Belize and Mexico. With 81 lives lost in Mexico during the passage of Earl, it was the deadliest Atlantic hurricane in the country since 2005.[27] Gaston became the season's first major hurricane on August 28, attaining peak winds of 120 mph (195 km/h) over the central Atlantic.[28] On September 1, Hermine struck the Florida Peninsula as a Category 1 hurricane, ending an 11-year drought of hurricane landfalls in the state, which began after Hurricane Wilma in October 2005.[29]

September featured another five tropical cyclones: Ian, Julia, Karl, Lisa, and Matthew, the latter of which persisted into October. Matthew proved to be the most significant storm of the season, becoming the first Category 5 hurricane in the Atlantic since Hurricane Felix in 2007,[30] and, with a death toll of over 600, it was the deadliest in the Atlantic basin since Hurricane Stan in 2005. It subsequently struck Haiti as a Category 4 hurricane, and inflicted catastrophic damage across the impoverished nation. Matthew also caused extensive damage in Cuba, the Bahamas, and the Southeastern United States.[31] Concurrently, Hurricane Nicole meandered south of Bermuda for more than a week before making a direct hit on the territory as a major hurricane.[32] The next four weeks were quiet, until Hurricane Otto formed in the southwestern Caribbean during late November. Otto eventually became the latest-forming major hurricane in the Atlantic basin on record, surpassing a storm in 1934.[33] After striking Nicaragua and becoming the first hurricane on record to pass over Costa Rica, Otto – the final tropical cyclone of the season – then emerged into the Eastern Pacific basin on November 25, the first such occurrence since Hurricane Cesar–Douglas in 1996.[33]

The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy index of 141 units,[17] which was well above the 1981–2010 median of 92,[34] as well as the highest value since 2010.[17]

Systems edit

Hurricane Alex edit

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
   
DurationJanuary 12 – January 15
Peak intensity85 mph (140 km/h) (1-min);
981 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Alex (2016)

A weak area of low pressure developed over northwestern Cuba in association with a stationary front on January 6. The frontal wave intensified as it moved into the central Atlantic, temporarily attaining hurricane-force winds by January 10. Steered by anomalous high pressure, the disturbance turned southeast and tracked over warmer waters. Its associated fronts dissipated, its wind field became more symmetric, and convection increased near the center, leading to the formation of Subtropical Storm Alex by 18:00 UTC on January 12. Despite marginal ocean temperatures, Alex benefited from rapidly cooling upper-air temperatures, and it intensified quickly while turning northeast. The presence of deeper convection near the center and an eye on conventional satellite showcased the storm's transition into a fully tropical cyclone and intensification into a hurricane by 06:00 UTC on January 14. Six hours later, it peaked with maximum sustained winds of 85 mph (135 km/h). Alex turned north after peak, and the storm weakened to a tropical storm before making landfall on Terceira Island, Azores. With decreasing core convection and an impinging warm front, Alex transitioned into an extratropical cyclone by 18:00 UTC on January 15 and was absorbed by a larger extratropical low two days later.[22]

The precursor disturbance to Hurricane Alex produced gusts up to 60 mph (95 km/h) on Bermuda, as well as swells up to 20 ft (6 m) offshore; this disrupted air travel, downed trees, caused sporadic power outages, and suspended ferry services.[35] In the Azores, the cyclone produced maximum rainfall accumulations up to 4.04 in (103 mm) in Lagoa.[36] Peak gusts of 57 mph (92 km/h) affected Ponta Delgada, causing minor to moderate damage.[37] Landslides also contributed to minor damage.[38] One death occurred when a victim that suffered a heart attack was unable to be airlifted to a hospital due to unsettled conditions.[39]

Tropical Storm Bonnie edit

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
   
DurationMay 27 – June 4
Peak intensity45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min);
1006 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Tropical Storm Bonnie (2016)

An area of low pressure developed into Tropical Depression Two at 18:00 UTC on May 27, while situated about 205 mi (330 km) northeast of Great Abaco in the Bahamas. Moving steadily west-northwestwards, Bonnie intensified into a tropical storm on May 28. Shortly thereafter, the storm reached its peak winds of 45 mph (70 km/h). However, due to hostile environmental conditions, Bonnie weakened to a depression hours before making landfall just east of Isle of Palms, South Carolina, on May 29. Steering currents collapsed afterwards, causing the storm to meander over South Carolina for two days. The storm weakened further into a non-tropical remnant low on May 31, before emerging off the coast while moving generally east-northeastwards. On June 2, Bonnie regenerated into a tropical depression just offshore North Carolina as conditions became slightly more favorable. The next day, despite increasing wind shear and cooling sea surface temperatures, Bonnie reintensified into a tropical storm and reached its minimum barometric pressure of 1,006 mbar (29.7 inHg). The storm weakened to a tropical depression late on June 4 and became a non-tropical low again early the next day to the north of Bermuda. The remnants moved east-southeast until dissipating on June 9.[23]

Rip currents along the coastline of the Southeast United States led to dozens of water rescues; the body of one 20-year-old man was recovered in Brevard County, Florida, after he drowned,[40] Lingering over South Carolina for a few days, Bonnie brought heavy rains and widespread floods to the Southeastern United States. Rainfall totals hit 6 in (150 mm) in much of South Carolina, and exceeded 10 in (250 mm) in some areas. Flooding resulted in the closure of the southbound lanes of Interstate 95 in Jasper County, and also inundated the Jasper County Sheriff's Office and Detention Center. In Ridgeland, several buildings were damaged and the local wastewater treatment plant overflowed, spilling discharge into the nearby Captain Bill Creek. Damage in this county alone exceeded $640,000. Record-breaking rainfall was observed across much of the Outer Banks; on Hatteras Island, Cape Point Campground was closed for a week due to flooding.[41] In North Carolina, the body of a 21-year-old man was recovered in New Hanover County, several days after he went missing in rough surf.[42]

Tropical Storm Colin edit

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
   
DurationJune 5 – June 7
Peak intensity50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min);
1001 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Tropical Storm Colin (2016)

On May 27, a tropical wave exited the coast of Africa. By early June, the wave entered the Caribbean and spawned a low-pressure system. The low remained disorganized with only isolated convection, mostly in the eastern quadrant. Convection began to wrap into the center as the storm curved northward into the Gulf of Mexico on June 3. After the low passed over the Yucatán Peninsula on June 5, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) upgraded it to Tropical Depression Three. Later that day, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Colin. Gradually curving northeastwards, Colin remained disorganized as it accelerated towards the coast of Florida on June 6.[24] The NHC noted that there was uncertainty in locating the circulation center, instead taking the midpoint between two small-scale circulations.[43] However, the NHC increased the winds to 50 mph (80 km/h) following a strong burst in Colin's convection. Colin continued accelerating to the northeast and made landfall near Keaton Beach, Florida, at 02:00 UTC on June 7. Failing to weaken over land,[24] Colin began undergoing extratropical transition after the increasingly ill-defined circulation moved off the coast of Georgia,[44] and became fully extratropical hours later.[24]

In Cuba, heavy rainfall resulted in flooding in the western portions of the island, especially Pinar del Río Province. Water left several roads impassable and inundated crops in some areas;[45] about 840,000 acres (340,000 ha) of crops were flooded overall.[46] In Old Havana, mudslides severely damaged three homes and impacted numerous others to a lesser degree.[47][48] The storm also produced heavy rainfall over portions of Florida, resulting in flooding in some areas, especially Hillsborough and Pinellas counties.[24] There, the freshwater flooding was compounded by coastal flooding from high tides. Winds caused over 93,300 power outages throughout the state.[49] The storm spawned at least one tornado, which knocked down trees and damaged several cars and homes in Jacksonville.[24] Four fatalities occurred in the Florida Panhandle due to drowning.[50] Heavy rainfall was also observed in portions of Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Two additional drowning deaths occurred in Georgia and one in Alabama. Damage throughout the East Coast reached $1.04 million.[51]

Tropical Storm Danielle edit

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
   
DurationJune 19 – June 21
Peak intensity45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min);
1007 mbar (hPa)

A tropical wave emerged off the western coast of Africa on June 8, reaching the southwestern Caribbean Sea by June 15. Convection increased that day, and further organized after the system entered the Bay of Campeche three days later, subsequently leading to the formation of a tropical depression by 12:00 UTC on June 19. Steered west-northwest and then northwest by a mid-level ridge, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Danielle by 06:00 UTC on June 20 and attained peak winds of 45 mph (70 km/h) six hours later. Interaction with land began to weaken the storm a few hours later, and Danielle made landfall near Tamiahua, Mexico with winds of 40 mph (65 km/h). The storm rapidly weakened as it moved inland, falling to tropical depression intensity by 00:00 UTC on June 21 and degenerating into a remnant low six hours later. The remnant low continued inland before dissipating over the mountains of eastern Mexico that same day.[25]

A tropical storm warning was issued along the coast of Mexico from Laguna Verde to Rio Paranuco. It was later discontinued when Danielle moved ashore and rapidly weakened. Danielle dropped heavy rainfall across the affected regions, particularly the areas near Veracruz and Tamiahua. Official amounts were not reported, however the maximum rainfall that was observed was around 6.22 in (158 mm) at Cosautlán de Carvajal. The cyclone also brought wind gusts up to 45 mph (72 km/h), reported near Tampico.[25] Across much of Veracruz, officials suspended school activities and the port of Veracruz was temporarily closed. Flooding in the Pueblo Viejo Municipality affected 1,200 families and prompted activation of public shelters.[52] A homeless man drowned in a storm drain in Ciudad Madero, Tamaulipas, after flash flooding impacted the area.[53]

Hurricane Earl edit

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
   
DurationAugust 2 – August 6
Peak intensity85 mph (140 km/h) (1-min);
979 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Earl (2016)

On July 26, a tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa. The disturbance's rapid movement prevented significant development for several days. By August 2, a reconnaissance aircraft reported a closed circulation and tropical storm-force winds. As a result, the disturbance became Tropical Storm Earl around 06:00 UTC. Steered generally westward by a ridge over the South United States, Earl intensified amid warm ocean temperatures and low shear, attaining hurricane intensity and peaking with winds of 85 mph (135 km/h) on August 3. Earl struck Turneffe Caye in Belize around 04:00 UTC on August 4 and then made landfall just south of Belize City about two hours later. It quickly weakened over land, but emerged into the Bay of Campeche on August 5 as a minimal tropical storm. A hurricane hunters mission flew into Earl later on August 5, measuring 60 mph (95 km/h) winds. The cyclone made landfall at that intensity near Veracruz, Veracruz, around 02:00 UTC on August 6. Once inland, Earl quickly weakened, falling to tropical depression intensity at 12:00 UTC and dissipating by 18:00 UTC.[27]

The precursor to Earl brought heavy rain and gusty winds to the Lesser Antilles and Greater Antilles. Strong winds in the Dominican Republic downed a power line onto a bus, subsequently causing a fire that killed six people. A boat crash in Samaná Bay killed seven people.[54][55] Significant impacts were reported in Belize after Earl moved ashore as a hurricane, including downed trees and power lines, blown transformers, damaged or ripped-off roofs, coastal and inland flooding, and a significant storm surge.[56] About 2,000 homes were damaged or destroyed throughout Belize.[57] Damage in the country reached about $110 million. In Mexico, flooding and landslides resulted in severe damage and many deaths, especially in Puebla and Veracruz. In the former, mudslides damaged hundreds of homes, including 350 in the village of Chicahuaxtla alone. Huauchinango observed a month's worth of rainfall in only about 24 hours, resulting in mudslides that killed at least 13 people. Throughout Puebla, there were at least 41 deaths. In Veracruz, Earl and the resultant landslides damaged about 6,300 homes and 26 roadways, while 13 fatalities occurred. Overall, Earl left $132 million in damage and 81 fatalities in Mexico, with 10 other people missing.[27]

Tropical Storm Fiona edit

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
   
DurationAugust 16 – August 23
Peak intensity50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min);
1004 mbar (hPa)

Late on August 14, the NHC began monitoring a tropical wave and its associated convection off the west coast of Africa for potential development.[58] Steered northwest toward a weakness in the subtropical ridge over the central Atlantic, the wave organized sufficiently to become a tropical depression by 18:00 UTC on August 16. The depression slowly organized after formation and developed a central dense overcast, with the system becoming Tropical Storm Fiona by 12:00 UTC on August 17.[59] Despite strong westerly shear, abundant mid-level dry air, and an otherwise disheveled satellite appearance,[60] an advanced scatterometer (ASCAT) pass indicated a maximum sustained wind speed of 50 mph (80 km/h) early on August 19.[59][60] Although sporadic bursts of convection continued amid the hostile environment, Fiona weakened to a tropical depression by 06:00 UTC on August 22 and degenerated into a remnant low early on August 23 about 375 mi (605 km) south-southwest of Bermuda. The remnants merged with a weakening frontal zone near Bermuda on August 25.[59]

Hurricane Gaston edit

Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS)
   
DurationAugust 22 – September 2
Peak intensity120 mph (195 km/h) (1-min);
955 mbar (hPa)

On August 17, the NHC highlighted the potential for tropical cyclogenesis off the western coast of Africa in subsequent days.[61] A weak area of low pressure associated with a tropical wave emerged into the eastern Atlantic three days later,[62] and the disturbance steadily coalesced into a tropical depression by 12:00 UTC on August 22, about 305 mi (490 km) southwest of the southernmost Cabo Verde Islands.[28] The depression organized while heading northwest, intensifying into Tropical Storm Gaston six hours later and attaining hurricane intensity by 12:00 UTC on August 24, in accordance with data from satellites and an NASA Global Hawk unmanned aircraft.[28][63] After its initial peak in intensity, Gaston's satellite appearance began to degrade as an upper-level low imparted strong southwesterly shear on the cyclone,[64] causing it to weaken back to a tropical storm.[28] Upper-level winds slackened early on August 27, and a timely microwave pass highlighted the presence of a low-level eye well embedded in the storm's central dense overcast, indicating the resumption of Gaston's intensification phase.[65]

Although Gaston continued northwestward, its motion slowed in a weak steering regime. Amid low shear and warm ocean temperatures, Gaston attained hurricane intensity for a second time at 18:00 UTC on August 27. About 24 hours later, the storm deepened to a Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale, the first major hurricane of the season, by 18:00 UTC the next day. With a symmetric ring of deep convection surrounding a distinct eye, Gaston ultimately peaked with sustained winds of 120 mph (195 km/h) six hours later.[28] A mid-level trough moving southeastward across the North Atlantic eroded a series of ridges steering Gaston, causing the system to drift north and northeast. Cold water upwelling and an eyewall replacement cycle caused Gaston to weaken on August 29,[66] although the cyclone unexpectedly re-intensified to 120 mph (195 km/h) for a second time around 00:00 UTC on August 31. Later that day, it began encountering increasingly cool waters and a higher shear, leading the storm to fall below major hurricane status by 18:00 UTC on August 31, and below hurricane intensity by 12:00 UTC on September 2. Continuous unfavorable conditions caused deep convection to dissipate, and Gaston transitioned into an extratropical cyclone as its center grazed Flores Island at 18:00 UTC. Gaston's remnant circulation dissipated 24 hours later northwest of the Azores.[28]

Tropical Depression Eight edit

Tropical depression (SSHWS)
   
DurationAugust 28 – September 1
Peak intensity35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
1010 mbar (hPa)

A broad low pressure developed on August 26 as a frontal boundary stalled near Bermuda and weakened. Early on August 27, the low became well-defined, but lacked sufficient convection,[67] and was plagued by unfavorable conditions such as dry air and moderate wind shear.[68] However, a large burst of convection near and to the west of the center prompted the upgrade to Tropical Depression Eight at 12:00 UTC on August 28 about 350 mi (560 km) southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.[67] A ridge to the north steered the depression westward into an area of moderate wind shear.[69] Late on August 28, the center became exposed from the convection,[70] but convection increased again after about 24 hours.[71] As it approached the Carolina coastline on August 30, a weakness in the subtropical ridge caused the depression to slow down and turn northward; its closest approach to the United States was 60 mi (95 km) south-southeast of Cape Hatteras later that day. The depression then turned eastward in response to becoming entangled in the mid-latitude westerlies. As it accelerated, the circulation began to become elongated. The depression degenerated into a trough of low pressure by 00:00 UTC on September 1. The remnants were absorbed into a frontal system on September 2.[67]

The precursor low dropped about 1.4 in (36 mm) of rainfall on Bermuda, triggering some localized flooding.[72] As the depression approached the coastline, a tropical storm watch was issued for Cape Lookout to Oregon Inlet, North Carolina, early on August 29. This was later upgraded to a warning with the addition of including the Pamlico Sound. As the depression failed to intensify and moved away from the coastline, the warnings were discontinued at 00:00 UTC on August 31.[67] There were only reports of some rainfall, gusty winds, and minor surf in the Outer Banks.[73]

Hurricane Hermine edit

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
   
DurationAugust 28 – September 3
Peak intensity80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min);
981 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Hermine

A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa between August 16 and August 17. The wave failed to develop for several days due to its quick movement and dry air. Deep convection eventually consolidated and a circulation finally developed by August 28, with a tropical depression developing at 18:00 UTC, about 60 mi (95 km) south-southeast of Key West, Florida. Initially, the depression moved westward, until a break in a ridge caused it to move northeastward early on August 31. Around that time, the cyclone intensified into Tropical Storm Hermine. The storm steadily intensified into an 80 mph (130 km/h) Category 1 hurricane by early on September 2,[29] becoming the first hurricane to form in the Gulf of Mexico since Ingrid in 2013.[74] Hermine made landfall near St. Marks, Florida, at 05:30 UTC. After moving inland, Hermine quickly weakened and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on September 3 near the Outer Banks of North Carolina. The remnant system meandered offshore the Northeastern United States before dissipating over southeastern Massachusetts on September 8.[29]

The precursor system dropped heavy precipitation in portions of the Caribbean, especially the Dominican Republic and Cuba.[29] In the former, the storm damaged more than 200 homes and displaced more than 1,000 people.[75] Although some areas of Cuba recorded over 12 in (300 mm) of rain, the precipitation was generally beneficial due to a severe drought. In Florida, abnormally high tides and heavy precipitation along the gulf coast caused significant damage.[29] In Citrus County, one of the worst areas impacted, 2,694 structures were damaged, of which 531 experienced severe damage, while damage reached about $102 million.[76] Similar coastal and freshwater flooding occurred in Pasco County, where 7 homes were destroyed, 305 sustained major damage, and 1,564 received minor damage.[77] Winds primarily left power outages and downed trees, some of which fell onto buildings and vehicles. About 325,000 people were left without electricity.[78] Near Ocala, a tree fell on a homeless man's tent, killing him. Flooding and fairly strong winds in other states such as Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina caused additional damage, but to a lesser extent.[29] One death each occurred in South Carolina and North Carolina.[29][79] In New York, two fishermen drowned near the Wading River on Long Island due to rough surf.[80] Overall, Hermine caused about $550 million in damage in the United States.[29]

Tropical Storm Ian edit

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
   
DurationSeptember 12 – September 16
Peak intensity60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min);
994 mbar (hPa)

On September 5, the NHC indicated that the development of a tropical cyclone was possible in the East Atlantic over subsequent days.[81] A tropical wave emerged off the west coast of Africa on September 6, slowly coalescing into Tropical Storm Ian by 06:00 UTC on September 12.[82] Steered north and the northeast by an approaching upper-level trough, the cyclone struggled within an environment of high shear, with its low-level center displaced west of its associated convection.[83] An upper-trough became superimposed with the storm's center by late on September 14, yielding a more subtropical-like appearance on conventional satellite. As a result, Ian briefly transitioned into a subtropical storm around 18:00 UTC, but re-acquired tropical characteristics just 18 hours later while moving northeastward away from the aforementioned trough.[82] By 06:00 UTC on September 16, a small mid-level eye became apparent and Ian began to intensify,[84] with winds reaching 60 mph (95 km/h) at that time.[82][84] However, deep convection soon dissipated as cold air wrapped into the center, marking Ian's transition into an extratropical cyclone around 12:00 UTC.[85] On September 17, Ian's remnants were absorbed by a larger extratropical cyclone and soon dissipated.[82]

Tropical Storm Julia edit

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
   
DurationSeptember 13 – September 18
Peak intensity50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min);
1007 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Tropical Storm Julia (2016)

On September 1, a tropical wave entered the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa. A low-pressure area developed after a burst in convection near the Leeward Islands around September 6, but dry air and wind shear inhibited further development. At 06:00 UTC on September 13, the system maintained sufficient organization to become a tropical depression. Around that time, it made landfall in Jensen Beach, Florida. Despite being inland, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Julia over Jacksonville and peaked with winds of 50 mph (80 km/h) shortly thereafter. The cyclone drifted north-northwestward and then northeastward, moving offshore the Southeastern United States on September 14 under a weak steering regime. A cyclonic loop occurred as strong westerly air developed in the region.[86] The shear caused fluctuations in intensity, while there were bursts of convection around the disorganized center.[87] By September 19, the center of Julia was devoid of strong convection, as rainbands rapidly diminished, and soon degraded into a remnant low. The remnants dissipated over eastern North Carolina on September 21.[86]

In its precursor and early stages, the storm caused generally minor wind and flooding damage in Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina due to its asymmetrical structure and fairly weak intensity. Parts of North Carolina received as much as 12 in (300 mm) of rain, while as much as 18 in (460 mm) fell in the Hampton Roads area of Virginia. A total of 63 people had to be rescued from their homes, and 61 were evacuated from nursing homes. One million gallons of sewage from Elizabeth City flowed into the Pasquotank River and Charles Creek. The Cashie River in Windsor, North Carolina, reached 15 ft (4.6 m) on September 22, 2 ft (0.61 m) above flood stage. That same day, Governor Pat McCrory declared a state of emergency in 11 counties. Schools were closed in Bertie, Currituck and Hertford counties.[88] Overall, Julia caused about $6.13 million in damage.[89]

Tropical Storm Karl edit

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
   
DurationSeptember 14 – September 25
Peak intensity70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min);
988 mbar (hPa)

A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on September 12. The wave steadily organized while passing through the Cabo Verde Islands, and attained sufficient organization to be declared a tropical depression by 06:00 UTC on September 14.[90] Strong shear plagued the cyclone, with its low-level circulation misplaced from the convection.[91] By 06:00 UTC on September 15, however, a significant burst of deep convection prompted the depression's upgrade to Tropical Storm Karl. The cyclone continued west for several days across the unfavorable central Atlantic, with convection sheared to the northeast and the circulation occasionally becoming poorly defined. Despite continued predictions of intensification into a powerful hurricane, Karl instead succumbed to the hostile conditions and weakened to a tropical depression around 06:00 UTC on September 21 as it passed close to an upper-level low.[90][92] However, by the following day, the upper-level low moved away to the south, causing a reduction in shear that allowed the system to reattain tropical storm intensity as it curved near Bermuda.[90] Accelerating east-northeastwards, Karl continued to strengthen and it attained peak winds of 70 mph (115 km/h) early on September 25.[90] However, cold air encroached on the low-level circulation by 12:00 UTC that day, marking Karl's transition to an extratropical cyclone.[93] Karl's remnant low continued northeast over the North Atlantic and was absorbed by another extratropical system early on September 26.[90]

In Bermuda, about 800 people lost power indirectly from the storm due to a mainline fault on the island. Otherwise, damage was relatively minor. Sustained winds of 46 mph (74 km/h) and gusts to over 68 mph (109 km/h) were observed,[90] along with 4.71 in (120 mm) of rainfall; this contributed to the wettest September on record in Bermuda.[94] Long-period swells from Karl reached the East Coast of the United States as the storm moved out to sea.[95]

Tropical Storm Lisa edit

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
   
DurationSeptember 19 – September 25
Peak intensity50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min);
999 mbar (hPa)

On September 14, the NHC noted the potential for tropical cyclone development in the East Atlantic later in the week.[96] A tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa on September 16, developing into a tropical depression by 12:00 UTC on September 19, about 225 mi (360 km) west-southwest of the southernmost Cabo Verde Islands. On September 20, the depression strengthened to Tropical storm Lisa. Around 12:00 UTC on September 22, Lisa peaked with sustained winds of 50 mph (80 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 999 mbar (29.5 inHg). The storm soon began weakening due increasing wind shear, but Lisa briefly restrengthened on September 24. Lisa managed to maintain tropical storm intensity while battling unfavorable conditions until early on September 25, weakening to a tropical depression at that time. Lisa became a remnant low at 06:00 UTC.[97] The remnants were monitored for potential regeneration,[98] but failed to redevelop and dissipated later that day.[97]

Hurricane Matthew edit

Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS)
   
DurationSeptember 28 – October 9
Peak intensity165 mph (270 km/h) (1-min);
934 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Matthew
See also: Meteorological history of Hurricane Matthew, Effects of Hurricane Matthew in Haiti, and Effects of Hurricane Matthew in Florida

A tropical wave developed into Tropical Storm Matthew near Barbados on September 28. Continuing westward under the influence of a mid-level ridge, the storm steadily intensified to attain hurricane intensity by 18:00 UTC on September 29. The effects of southwesterly wind shear unexpectedly abated late that day, and Matthew began a period of rapid intensification; during a 24-hour period beginning at 00:00 UTC on September 30, the cyclone's maximum winds more than doubled, from 80 mph (130 km/h) to 165 mph (265 km/h), making Matthew a Category 5 hurricane,[31] the first since Hurricane Felix in 2007.[99] Due to upwelling of cooler waters, Matthew weakened to a Category 4 hurricane later on October 1. Matthew remained a powerful Category 4 hurricane for several days, making landfall near Les Anglais, Haiti, around 11:00 UTC on October 4 with winds of 150 mph (240 km/h). Continuing northward, the cyclone struck Maisí in Cuba early on October 5. Cuba's and Haiti's mountainous terrain weakened Matthew to Category 3 status, as it began to accelerate northwestwards through the Bahamas.[31]

Restrengthening occurred as Matthew's circulation became better organized, with the storm becoming a Category 4 hurricane again while passing Freeport. However, Matthew began to weaken again as an eyewall replacement cycle took place. The storm significantly weakened while closely paralleling the coasts of Florida and Georgia, with the northwestern portion of the outer eyewall coming ashore in Florida while the system was a Category 3 hurricane. Matthew weakened to a Category 2 hurricane late on October 7 and then to a Category 1 hurricane by 12:00 UTC on October 8. About three hours later, the hurricane made landfall at Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge, near McClellanville, South Carolina, with winds of 85 mph (135 km/h).[31] Convection became displaced as Matthew pulled away from land,[100] with the storm becoming extratropical about 200 mi (320 km) east of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, on October 9.[31]

Heavy rains and strong winds buffeted the Lesser Antilles. The winds caused widespread power outages and damaged crops, particularly in St. Lucia, while flooding and landslides caused by the rainfall damaged many homes and roads. One person died in St. Vincent when he was crushed by a boulder.[101] The storm brought precipitation to Colombia's Guajira Peninsula, which saw its first heavy rain event in three years. One person drowned in a river in Uribia.[102] In Haiti, flooding and high winds disrupted telecommunications and destroyed extensive swaths of land; around 80% of Jérémie sustained significant damage.[103] Matthew left about $1.9 billion in damage and at least 546 deaths.[31][104] Heavy rainfall spread eastward across the Dominican Republic, where four were killed.[105] Effects in Cuba were most severe along the coast, where storm surge caused extensive damage.[106] Four people were killed due to a bridge collapse,[107] and total losses in the country amounted to $2.58 billion, most of which occurred in the Guantánamo Province.[108] Passing through the Bahamas as a major hurricane, Matthew inflicted severe impacts across several islands, particularly Grand Bahama, where an estimated 95% of homes sustained damage in the townships of Eight Mile Rock and Holmes Rock. In Florida, much of the damage occurred was caused by strong winds and storm surge in the east-central and northeastern portions of the state. About 1.2 million people lost power.[31] Damage in Florida reached over $2.75 billion and there were 12 deaths.[109] An additional 1.3 million people lost electricity in Georgia and South Carolina combined. Torrential rain caused severe flooding, especially in North Carolina and South Carolina,[31] where some rivers exceed record heights set by Hurricane Floyd and the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane.[31][110] In North Carolina, 100,000 structures were flooded and damage reached $1.5 billion.[31] Overall, Matthew caused at least 603 deaths and about $15.1 billion in damage.[31][107][111][112]

Hurricane Nicole edit

Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)
   
DurationOctober 4 – October 18
Peak intensity140 mph (220 km/h) (1-min);
950 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Nicole (2016)

A tropical wave developed into Tropical Storm Nicole about 530 mi (850 km) northeast of San Juan, Puerto Rico, early on October 4, [32] based on an ASCAT pass revealing a well-defined surface circulation and winds of up to 50 mph (80 km/h). The NHC forecast only gradual strengthening as the storm moved slowly to the north due to weak steering currents.[113] An eye then became visible at both mid- and upper-level heights, and Nicole rapidly strengthened to a Category 2 hurricane to the south of Bermuda, as winds reached 105 mph (170 km/h) early on October 7.[32] With Matthew located offshore Florida, this was the first time since 1964 that two hurricanes at or above Category 2 existed simultaneously in the western Atlantic Ocean (65°W).[114] However, Nicole was then impacted by wind shear, with the eye soon becoming no longer visible and convection diminishing.[115] Nicole rapidly weakened to a strong tropical storm on October 7. Further weakening occurred as it drifted southward, and by October 8, the circulation was exposed and the system was barely a tropical storm, with all convection displaced to the south.[116] Later that day, an impressive burst of convection flared up over the center, and Nicole again became more organized as it began to turn to the north.[117]

Gradual intensification continued throughout the next few days before briefly stopping, then later resuming on October 11 as the storm turned towards Bermuda and re-strengthened to Category 1 status. On October 12, Nicole became a Category 2 hurricane again. Later on the same day, Nicole became a major hurricane upon reaching Category 3 intensity. The next day, Nicole briefly strengthened into a Category 4 hurricane, peaking with maximum sustained winds of 140 mph (225 km/h). However, the storm weakened back to a Category 3 hurricane several hours later due to increasing vertical wind shear.[32] At 15:00 UTC on October 13, the hurricane's eye passed directly over Bermuda, where automated surface station measured sustained winds of 87 mph (140 km/h) and a gust reaching 119 mph (192 km/h).[118] At 06:00 UTC on October 14, southwesterly wind shear reduced the system to Category 1 status. The storm slowly began to weaken the next day, falling to a tropical storm intensity early on October 18. Nicole transitioned into an extratropical cyclone at 06:00 UTC later that day.

Overall, Nicole was responsible for $15 million in damages across Bermuda.[32] Along the East Coast of the United States, a swimmer in North Carolina drowned due to rip currents produced by Nicole.[119]

Hurricane Otto edit

Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS)
   
DurationNovember 20 – November 25
(Exited basin)
Peak intensity115 mph (185 km/h) (1-min);
975 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Otto

On November 15, a broad low-pressure area developed in the southwestern Caribbean Sea. After an increase in convective organization, the system developed into a tropical depression about 120 mi (190 km) north of Colón, Panama late on November 20. Fueled by warm waters and good outflow, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Otto by 06:00 UTC on November 21. Otto deepened into a hurricane on November 23 while drifting westward; this was the latest date for a tropical cyclone to reach that intensity over the Caribbean Sea, one day later than the previous record set by Hurricane Martha in 1969. Otto rapidly intensified throughout the following day, and at 17:30 UTC November 24, the storm made landfall on the southern Nicaragua coast near San Juan de Nicaragua at peak intensity, as a Category 3 hurricane with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). This was the southernmost hurricane landfall in Central America. Weakening ensued as Otto moved inland. Around 03:30 UTC on November 25, Otto exited into the Eastern Pacific, marking the first time a tropical cyclone survived the crossover from the Atlantic to the Eastern Pacific since Hurricane Cesar–Douglas in 1996.[120]

In Panama, the outer bands of Otto brought heavy precipitation and strong winds. The hurricane left nine deaths in the country, with one after a house was struck by a falling tree in Panama City, three from landslides, two by drowning in a rain-swollen river, and three others after the ship Jessica sank.[121] Generally, rainfall of 3 to 6 in (76 to 152 mm) was observed in Nicaragua.[120] Throughout the country, Otto damaged 857 houses, 8 schools, and 2 health facilities. About 5,600 ft (1,700 m) of power lines were damaged, causing power and water outages.[122] Four deaths were reported.[123] In Costa Rica, rainfall peaked at 12.11 in (308 mm) at Miravalles Volcano.[120] Flooding and mudslides left 42 communities isolated and damaged 14 water systems.[122] Damage reached at least $190 million and there were 10 fatalities.[120][124]

Other system edit

 
The cyclone on September 15

On September 15, Météo-France began monitoring a cyclone in the Bay of Biscay that they claimed was subtropical, having apparently possessing an asymmetric wind field of tropical-storm force winds and a warm thermal core.[125][126] However, American meteorological agencies disagreed and determined it was non-tropical,[127] as proven by surface analysis data from NOAA, which showed that the cyclone still had an occluded front connected to it – signs that usually indicate an extratropical cyclone.[128] The system drifted southeastwards, attaining a peak intensity of 996 mbar (29.4 inHg),[125] and eventually made landfall near the border of Spain and France, rapidly weakening and eventually dissipating shortly thereafter, early on September 16.[129] The Free University of Berlin, in accordance with their naming of cyclones that affect their area, named the cyclone Stephanie.[130]

The cyclone brought only minor damage to Spain and France, most of which were caused by some strong wind gusts, swells, and some heavy rainfall.[130] Maximum gusts of up to 81 mph (130 km/h) were reported on the coast of Basque Country, with slightly higher gusts in the upper elevations.[131] A storm surge of 3–4 ft (0.91–1.22 m) was also reported on the coastlines of Spain and France. No major damage, fatalities or injuries were reported as a result.[131]

Storm names edit

Main articles: Tropical cyclone naming, History of tropical cyclone naming, and List of historic tropical cyclone names

The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Atlantic in 2016. The names not retired from this list were used again during the 2022 season. This was the same list used in the 2010 season, with the exceptions of Ian and Tobias, which replaced Igor and Tomas, respectively.[132] The name Ian was used for the first time this year.

  • Otto
  • Paula (unused)
  • Richard (unused)
  • Shary (unused)
  • Tobias (unused)
  • Virginie (unused)
  • Walter (unused)

Retirement edit

See also: List of retired Atlantic hurricane names

On March 26, 2017, at the 39th session of the RA IV hurricane committee, the World Meteorological Organization retired the names Matthew and Otto from its rotating name lists due to the amount of damage and deaths they caused, and they will not be used again for another Atlantic hurricane. They were replaced with Martin and Owen, respectively, for the 2022 season.[133]

Season effects edit

This is a table of the tropical cyclones that formed in the 2016 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their duration (within the basin), names, intensities, areas affected, damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all the damage figures are in 2016 USD.

Saffir–Simpson scale
TD TS C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
2016 North Atlantic tropical cyclone season statistics
Storm
name 		Dates active Storm category
at peak intensity 		Max 1-min
wind
mph (km/h) 		Min.
press.
(mbar) 		Areas affected Damage
(USD) 		Deaths Ref(s)
Alex January 12–15 Category 1 hurricane 85 (140) 981 The Bahamas, Bermuda, Azores, Southern Greenland Minimal (1) [39]
Bonnie May 27 – June 4 Tropical storm 45 (75) 1006 The Bahamas, Southeastern United States $640,000 2 [23][40][41]
Colin June 5–7 Tropical storm 50 (85) 1001 Yucatán Peninsula, Greater Antilles, East Coast of the United States $1.04 million 6 [51][50]
Danielle June 19–21 Tropical storm 45 (75) 1007 Yucatán Peninsula, Eastern Mexico Minimal 1 [53]
Earl August 2–6 Category 1 hurricane 85 (140) 979 Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, Central America, East Mexico $250 million 94 [27][134]
Fiona August 16–23 Tropical storm 50 (85) 1004 None None None
Gaston August 22 – September 2 Category 3 hurricane 120 (195) 955 Azores None None
Eight August 28 – September 1 Tropical depression 35 (55) 1010 North Carolina None None
Hermine August 28 – September 3 Category 1 hurricane 80 (130) 981 Greater Antilles, Gulf Coast of the United States, The Bahamas, East Coast of the United States, Atlantic Canada $550 million 4 (1) [29][80][79]
Ian September 12–16 Tropical storm 60 (95) 994 None None None
Julia September 13–18 Tropical storm 50 (85) 1007 Southeastern United States $6.13 million None [89]
Karl September 14–25 Tropical storm 70 (110) 988 Cape Verde, Bermuda Minimal None
Lisa September 19–25 Tropical storm 50 (85) 999 None None None
Matthew September 28 – October 9 Category 5 hurricane 165 (270) 934 Windward Islands, Leeward Antilles, South America, Greater Antilles, Lucayan Archipelago, Southeastern United States, Atlantic Canada $16.47 billion 586 (17) [31][107][111][112]
Nicole October 4–18 Category 4 hurricane 140 (220) 950 Bermuda $15 million 1 [32][119]
Otto November 20–25 Category 3 hurricane 115 (185) 975 Central America ≥ $192.2 million 23 [120][124][121][123]
Season aggregates
16 systems January 12 – November 25   165 (270) 934 ≥ $17.485 billion 717 (19)  

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ The last storm, Otto, exited into the eastern Pacific on this day, dissipating in that basin a day later.
  2. ^ All damage figures are in 2016 USD, unless otherwise noted

References edit

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External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2016 Atlantic hurricane season.
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October 28, 2023
2016, atlantic, hurricane, season, deadliest, atlantic, hurricane, season, since, 2008, first, above, average, hurricane, season, since, 2012, producing, named, storms, hurricanes, major, hurricanes, season, officially, started, june, ended, november, though, . The 2016 Atlantic hurricane season was the deadliest Atlantic hurricane season since 2008 and the first above average hurricane season since 2012 producing 15 named storms 7 hurricanes and 4 major hurricanes The season officially started on June 1 and ended on November 30 though the first storm Hurricane Alex which formed in the Northeastern Atlantic developed on January 12 being the first hurricane to develop in January since 1938 The final storm Otto crossed into the Eastern Pacific on November 25 a few days before the official end Following Alex Tropical Storm Bonnie brought flooding to South Carolina and portions of North Carolina Tropical Storm Colin in early June brought minor flooding and wind damage to parts of the Southeastern United States especially Florida Hurricane Earl left 94 fatalities in the Dominican Republic and Mexico 81 of which occurred in the latter In early September Hurricane Hermine the first hurricane to make landfall in Florida since Hurricane Wilma in 2005 brought extensive coastal flooding damage especially to the Forgotten and Nature coasts of Florida Hermine was responsible for five fatalities and about 550 million 2016 USD in damage b 2016 Atlantic hurricane seasonSeason summary mapSeasonal boundariesFirst system formedJanuary 12 2016Last system dissipatedNovember 25 2016 a Strongest stormNameMatthew Maximum winds165 mph 270 km h 1 minute sustained Lowest pressure934 mbar hPa 27 58 inHg Seasonal statisticsTotal depressions16 1 unofficialTotal storms15 1 unofficialHurricanes7Major hurricanes Cat 3 4Total fatalities736 totalTotal damage 17 485 billion 2016 USD Related articlesTimeline of the 2016 Atlantic hurricane season 2016 Pacific hurricane season 2016 Pacific typhoon season 2016 North Indian Ocean cyclone seasonAtlantic hurricane seasons2014 2015 2016 2017 2018The strongest costliest and deadliest storm of the season was Hurricane Matthew the southernmost Category 5 Atlantic hurricane on record and the first to reach that intensity since Felix in 2007 ending the longest streak of seasons without a hurricane of such intensity in the Satellite Era With at least 603 deaths attributed to it Matthew was the deadliest Atlantic hurricane since Stan of 2005 Furthermore damage from Matthew is estimated to be at least 16 5 billion making it the ninth costliest Atlantic hurricane on record at the time Hurricane Nicole became the first major hurricane to directly impact Bermuda since Hurricane Fabian in 2003 leaving widespread but relatively moderate damage on the island The final tropical cyclone of the season Hurricane Otto brought severe flooding to Central America in November particularly in Costa Rica and Nicaragua Otto left 23 deaths and about 190 million in damage On November 25 the storm emerged into the Eastern Pacific basin the first such occurrence since Hurricane Cesar Douglas in 1996 Most of the season s tropical cyclones impacted land and nine of those storms caused loss of life Collectively the storms left at least 736 fatalities and 17 49 billion in damage making the season the costliest since 2012 Most forecasting groups predicted above average activity in anticipation of a dissipating El Nino event and the development of a La Nina as well as warmer than normal sea surface temperatures Overall the forecasts were fairly accurate Contents 1 Seasonal forecasts 1 1 Pre season forecasts 1 2 Mid season outlooks 2 Seasonal summary 3 Systems 3 1 Hurricane Alex 3 2 Tropical Storm Bonnie 3 3 Tropical Storm Colin 3 4 Tropical Storm Danielle 3 5 Hurricane Earl 3 6 Tropical Storm Fiona 3 7 Hurricane Gaston 3 8 Tropical Depression Eight 3 9 Hurricane Hermine 3 10 Tropical Storm Ian 3 11 Tropical Storm Julia 3 12 Tropical Storm Karl 3 13 Tropical Storm Lisa 3 14 Hurricane Matthew 3 15 Hurricane Nicole 3 16 Hurricane Otto 3 17 Other system 4 Storm names 4 1 Retirement 5 Season effects 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External linksSeasonal forecasts editPredictions of tropical activity in the 2016 season Source Date Namedstorms Hurricanes MajorhurricanesAverage 1981 2010 1 12 1 6 4 2 7Record high activity 2 30 15 7 Record low activity 2 1 0 0 TSR 3 December 16 2015 13 5 2TSR 4 April 5 2016 12 6 2CSU 5 April 14 2016 13 6 2CCU 6 April 15 2016 13 7 4NCSU 7 April 15 2016 15 18 8 11 3 5UKMO 8 May 12 2016 14 8 N ANOAA 9 May 27 2016 10 16 4 8 1 4TSR 10 May 27 2016 17 9 4CSU 11 June 1 2016 14 6 2CSU 12 July 1 2016 15 6 2TSR 13 July 5 2016 16 8 3CSU 14 August 4 2016 15 6 2TSR 15 August 5 2016 15 7 3NOAA 16 August 11 2016 12 17 5 8 2 4Actual activity 15 7 4 June November only Most recent of several such occurrences See all Ahead of and during the season several meteorological services and scientific agencies forecast how many named storms hurricanes and major hurricanes will form during a season and or how many tropical cyclones will affect a particular country These agencies include the Tropical Storm Risk TSR Consortium of the University College London the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA United Kingdom Met Office UKMO Coastal Carolina University CCU Colorado State University CSU and North Carolina State University NCSU The forecasts include weekly and monthly changes in significant factors that help determine the number of tropical storms hurricanes and major hurricanes within a particular year Some of these forecasts also take into consideration what happened in previous seasons and the predicted weakening of the 2014 2016 El Nino event 3 On average an Atlantic hurricane season between 1981 and 2010 contained twelve tropical storms six hurricanes and two major hurricanes with an accumulated cyclone energy ACE index of between 66 and 103 units 1 Broadly speaking ACE is a measure of the power of a tropical or subtropical storm multiplied by the length of time it existed Therefore a storm with a longer duration or stronger intensity will have high values of ACE It is only calculated for full advisories on specific tropical systems reaching or exceeding wind speeds of 39 mph 63 km h Accordingly tropical depressions are not included here After the storm has dissipated typically after the end of the season the NHC reexamines the data and produces a final report on each storm These revisions can lead to a revised ACE total either upward or downward compared to the operational value 17 Pre season forecasts edit The first forecast for the year was issued by CSU on December 11 who anticipated that one of four different scenarios could occur The scenario considered most likely was that Atlantic multidecadal oscillation AMO and thermohaline circulation THC would be stronger but effects from El Nino would remain resulting in a slightly above average season The next most likely scenario was that both the AMO and THC would strengthen and the El Nino effects would cease to exist causing a well above average season In the other two scenarios which were given the same probability of occurrence the AMO and THC would weaken and the effects of El Nino would either disappear or some would remain resulting in either a near average or well below average season 18 TSR subsequently issued their first outlook for the 2016 season during December 16 2015 and predicted that activity would be about 20 below the 1950 2015 average or about 15 below the 2005 2015 average Specifically they thought that there would be 13 tropical storms 5 hurricanes 2 major hurricanes and an ACE index of 79 units 3 A few months later TSR issued their second prediction for the season during April 6 2016 and lowered the predicted number of named storms to 12 but raised the number of hurricanes to 6 4 On April 14 CSU predicted that the season would be near normal predicting 13 named storms 6 hurricanes and 2 major hurricanes with ACE near 93 5 On April 15 NCSU predicted the season would be very active with 15 18 named storms 8 11 hurricanes and 3 5 major hurricanes A month later the UKMO released its forecast predicting a slightly above average season with 14 named storms and 8 hurricanes It also predicted an ACE index of 125 above the defined average ACE index at 103 8 On May 27 NOAA issued its first outlook calling for a near normal season with a 70 chance that 10 16 named storms could form including 4 8 hurricanes of which 1 4 could reach major hurricane status NOAA also stated that there is a 45 chance of a near normal season 30 chance of an above normal season and 25 chance of a below normal season 9 Also on May 27 TSR substantially increased their forecast numbers predicting activity would be about 30 above the average with 17 named storms 9 hurricanes 4 major hurricanes and an ACE near 130 The reason for the increased activity forecast was the increased likelihood of La Nina forming during the season in addition to a trend towards a negative North Atlantic Oscillation which generally favors a warmer tropical Atlantic TSR predicted that there is a 57 chance that the 2016 Atlantic season would be above normal a 33 chance it would be near normal and only a 10 chance it would be below normal 10 Mid season outlooks edit CSU updated their forecast on June 1 to include 14 named storms 6 hurricanes and 2 major hurricanes to include Tropical Storm Bonnie 11 It was again updated on July 1 to include 15 named storms 6 hurricanes and 2 major hurricanes to accommodate for tropical storms Colin and Danielle 12 On July 5 TSR released their fourth forecast for the season slightly lowering the predicted numbers to 16 tropical storms 8 hurricanes and 3 major hurricanes 13 On August 5 TSR released their final forecast for the season lowering the numbers to 15 named storms and 7 hurricanes due to the influence of La Nina being less than anticipated previously 15 NOAA updated their forecast on August 11 increasing their predictions to 12 17 named storms 5 8 hurricanes and 2 4 major hurricanes 16 Seasonal summary editFor a chronological guide see Timeline of the 2016 Atlantic hurricane season nbsp Three tropical cyclones active in the Atlantic basin on August 31 From left to right Hermine left TD Eight northeast of Hermine middle and Gaston right The 2016 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1 2016 7 It was an above average season and the most active since 2012 producing a total of 15 named storms 7 hurricanes and 4 major hurricanes The first storm Hurricane Alex developed on January 12 while the final system Hurricane Otto made a crossover to the Eastern Pacific on November 25 The higher than normal activity was attributed to many factors Most significantly one of the strongest El Nino events recorded in history rapidly dissipated transforming to cool neutral conditions across the Pacific in late summer This led to warmer than normal sea surface temperatures across the Atlantic though the subtropical regions were slightly cooler than normal slightly lower than normal sea level pressures and reduced wind shear especially in the Caribbean which had experienced record values of wind shear in the past recent years Moisture levels however were anomalously dry which likely prevented some of the storms from becoming significant hurricanes Steering currents had also been different from past years which had previously had a trough of low pressure dominating the East Coast of the United States 19 The tropical cyclones of this season caused about 16 1 billion in damage and at least 748 deaths 20 being the costliest season since 2012 the deadliest since 2008 21 The Atlantic hurricane season officially ended on November 30 2016 7 The year opened up with an anomalous storm in January Hurricane Alex the first system of such intensity to develop in January since 1938 22 Activity picked up at the end of May into June with three consecutive tropical storms Bonnie Colin and Danielle The latter two became the earliest third and fourth named storms on record respectively 23 24 25 July saw no storm development for the first time in four years however 26 August saw the formation of five tropical cyclones including Earl Fiona Gaston Eight and Hermine A Category 1 hurricane Earl wrought tremendous damage in Belize and Mexico With 81 lives lost in Mexico during the passage of Earl it was the deadliest Atlantic hurricane in the country since 2005 27 Gaston became the season s first major hurricane on August 28 attaining peak winds of 120 mph 195 km h over the central Atlantic 28 On September 1 Hermine struck the Florida Peninsula as a Category 1 hurricane ending an 11 year drought of hurricane landfalls in the state which began after Hurricane Wilma in October 2005 29 September featured another five tropical cyclones Ian Julia Karl Lisa and Matthew the latter of which persisted into October Matthew proved to be the most significant storm of the season becoming the first Category 5 hurricane in the Atlantic since Hurricane Felix in 2007 30 and with a death toll of over 600 it was the deadliest in the Atlantic basin since Hurricane Stan in 2005 It subsequently struck Haiti as a Category 4 hurricane and inflicted catastrophic damage across the impoverished nation Matthew also caused extensive damage in Cuba the Bahamas and the Southeastern United States 31 Concurrently Hurricane Nicole meandered south of Bermuda for more than a week before making a direct hit on the territory as a major hurricane 32 The next four weeks were quiet until Hurricane Otto formed in the southwestern Caribbean during late November Otto eventually became the latest forming major hurricane in the Atlantic basin on record surpassing a storm in 1934 33 After striking Nicaragua and becoming the first hurricane on record to pass over Costa Rica Otto the final tropical cyclone of the season then emerged into the Eastern Pacific basin on November 25 the first such occurrence since Hurricane Cesar Douglas in 1996 33 The season s activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy index of 141 units 17 which was well above the 1981 2010 median of 92 34 as well as the highest value since 2010 17 Systems editHurricane Alex edit Category 1 hurricane SSHWS nbsp nbsp DurationJanuary 12 January 15Peak intensity85 mph 140 km h 1 min 981 mbar hPa Main article Hurricane Alex 2016 A weak area of low pressure developed over northwestern Cuba in association with a stationary front on January 6 The frontal wave intensified as it moved into the central Atlantic temporarily attaining hurricane force winds by January 10 Steered by anomalous high pressure the disturbance turned southeast and tracked over warmer waters Its associated fronts dissipated its wind field became more symmetric and convection increased near the center leading to the formation of Subtropical Storm Alex by 18 00 UTC on January 12 Despite marginal ocean temperatures Alex benefited from rapidly cooling upper air temperatures and it intensified quickly while turning northeast The presence of deeper convection near the center and an eye on conventional satellite showcased the storm s transition into a fully tropical cyclone and intensification into a hurricane by 06 00 UTC on January 14 Six hours later it peaked with maximum sustained winds of 85 mph 135 km h Alex turned north after peak and the storm weakened to a tropical storm before making landfall on Terceira Island Azores With decreasing core convection and an impinging warm front Alex transitioned into an extratropical cyclone by 18 00 UTC on January 15 and was absorbed by a larger extratropical low two days later 22 The precursor disturbance to Hurricane Alex produced gusts up to 60 mph 95 km h on Bermuda as well as swells up to 20 ft 6 m offshore this disrupted air travel downed trees caused sporadic power outages and suspended ferry services 35 In the Azores the cyclone produced maximum rainfall accumulations up to 4 04 in 103 mm in Lagoa 36 Peak gusts of 57 mph 92 km h affected Ponta Delgada causing minor to moderate damage 37 Landslides also contributed to minor damage 38 One death occurred when a victim that suffered a heart attack was unable to be airlifted to a hospital due to unsettled conditions 39 Tropical Storm Bonnie edit Tropical storm SSHWS nbsp nbsp DurationMay 27 June 4Peak intensity45 mph 75 km h 1 min 1006 mbar hPa Main article Tropical Storm Bonnie 2016 An area of low pressure developed into Tropical Depression Two at 18 00 UTC on May 27 while situated about 205 mi 330 km northeast of Great Abaco in the Bahamas Moving steadily west northwestwards Bonnie intensified into a tropical storm on May 28 Shortly thereafter the storm reached its peak winds of 45 mph 70 km h However due to hostile environmental conditions Bonnie weakened to a depression hours before making landfall just east of Isle of Palms South Carolina on May 29 Steering currents collapsed afterwards causing the storm to meander over South Carolina for two days The storm weakened further into a non tropical remnant low on May 31 before emerging off the coast while moving generally east northeastwards On June 2 Bonnie regenerated into a tropical depression just offshore North Carolina as conditions became slightly more favorable The next day despite increasing wind shear and cooling sea surface temperatures Bonnie reintensified into a tropical storm and reached its minimum barometric pressure of 1 006 mbar 29 7 inHg The storm weakened to a tropical depression late on June 4 and became a non tropical low again early the next day to the north of Bermuda The remnants moved east southeast until dissipating on June 9 23 Rip currents along the coastline of the Southeast United States led to dozens of water rescues the body of one 20 year old man was recovered in Brevard County Florida after he drowned 40 Lingering over South Carolina for a few days Bonnie brought heavy rains and widespread floods to the Southeastern United States Rainfall totals hit 6 in 150 mm in much of South Carolina and exceeded 10 in 250 mm in some areas Flooding resulted in the closure of the southbound lanes of Interstate 95 in Jasper County and also inundated the Jasper County Sheriff s Office and Detention Center In Ridgeland several buildings were damaged and the local wastewater treatment plant overflowed spilling discharge into the nearby Captain Bill Creek Damage in this county alone exceeded 640 000 Record breaking rainfall was observed across much of the Outer Banks on Hatteras Island Cape Point Campground was closed for a week due to flooding 41 In North Carolina the body of a 21 year old man was recovered in New Hanover County several days after he went missing in rough surf 42 Tropical Storm Colin edit Tropical storm SSHWS nbsp nbsp DurationJune 5 June 7Peak intensity50 mph 85 km h 1 min 1001 mbar hPa Main article Tropical Storm Colin 2016 On May 27 a tropical wave exited the coast of Africa By early June the wave entered the Caribbean and spawned a low pressure system The low remained disorganized with only isolated convection mostly in the eastern quadrant Convection began to wrap into the center as the storm curved northward into the Gulf of Mexico on June 3 After the low passed over the Yucatan Peninsula on June 5 the National Hurricane Center NHC upgraded it to Tropical Depression Three Later that day the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Colin Gradually curving northeastwards Colin remained disorganized as it accelerated towards the coast of Florida on June 6 24 The NHC noted that there was uncertainty in locating the circulation center instead taking the midpoint between two small scale circulations 43 However the NHC increased the winds to 50 mph 80 km h following a strong burst in Colin s convection Colin continued accelerating to the northeast and made landfall near Keaton Beach Florida at 02 00 UTC on June 7 Failing to weaken over land 24 Colin began undergoing extratropical transition after the increasingly ill defined circulation moved off the coast of Georgia 44 and became fully extratropical hours later 24 In Cuba heavy rainfall resulted in flooding in the western portions of the island especially Pinar del Rio Province Water left several roads impassable and inundated crops in some areas 45 about 840 000 acres 340 000 ha of crops were flooded overall 46 In Old Havana mudslides severely damaged three homes and impacted numerous others to a lesser degree 47 48 The storm also produced heavy rainfall over portions of Florida resulting in flooding in some areas especially Hillsborough and Pinellas counties 24 There the freshwater flooding was compounded by coastal flooding from high tides Winds caused over 93 300 power outages throughout the state 49 The storm spawned at least one tornado which knocked down trees and damaged several cars and homes in Jacksonville 24 Four fatalities occurred in the Florida Panhandle due to drowning 50 Heavy rainfall was also observed in portions of Georgia North Carolina and South Carolina Two additional drowning deaths occurred in Georgia and one in Alabama Damage throughout the East Coast reached 1 04 million 51 Tropical Storm Danielle edit Tropical storm SSHWS nbsp nbsp DurationJune 19 June 21Peak intensity45 mph 75 km h 1 min 1007 mbar hPa A tropical wave emerged off the western coast of Africa on June 8 reaching the southwestern Caribbean Sea by June 15 Convection increased that day and further organized after the system entered the Bay of Campeche three days later subsequently leading to the formation of a tropical depression by 12 00 UTC on June 19 Steered west northwest and then northwest by a mid level ridge the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Danielle by 06 00 UTC on June 20 and attained peak winds of 45 mph 70 km h six hours later Interaction with land began to weaken the storm a few hours later and Danielle made landfall near Tamiahua Mexico with winds of 40 mph 65 km h The storm rapidly weakened as it moved inland falling to tropical depression intensity by 00 00 UTC on June 21 and degenerating into a remnant low six hours later The remnant low continued inland before dissipating over the mountains of eastern Mexico that same day 25 A tropical storm warning was issued along the coast of Mexico from Laguna Verde to Rio Paranuco It was later discontinued when Danielle moved ashore and rapidly weakened Danielle dropped heavy rainfall across the affected regions particularly the areas near Veracruz and Tamiahua Official amounts were not reported however the maximum rainfall that was observed was around 6 22 in 158 mm at Cosautlan de Carvajal The cyclone also brought wind gusts up to 45 mph 72 km h reported near Tampico 25 Across much of Veracruz officials suspended school activities and the port of Veracruz was temporarily closed Flooding in the Pueblo Viejo Municipality affected 1 200 families and prompted activation of public shelters 52 A homeless man drowned in a storm drain in Ciudad Madero Tamaulipas after flash flooding impacted the area 53 Hurricane Earl edit Category 1 hurricane SSHWS nbsp nbsp DurationAugust 2 August 6Peak intensity85 mph 140 km h 1 min 979 mbar hPa Main article Hurricane Earl 2016 On July 26 a tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa The disturbance s rapid movement prevented significant development for several days By August 2 a reconnaissance aircraft reported a closed circulation and tropical storm force winds As a result the disturbance became Tropical Storm Earl around 06 00 UTC Steered generally westward by a ridge over the South United States Earl intensified amid warm ocean temperatures and low shear attaining hurricane intensity and peaking with winds of 85 mph 135 km h on August 3 Earl struck Turneffe Caye in Belize around 04 00 UTC on August 4 and then made landfall just south of Belize City about two hours later It quickly weakened over land but emerged into the Bay of Campeche on August 5 as a minimal tropical storm A hurricane hunters mission flew into Earl later on August 5 measuring 60 mph 95 km h winds The cyclone made landfall at that intensity near Veracruz Veracruz around 02 00 UTC on August 6 Once inland Earl quickly weakened falling to tropical depression intensity at 12 00 UTC and dissipating by 18 00 UTC 27 The precursor to Earl brought heavy rain and gusty winds to the Lesser Antilles and Greater Antilles Strong winds in the Dominican Republic downed a power line onto a bus subsequently causing a fire that killed six people A boat crash in Samana Bay killed seven people 54 55 Significant impacts were reported in Belize after Earl moved ashore as a hurricane including downed trees and power lines blown transformers damaged or ripped off roofs coastal and inland flooding and a significant storm surge 56 About 2 000 homes were damaged or destroyed throughout Belize 57 Damage in the country reached about 110 million In Mexico flooding and landslides resulted in severe damage and many deaths especially in Puebla and Veracruz In the former mudslides damaged hundreds of homes including 350 in the village of Chicahuaxtla alone Huauchinango observed a month s worth of rainfall in only about 24 hours resulting in mudslides that killed at least 13 people Throughout Puebla there were at least 41 deaths In Veracruz Earl and the resultant landslides damaged about 6 300 homes and 26 roadways while 13 fatalities occurred Overall Earl left 132 million in damage and 81 fatalities in Mexico with 10 other people missing 27 Tropical Storm Fiona edit Tropical storm SSHWS nbsp nbsp DurationAugust 16 August 23Peak intensity50 mph 85 km h 1 min 1004 mbar hPa Late on August 14 the NHC began monitoring a tropical wave and its associated convection off the west coast of Africa for potential development 58 Steered northwest toward a weakness in the subtropical ridge over the central Atlantic the wave organized sufficiently to become a tropical depression by 18 00 UTC on August 16 The depression slowly organized after formation and developed a central dense overcast with the system becoming Tropical Storm Fiona by 12 00 UTC on August 17 59 Despite strong westerly shear abundant mid level dry air and an otherwise disheveled satellite appearance 60 an advanced scatterometer ASCAT pass indicated a maximum sustained wind speed of 50 mph 80 km h early on August 19 59 60 Although sporadic bursts of convection continued amid the hostile environment Fiona weakened to a tropical depression by 06 00 UTC on August 22 and degenerated into a remnant low early on August 23 about 375 mi 605 km south southwest of Bermuda The remnants merged with a weakening frontal zone near Bermuda on August 25 59 Hurricane Gaston edit Category 3 hurricane SSHWS nbsp nbsp DurationAugust 22 September 2Peak intensity120 mph 195 km h 1 min 955 mbar hPa On August 17 the NHC highlighted the potential for tropical cyclogenesis off the western coast of Africa in subsequent days 61 A weak area of low pressure associated with a tropical wave emerged into the eastern Atlantic three days later 62 and the disturbance steadily coalesced into a tropical depression by 12 00 UTC on August 22 about 305 mi 490 km southwest of the southernmost Cabo Verde Islands 28 The depression organized while heading northwest intensifying into Tropical Storm Gaston six hours later and attaining hurricane intensity by 12 00 UTC on August 24 in accordance with data from satellites and an NASA Global Hawk unmanned aircraft 28 63 After its initial peak in intensity Gaston s satellite appearance began to degrade as an upper level low imparted strong southwesterly shear on the cyclone 64 causing it to weaken back to a tropical storm 28 Upper level winds slackened early on August 27 and a timely microwave pass highlighted the presence of a low level eye well embedded in the storm s central dense overcast indicating the resumption of Gaston s intensification phase 65 Although Gaston continued northwestward its motion slowed in a weak steering regime Amid low shear and warm ocean temperatures Gaston attained hurricane intensity for a second time at 18 00 UTC on August 27 About 24 hours later the storm deepened to a Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir Simpson scale the first major hurricane of the season by 18 00 UTC the next day With a symmetric ring of deep convection surrounding a distinct eye Gaston ultimately peaked with sustained winds of 120 mph 195 km h six hours later 28 A mid level trough moving southeastward across the North Atlantic eroded a series of ridges steering Gaston causing the system to drift north and northeast Cold water upwelling and an eyewall replacement cycle caused Gaston to weaken on August 29 66 although the cyclone unexpectedly re intensified to 120 mph 195 km h for a second time around 00 00 UTC on August 31 Later that day it began encountering increasingly cool waters and a higher shear leading the storm to fall below major hurricane status by 18 00 UTC on August 31 and below hurricane intensity by 12 00 UTC on September 2 Continuous unfavorable conditions caused deep convection to dissipate and Gaston transitioned into an extratropical cyclone as its center grazed Flores Island at 18 00 UTC Gaston s remnant circulation dissipated 24 hours later northwest of the Azores 28 Tropical Depression Eight edit Tropical depression SSHWS nbsp nbsp DurationAugust 28 September 1Peak intensity35 mph 55 km h 1 min 1010 mbar hPa A broad low pressure developed on August 26 as a frontal boundary stalled near Bermuda and weakened Early on August 27 the low became well defined but lacked sufficient convection 67 and was plagued by unfavorable conditions such as dry air and moderate wind shear 68 However a large burst of convection near and to the west of the center prompted the upgrade to Tropical Depression Eight at 12 00 UTC on August 28 about 350 mi 560 km southeast of Cape Hatteras North Carolina 67 A ridge to the north steered the depression westward into an area of moderate wind shear 69 Late on August 28 the center became exposed from the convection 70 but convection increased again after about 24 hours 71 As it approached the Carolina coastline on August 30 a weakness in the subtropical ridge caused the depression to slow down and turn northward its closest approach to the United States was 60 mi 95 km south southeast of Cape Hatteras later that day The depression then turned eastward in response to becoming entangled in the mid latitude westerlies As it accelerated the circulation began to become elongated The depression degenerated into a trough of low pressure by 00 00 UTC on September 1 The remnants were absorbed into a frontal system on September 2 67 The precursor low dropped about 1 4 in 36 mm of rainfall on Bermuda triggering some localized flooding 72 As the depression approached the coastline a tropical storm watch was issued for Cape Lookout to Oregon Inlet North Carolina early on August 29 This was later upgraded to a warning with the addition of including the Pamlico Sound As the depression failed to intensify and moved away from the coastline the warnings were discontinued at 00 00 UTC on August 31 67 There were only reports of some rainfall gusty winds and minor surf in the Outer Banks 73 Hurricane Hermine edit Category 1 hurricane SSHWS nbsp nbsp DurationAugust 28 September 3Peak intensity80 mph 130 km h 1 min 981 mbar hPa Main article Hurricane Hermine A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa between August 16 and August 17 The wave failed to develop for several days due to its quick movement and dry air Deep convection eventually consolidated and a circulation finally developed by August 28 with a tropical depression developing at 18 00 UTC about 60 mi 95 km south southeast of Key West Florida Initially the depression moved westward until a break in a ridge caused it to move northeastward early on August 31 Around that time the cyclone intensified into Tropical Storm Hermine The storm steadily intensified into an 80 mph 130 km h Category 1 hurricane by early on September 2 29 becoming the first hurricane to form in the Gulf of Mexico since Ingrid in 2013 74 Hermine made landfall near St Marks Florida at 05 30 UTC After moving inland Hermine quickly weakened and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on September 3 near the Outer Banks of North Carolina The remnant system meandered offshore the Northeastern United States before dissipating over southeastern Massachusetts on September 8 29 The precursor system dropped heavy precipitation in portions of the Caribbean especially the Dominican Republic and Cuba 29 In the former the storm damaged more than 200 homes and displaced more than 1 000 people 75 Although some areas of Cuba recorded over 12 in 300 mm of rain the precipitation was generally beneficial due to a severe drought In Florida abnormally high tides and heavy precipitation along the gulf coast caused significant damage 29 In Citrus County one of the worst areas impacted 2 694 structures were damaged of which 531 experienced severe damage while damage reached about 102 million 76 Similar coastal and freshwater flooding occurred in Pasco County where 7 homes were destroyed 305 sustained major damage and 1 564 received minor damage 77 Winds primarily left power outages and downed trees some of which fell onto buildings and vehicles About 325 000 people were left without electricity 78 Near Ocala a tree fell on a homeless man s tent killing him Flooding and fairly strong winds in other states such as Georgia South Carolina and North Carolina caused additional damage but to a lesser extent 29 One death each occurred in South Carolina and North Carolina 29 79 In New York two fishermen drowned near the Wading River on Long Island due to rough surf 80 Overall Hermine caused about 550 million in damage in the United States 29 Tropical Storm Ian edit Tropical storm SSHWS nbsp nbsp DurationSeptember 12 September 16Peak intensity60 mph 95 km h 1 min 994 mbar hPa On September 5 the NHC indicated that the development of a tropical cyclone was possible in the East Atlantic over subsequent days 81 A tropical wave emerged off the west coast of Africa on September 6 slowly coalescing into Tropical Storm Ian by 06 00 UTC on September 12 82 Steered north and the northeast by an approaching upper level trough the cyclone struggled within an environment of high shear with its low level center displaced west of its associated convection 83 An upper trough became superimposed with the storm s center by late on September 14 yielding a more subtropical like appearance on conventional satellite As a result Ian briefly transitioned into a subtropical storm around 18 00 UTC but re acquired tropical characteristics just 18 hours later while moving northeastward away from the aforementioned trough 82 By 06 00 UTC on September 16 a small mid level eye became apparent and Ian began to intensify 84 with winds reaching 60 mph 95 km h at that time 82 84 However deep convection soon dissipated as cold air wrapped into the center marking Ian s transition into an extratropical cyclone around 12 00 UTC 85 On September 17 Ian s remnants were absorbed by a larger extratropical cyclone and soon dissipated 82 Tropical Storm Julia edit Tropical storm SSHWS nbsp nbsp DurationSeptember 13 September 18Peak intensity50 mph 85 km h 1 min 1007 mbar hPa Main article Tropical Storm Julia 2016 On September 1 a tropical wave entered the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa A low pressure area developed after a burst in convection near the Leeward Islands around September 6 but dry air and wind shear inhibited further development At 06 00 UTC on September 13 the system maintained sufficient organization to become a tropical depression Around that time it made landfall in Jensen Beach Florida Despite being inland the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Julia over Jacksonville and peaked with winds of 50 mph 80 km h shortly thereafter The cyclone drifted north northwestward and then northeastward moving offshore the Southeastern United States on September 14 under a weak steering regime A cyclonic loop occurred as strong westerly air developed in the region 86 The shear caused fluctuations in intensity while there were bursts of convection around the disorganized center 87 By September 19 the center of Julia was devoid of strong convection as rainbands rapidly diminished and soon degraded into a remnant low The remnants dissipated over eastern North Carolina on September 21 86 In its precursor and early stages the storm caused generally minor wind and flooding damage in Florida Georgia and South Carolina due to its asymmetrical structure and fairly weak intensity Parts of North Carolina received as much as 12 in 300 mm of rain while as much as 18 in 460 mm fell in the Hampton Roads area of Virginia A total of 63 people had to be rescued from their homes and 61 were evacuated from nursing homes One million gallons of sewage from Elizabeth City flowed into the Pasquotank River and Charles Creek The Cashie River in Windsor North Carolina reached 15 ft 4 6 m on September 22 2 ft 0 61 m above flood stage That same day Governor Pat McCrory declared a state of emergency in 11 counties Schools were closed in Bertie Currituck and Hertford counties 88 Overall Julia caused about 6 13 million in damage 89 Tropical Storm Karl edit Tropical storm SSHWS nbsp nbsp DurationSeptember 14 September 25Peak intensity70 mph 110 km h 1 min 988 mbar hPa A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on September 12 The wave steadily organized while passing through the Cabo Verde Islands and attained sufficient organization to be declared a tropical depression by 06 00 UTC on September 14 90 Strong shear plagued the cyclone with its low level circulation misplaced from the convection 91 By 06 00 UTC on September 15 however a significant burst of deep convection prompted the depression s upgrade to Tropical Storm Karl The cyclone continued west for several days across the unfavorable central Atlantic with convection sheared to the northeast and the circulation occasionally becoming poorly defined Despite continued predictions of intensification into a powerful hurricane Karl instead succumbed to the hostile conditions and weakened to a tropical depression around 06 00 UTC on September 21 as it passed close to an upper level low 90 92 However by the following day the upper level low moved away to the south causing a reduction in shear that allowed the system to reattain tropical storm intensity as it curved near Bermuda 90 Accelerating east northeastwards Karl continued to strengthen and it attained peak winds of 70 mph 115 km h early on September 25 90 However cold air encroached on the low level circulation by 12 00 UTC that day marking Karl s transition to an extratropical cyclone 93 Karl s remnant low continued northeast over the North Atlantic and was absorbed by another extratropical system early on September 26 90 In Bermuda about 800 people lost power indirectly from the storm due to a mainline fault on the island Otherwise damage was relatively minor Sustained winds of 46 mph 74 km h and gusts to over 68 mph 109 km h were observed 90 along with 4 71 in 120 mm of rainfall this contributed to the wettest September on record in Bermuda 94 Long period swells from Karl reached the East Coast of the United States as the storm moved out to sea 95 Tropical Storm Lisa edit Tropical storm SSHWS nbsp nbsp DurationSeptember 19 September 25Peak intensity50 mph 85 km h 1 min 999 mbar hPa On September 14 the NHC noted the potential for tropical cyclone development in the East Atlantic later in the week 96 A tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa on September 16 developing into a tropical depression by 12 00 UTC on September 19 about 225 mi 360 km west southwest of the southernmost Cabo Verde Islands On September 20 the depression strengthened to Tropical storm Lisa Around 12 00 UTC on September 22 Lisa peaked with sustained winds of 50 mph 80 km h and a minimum pressure of 999 mbar 29 5 inHg The storm soon began weakening due increasing wind shear but Lisa briefly restrengthened on September 24 Lisa managed to maintain tropical storm intensity while battling unfavorable conditions until early on September 25 weakening to a tropical depression at that time Lisa became a remnant low at 06 00 UTC 97 The remnants were monitored for potential regeneration 98 but failed to redevelop and dissipated later that day 97 Hurricane Matthew edit Category 5 hurricane SSHWS nbsp nbsp DurationSeptember 28 October 9Peak intensity165 mph 270 km h 1 min 934 mbar hPa Main article Hurricane Matthew See also Meteorological history of Hurricane Matthew Effects of Hurricane Matthew in Haiti and Effects of Hurricane Matthew in Florida A tropical wave developed into Tropical Storm Matthew near Barbados on September 28 Continuing westward under the influence of a mid level ridge the storm steadily intensified to attain hurricane intensity by 18 00 UTC on September 29 The effects of southwesterly wind shear unexpectedly abated late that day and Matthew began a period of rapid intensification during a 24 hour period beginning at 00 00 UTC on September 30 the cyclone s maximum winds more than doubled from 80 mph 130 km h to 165 mph 265 km h making Matthew a Category 5 hurricane 31 the first since Hurricane Felix in 2007 99 Due to upwelling of cooler waters Matthew weakened to a Category 4 hurricane later on October 1 Matthew remained a powerful Category 4 hurricane for several days making landfall near Les Anglais Haiti around 11 00 UTC on October 4 with winds of 150 mph 240 km h Continuing northward the cyclone struck Maisi in Cuba early on October 5 Cuba s and Haiti s mountainous terrain weakened Matthew to Category 3 status as it began to accelerate northwestwards through the Bahamas 31 Restrengthening occurred as Matthew s circulation became better organized with the storm becoming a Category 4 hurricane again while passing Freeport However Matthew began to weaken again as an eyewall replacement cycle took place The storm significantly weakened while closely paralleling the coasts of Florida and Georgia with the northwestern portion of the outer eyewall coming ashore in Florida while the system was a Category 3 hurricane Matthew weakened to a Category 2 hurricane late on October 7 and then to a Category 1 hurricane by 12 00 UTC on October 8 About three hours later the hurricane made landfall at Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge near McClellanville South Carolina with winds of 85 mph 135 km h 31 Convection became displaced as Matthew pulled away from land 100 with the storm becoming extratropical about 200 mi 320 km east of Cape Hatteras North Carolina on October 9 31 Heavy rains and strong winds buffeted the Lesser Antilles The winds caused widespread power outages and damaged crops particularly in St Lucia while flooding and landslides caused by the rainfall damaged many homes and roads One person died in St Vincent when he was crushed by a boulder 101 The storm brought precipitation to Colombia s Guajira Peninsula which saw its first heavy rain event in three years One person drowned in a river in Uribia 102 In Haiti flooding and high winds disrupted telecommunications and destroyed extensive swaths of land around 80 of Jeremie sustained significant damage 103 Matthew left about 1 9 billion in damage and at least 546 deaths 31 104 Heavy rainfall spread eastward across the Dominican Republic where four were killed 105 Effects in Cuba were most severe along the coast where storm surge caused extensive damage 106 Four people were killed due to a bridge collapse 107 and total losses in the country amounted to 2 58 billion most of which occurred in the Guantanamo Province 108 Passing through the Bahamas as a major hurricane Matthew inflicted severe impacts across several islands particularly Grand Bahama where an estimated 95 of homes sustained damage in the townships of Eight Mile Rock and Holmes Rock In Florida much of the damage occurred was caused by strong winds and storm surge in the east central and northeastern portions of the state About 1 2 million people lost power 31 Damage in Florida reached over 2 75 billion and there were 12 deaths 109 An additional 1 3 million people lost electricity in Georgia and South Carolina combined Torrential rain caused severe flooding especially in North Carolina and South Carolina 31 where some rivers exceed record heights set by Hurricane Floyd and the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane 31 110 In North Carolina 100 000 structures were flooded and damage reached 1 5 billion 31 Overall Matthew caused at least 603 deaths and about 15 1 billion in damage 31 107 111 112 Hurricane Nicole edit Category 4 hurricane SSHWS nbsp nbsp DurationOctober 4 October 18Peak intensity140 mph 220 km h 1 min 950 mbar hPa Main article Hurricane Nicole 2016 A tropical wave developed into Tropical Storm Nicole about 530 mi 850 km northeast of San Juan Puerto Rico early on October 4 32 based on an ASCAT pass revealing a well defined surface circulation and winds of up to 50 mph 80 km h The NHC forecast only gradual strengthening as the storm moved slowly to the north due to weak steering currents 113 An eye then became visible at both mid and upper level heights and Nicole rapidly strengthened to a Category 2 hurricane to the south of Bermuda as winds reached 105 mph 170 km h early on October 7 32 With Matthew located offshore Florida this was the first time since 1964 that two hurricanes at or above Category 2 existed simultaneously in the western Atlantic Ocean 65 W 114 However Nicole was then impacted by wind shear with the eye soon becoming no longer visible and convection diminishing 115 Nicole rapidly weakened to a strong tropical storm on October 7 Further weakening occurred as it drifted southward and by October 8 the circulation was exposed and the system was barely a tropical storm with all convection displaced to the south 116 Later that day an impressive burst of convection flared up over the center and Nicole again became more organized as it began to turn to the north 117 Gradual intensification continued throughout the next few days before briefly stopping then later resuming on October 11 as the storm turned towards Bermuda and re strengthened to Category 1 status On October 12 Nicole became a Category 2 hurricane again Later on the same day Nicole became a major hurricane upon reaching Category 3 intensity The next day Nicole briefly strengthened into a Category 4 hurricane peaking with maximum sustained winds of 140 mph 225 km h However the storm weakened back to a Category 3 hurricane several hours later due to increasing vertical wind shear 32 At 15 00 UTC on October 13 the hurricane s eye passed directly over Bermuda where automated surface station measured sustained winds of 87 mph 140 km h and a gust reaching 119 mph 192 km h 118 At 06 00 UTC on October 14 southwesterly wind shear reduced the system to Category 1 status The storm slowly began to weaken the next day falling to a tropical storm intensity early on October 18 Nicole transitioned into an extratropical cyclone at 06 00 UTC later that day Overall Nicole was responsible for 15 million in damages across Bermuda 32 Along the East Coast of the United States a swimmer in North Carolina drowned due to rip currents produced by Nicole 119 Hurricane Otto edit Category 3 hurricane SSHWS nbsp nbsp DurationNovember 20 November 25 Exited basin Peak intensity115 mph 185 km h 1 min 975 mbar hPa Main article Hurricane Otto On November 15 a broad low pressure area developed in the southwestern Caribbean Sea After an increase in convective organization the system developed into a tropical depression about 120 mi 190 km north of Colon Panama late on November 20 Fueled by warm waters and good outflow the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Otto by 06 00 UTC on November 21 Otto deepened into a hurricane on November 23 while drifting westward this was the latest date for a tropical cyclone to reach that intensity over the Caribbean Sea one day later than the previous record set by Hurricane Martha in 1969 Otto rapidly intensified throughout the following day and at 17 30 UTC November 24 the storm made landfall on the southern Nicaragua coast near San Juan de Nicaragua at peak intensity as a Category 3 hurricane with winds of 115 mph 185 km h This was the southernmost hurricane landfall in Central America Weakening ensued as Otto moved inland Around 03 30 UTC on November 25 Otto exited into the Eastern Pacific marking the first time a tropical cyclone survived the crossover from the Atlantic to the Eastern Pacific since Hurricane Cesar Douglas in 1996 120 In Panama the outer bands of Otto brought heavy precipitation and strong winds The hurricane left nine deaths in the country with one after a house was struck by a falling tree in Panama City three from landslides two by drowning in a rain swollen river and three others after the ship Jessica sank 121 Generally rainfall of 3 to 6 in 76 to 152 mm was observed in Nicaragua 120 Throughout the country Otto damaged 857 houses 8 schools and 2 health facilities About 5 600 ft 1 700 m of power lines were damaged causing power and water outages 122 Four deaths were reported 123 In Costa Rica rainfall peaked at 12 11 in 308 mm at Miravalles Volcano 120 Flooding and mudslides left 42 communities isolated and damaged 14 water systems 122 Damage reached at least 190 million and there were 10 fatalities 120 124 Other system edit nbsp The cyclone on September 15On September 15 Meteo France began monitoring a cyclone in the Bay of Biscay that they claimed was subtropical having apparently possessing an asymmetric wind field of tropical storm force winds and a warm thermal core 125 126 However American meteorological agencies disagreed and determined it was non tropical 127 as proven by surface analysis data from NOAA which showed that the cyclone still had an occluded front connected to it signs that usually indicate an extratropical cyclone 128 The system drifted southeastwards attaining a peak intensity of 996 mbar 29 4 inHg 125 and eventually made landfall near the border of Spain and France rapidly weakening and eventually dissipating shortly thereafter early on September 16 129 The Free University of Berlin in accordance with their naming of cyclones that affect their area named the cyclone Stephanie 130 The cyclone brought only minor damage to Spain and France most of which were caused by some strong wind gusts swells and some heavy rainfall 130 Maximum gusts of up to 81 mph 130 km h were reported on the coast of Basque Country with slightly higher gusts in the upper elevations 131 A storm surge of 3 4 ft 0 91 1 22 m was also reported on the coastlines of Spain and France No major damage fatalities or injuries were reported as a result 131 Storm names editMain articles Tropical cyclone naming History of tropical cyclone naming and List of historic tropical cyclone names The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Atlantic in 2016 The names not retired from this list were used again during the 2022 season This was the same list used in the 2010 season with the exceptions of Ian and Tobias which replaced Igor and Tomas respectively 132 The name Ian was used for the first time this year Alex Bonnie Colin Danielle Earl Fiona Gaston Hermine Ian Julia Karl Lisa Matthew Nicole Otto Paula unused Richard unused Shary unused Tobias unused Virginie unused Walter unused Retirement edit See also List of retired Atlantic hurricane names On March 26 2017 at the 39th session of the RA IV hurricane committee the World Meteorological Organization retired the names Matthew and Otto from its rotating name lists due to the amount of damage and deaths they caused and they will not be used again for another Atlantic hurricane They were replaced with Martin and Owen respectively for the 2022 season 133 Season effects editThis is a table of the tropical cyclones that formed in the 2016 Atlantic hurricane season It includes their duration within the basin names intensities areas affected damages and death totals Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident but were still related to that storm Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical a wave or a low and all the damage figures are in 2016 USD Saffir Simpson scaleTD TS C1 C2 C3 C4 C52016 North Atlantic tropical cyclone season statistics Stormname Dates active Storm categoryat peak intensity Max 1 minwindmph km h Min press mbar Areas affected Damage USD Deaths Ref s Alex January 12 15 Category 1 hurricane 85 140 981 The Bahamas Bermuda Azores Southern Greenland Minimal 1 39 Bonnie May 27 June 4 Tropical storm 45 75 1006 The Bahamas Southeastern United States 640 000 2 23 40 41 Colin June 5 7 Tropical storm 50 85 1001 Yucatan Peninsula Greater Antilles East Coast of the United States 1 04 million 6 51 50 Danielle June 19 21 Tropical storm 45 75 1007 Yucatan Peninsula Eastern Mexico Minimal 1 53 Earl August 2 6 Category 1 hurricane 85 140 979 Lesser Antilles Greater Antilles Central America East Mexico 250 million 94 27 134 Fiona August 16 23 Tropical storm 50 85 1004 None None NoneGaston August 22 September 2 Category 3 hurricane 120 195 955 Azores None NoneEight August 28 September 1 Tropical depression 35 55 1010 North Carolina None NoneHermine August 28 September 3 Category 1 hurricane 80 130 981 Greater Antilles Gulf Coast of the United States The Bahamas East Coast of the United States Atlantic Canada 550 million 4 1 29 80 79 Ian September 12 16 Tropical storm 60 95 994 None None NoneJulia September 13 18 Tropical storm 50 85 1007 Southeastern United States 6 13 million None 89 Karl September 14 25 Tropical storm 70 110 988 Cape Verde Bermuda Minimal NoneLisa September 19 25 Tropical storm 50 85 999 None None NoneMatthew September 28 October 9 Category 5 hurricane 165 270 934 Windward Islands Leeward Antilles South America Greater Antilles Lucayan Archipelago Southeastern United States Atlantic Canada 16 47 billion 586 17 31 107 111 112 Nicole October 4 18 Category 4 hurricane 140 220 950 Bermuda 15 million 1 32 119 Otto November 20 25 Category 3 hurricane 115 185 975 Central America 192 2 million 23 120 124 121 123 Season aggregates16 systems January 12 November 25 165 270 934 17 485 billion 717 19 See also edit nbsp Tropical cyclones portal Weather of 2016 Tropical cyclones in 2016 2016 Pacific hurricane season 2016 Pacific typhoon season 2016 North Indian Ocean cyclone season South West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons 2015 16 2016 17 Australian region cyclone seasons 2015 16 2016 17 South Pacific cyclone seasons 2015 16 2016 17 South Atlantic tropical cyclone Mediterranean tropical like cycloneNotes edit The last storm Otto exited into the eastern Pacific on this day dissipating in that basin a day later All damage figures are in 2016 USD unless otherwise notedReferences edit a b Background Information The North Atlantic Hurricane Season Climate Prediction Center National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration August 9 2012 Archived from the original on March 14 2016 Retrieved December 13 2013 a b North Atlantic Ocean Historical Tropical Cyclone Statistics Fort Collins Colorado Colorado State University Retrieved July 19 2023 a b c Mark Saunders Adam Lea December 16 2015 Extended Range Forecast for Atlantic Hurricane Activity in 2016 PDF Report Tropical Storm Risk Archived from the original PDF on December 22 2015 Retrieved December 18 2015 a b Mark Saunders Adam Lea April 5 2016 April Forecast Update for Atlantic Hurricane Activity in 2016 PDF Report Tropical Storm Risk Retrieved April 5 2016 a b Philip J Klotzbach April 14 2016 Extended Range Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity and Landfall Strike Probability for 2016 PDF Colorado State University Retrieved September 29 2021 Yan Tingzhuang Pietrafesa Len Bao Shaowu Gayes Paul April 15 2016 The Outlook for the 2016 North Atlantic Hurricane Season PDF Coastal Carolina University Retrieved April 25 2017 a b c Tracey Peake amp Lian Xie April 15 2016 East Coast Should Expect Active Hurricane Season Researchers Say North Carolina State University Retrieved April 25 2017 a b Met Office predicts slightly above average Atlantic hurricane season Met Office May 12 2016 Retrieved April 25 2017 a b Near normal Atlantic hurricane season is most likely this year National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration May 27 2016 Retrieved April 25 2017 a b Mark Sanders Adam Lea May 27 2016 Pre Season Forecast for Atlantic Hurricane Activity in 2016 PDF Tropical Storm Risk Retrieved April 25 2017 a b Philip J Klotzbach June 1 2016 Extended Range Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity and Landfall Strike Probability for 2016 PDF Colorado State University Retrieved September 29 2021 a b Philip J Klotzbach July 1 2016 Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity and Landfall Strike Probability for 2016 PDF Colorado State University Retrieved September 29 2021 a b Mark Saunders Adam Lea July 5 2016 July Forecast Update for Atlantic Hurricane Activity in 2016 PDF Report Tropical Storm Risk Retrieved July 6 2016 Philip J Klotzbach August 4 2016 Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity and Landfall Strike Probability for 2016 PDF Colorado State University Retrieved September 29 2021 a b Mark Saunders Adam Lea August 5 2016 August Forecast Update for Atlantic Hurricane Activity in 2016 PDF Report Tropical Storm Risk Retrieved August 6 2016 a b Atlantic hurricane season still expected to become strongest since 2012 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration August 11 2016 Retrieved April 26 2017 a b c Atlantic basin Comparison of Original and Revised HURDAT Hurricane Research Division Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory Report National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved April 19 2017 Phillip J Klotzbach William M Gray December 11 2015 Qualitative Discussion of Atlantic Basin Seasonal Hurricane Activity for 2016 PDF Colorado State University Retrieved September 29 2021 Philip J Klotzbach November 30 2016 Summary of 2016 Atlantic Seasonal Tropical Cyclone Activity and Verification of Author s Seasonal and Two week Forecasts PDF Report Archived from the original PDF on March 12 2017 Retrieved April 24 2017 Lusa January 16 2016 Furacao Alex impede socorro da Forca Aerea e doente morre Publico in Portuguese Archived from the original on January 19 2016 Retrieved January 17 2016 Christal Hayes May 30 2016 Rip currents cause Kissimmee man to drown at beach officials day Orlando Sentinel Retrieved May 30 2016 Body of missing swimmer found on Kure Beach WECT News May 31 2016 Archived from the original on 2017 01 14 Retrieved May 31 2016 Kayle Gaskins June 8 2016 3 possibly 4 dead in Tuesday drownings along Panhandle beaches WJHG TV Archived from the original 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January 18 2017 Stacy R Stewart April 3 2017 Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Matthew PDF Technical report National Hurricane Center p 12 23 Retrieved April 5 2017 Sandra Guerrero Barriga October 1 2016 Matthew coge fuerza en su avance frente a la Costa El Heraldo in Spanish Retrieved October 1 2016 Bridge damaged by Hurricane Matthew collapses in Cuba killing 4 BNO News November 23 2016 Archived from the original on 2016 11 24 Retrieved November 23 2016 Absolutely unbelievable road damage some areas still cut off CBC News October 14 2016 Retrieved October 17 2016 Todd B Kimberlain amp Andrew S Latto April 10 2017 Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Nicole PDF Technical report National Hurricane Center p 6 Retrieved April 24 2017 Irene Nolan October 17 2016 Update Body of missing swimmer found near Avon pier Island Free Press Retrieved October 19 2016 Todd B Kimberlain amp Andrew S Latto April 10 2017 Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Otto PDF Technical report National Hurricane Center p 5 Retrieved April 24 2017 Hurricane Otto leaves at least nine dead in Costa Rica Al Jazeera November 26 2016 Retrieved November 26 2016 Bob Henson Jeff Masters November 30 2016 Early Late and Far Flung The Eclectic 2016 Atlantic Hurricane Season Weather Underground Retrieved September 29 2021 a b Eric S Blake September 13 2016 Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Alex PDF Technical report National Hurricane Center pp 2 3 Retrieved May 12 2017 a b c Michael J Brennan October 14 2016 Tropical Cyclone Report Tropical Storm Bonnie PDF Technical report National Hurricane Center p 2 3 Retrieved May 12 2017 a b c d e f Richard J Pasch amp Andrew B Penny January 18 2017 Tropical Cyclone Report Tropical Storm Colin PDF Technical report National Hurricane Center pp 2 3 Retrieved May 12 2017 a b c John L Beven II September 8 2016 Tropical Cyclone Report Tropical Storm Danielle PDF Technical report National Hurricane Center pp 1 4 Retrieved May 12 2017 Monthly Atlantic Tropical Weather Summary National Hurricane Center August 1 2016 Retrieved August 4 2016 a b c d Robbie J Berg January 19 2017 Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Earl PDF Technical report National Hurricane Center pp 1 2 6 Retrieved May 12 2017 a b c d e f Daniel P Brown January 11 2017 Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Gaston PDF Technical report National Hurricane Center pp 2 3 Retrieved May 12 2017 a b c d e f g h i Robbie J Berg January 30 2017 Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Hermine PDF Technical report National Hurricane Center Retrieved May 12 2017 Lixion Avila September 30 2016 Hurricane Matthew Discussion Number 12 Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 30 2016 a b c d e f g h i j k l Stacy R Stewart April 3 2017 Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Matthew PDF Technical report National Hurricane Center p 2 3 4 5 Retrieved April 5 2017 a b c d e f Todd B Kimberlain amp Andrew S Latto February 15 2017 Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Nicole PDF Technical report National Hurricane Center pp 2 3 Retrieved May 12 2017 a b Daniel P Brown April 10 2017 Tropical Cyclone Report Hurricane Otto PDF Technical report National Hurricane Center Retrieved April 24 2017 Phillip J Klotzbach William M Gray April 10 2014 Extended Range Forecast of Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Activity and Landfall Strike Probability for 2014 PDF Colorado State University Archived from the original PDF on January 9 2017 Retrieved May 12 2017 Jonathan Bell January 8 2016 Windy weather affects flights and power The Royal Gazette Archived from the original on January 12 2016 Retrieved January 14 2016 Lagoa IAZORESL2 Weather Underground January 15 2016 Retrieved January 15 2016 Rare January Hurricane Alex Landfalls in The Azores as a Tropical Storm The Weather Channel January 15 2016 Retrieved January 15 2016 Ana Dias Cordeiro and Lusa January 15 2016 Furacao Alex passou a tempestade tropical depois de ter atravessado os Acores Publico in Portuguese Archived from the original on September 25 2016 Retrieved 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asociadas a Tormenta Tropical Colin inundan municipios de Pinar del Rio in Spanish Ciber Cuba Retrieved February 18 2017 Manuel Diaz Mons June 9 2016 Colin deja su huella en Cuba Cuba Net in Spanish Retrieved February 18 2017 Luz Escobar June 9 2016 Unos 17 derrumbes por la lluvia en la ciudad maravilla in Spanish 14 y Medio Retrieved February 18 2017 Ada Carr June 7 2016 Flooding from Tropical Storm Colin Still Causing Issues in Florida The Weather Channel Archived from the original on June 7 2016 Retrieved June 7 2016 a b Kayle Gaskins June 8 2016 3 possibly 4 dead in Tuesday drownings along Panhandle beaches WJHG TV Archived from the original on January 23 2017 Retrieved March 30 2017 a b Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena PDF Storm Data National Climatic Data Center 58 6 June 2016 ISSN 0039 1972 Archived from the original PDF on 2017 03 30 Retrieved March 30 2017 Reportan danos por tormenta Danielle en Veracruz in Spanish e consulta Veracruz June 20 2016 Retrieved June 21 2016 a b Tormenta Danielle causa un muerto en Mexico El Nuevo Dia in Spanish June 21 2016 Retrieved June 22 2016 Eric Chaney August 2 2016 Jamaica Caymans Bracing for Tropical System That 6 Killed in Dominican Republic The Weather Channel Retrieved September 29 2021 Katheryn Luna August 4 2016 Defensa Civil recupera el ultimo cadaver del grupo de los naufragos Listin Diario in Spanish Archived from the original on August 5 2016 Retrieved May 1 2017 Situation Report 1 August 04 2016 PDF Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency Report ReliefWeb August 4 2016 Retrieved August 5 2016 Benjamin Flowers August 6 2016 Hurricane Earl hits Belize The Reporter Archived from the original on 2017 02 14 Retrieved May 1 2017 Daniel P Brown August 17 2016 Tropical Weather Outlook National Hurricane Center Retrieved August 17 2016 a b c Todd B Kimerlain November 11 2016 Tropical Cyclone Report Tropical Storm Fiona PDF Technical report National Hurricane Center pp 2 3 Retrieved May 12 2017 a b Robbie J Berg August 20 2016 Tropical Storm Fiona Discussion Number 17 Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved August 30 2016 Stacy R Stewart August 17 2016 Tropical Weather Outlook National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 12 2016 Robbie J Berg August 17 2016 Tropical Weather Outlook National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 12 2016 Robbie J Berg August 25 2016 Hurricane Gaston Public Advisory Number 11 Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 12 2016 Robbie J Berg August 25 2016 Hurricane Gaston Discussion Number 11 Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 12 2016 Stacy R Stewart August 27 2016 Tropical Storm Gaston Discussion Number 20 Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 12 2016 John L Beven II August 29 2016 Hurricane Gaston Discussion Number 28 Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 12 2016 a b c d John P Cangialosi December 6 2016 Tropical Cyclone Report Tropical Depression Eight PDF Technical report National Hurricane Center pp 2 11 Retrieved May 12 2017 Lixion A Avila August 26 2016 Tropical Weather Outlook TXT Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved August 29 2016 Michael J Brennan August 28 2016 Tropical Depression Eight Discussion Number 1 Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved August 29 2016 Michael Brennan August 28 2016 Tropical Depression Eight Discussion Number 2 Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved August 29 2016 Eric S Blake August 29 2016 Tropical Depression Eight Discussion Number 6 National Hurricane Center Retrieved May 12 2017 Climate Data Bermuda Weather Service Archived from the original on December 16 2009 Retrieved May 12 2017 Note Select the dropdown and select August 2016 The source info is pulled from the observations on the 24th 27th Tropical Depression Eight Recap The Weather Channel August 31 2016 Retrieved May 12 2017 Michael J Brennan amp Richard J Pasch September 1 2016 Hurricane Hermine Update 1 55 CDT Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 29 2016 Dominican Republic Severe weather ONAMET Local Media ECHO Daily Flash of 26 August 2016 Directorate General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations Report ReliefWeb August 26 2016 Retrieved September 2 2016 Amy Mariani September 8 2016 Thousands of Citrus Co properties were damaged in Hurricane Hermine Bay News 9 Retrieved September 9 2016 Jeff Patterson September 7 2016 With 89 million in damage Hermine may be one of Pasco s most expensive storms WFLA Retrieved September 7 2016 Jason Dearen September 2 2016 After Slamming Florida Hermine Threatens East Coast ABC News Associated Press Archived from the original on September 11 2016 Retrieved September 4 2016 a b Man removing tree that fell in Hermine struck killed by car The Herald Associated Press Archived from the original on September 11 2016 Retrieved September 5 2016 a b Elisha Fieldstadt September 4 2016 Far From Over Hermine to Batter Northeast Coast With High Winds Storm Surges NBC Retrieved September 4 2016 Todd B Kimberlain September 5 2016 Tropical Weather Outlook National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 18 2016 a b c d Lixion A Avila January 3 2017 Tropical Cyclone Report Tropical Storm Ian PDF Technical report National Hurricane Center p 2 Retrieved May 12 2017 Richard J Pasch September 12 2016 Tropical Storm Ian Discussion Number 2 Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 18 2016 a b Michael J Brennan September 16 2016 Tropical Storm Ian Discussion Number 16 Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 18 2016 Eric S Blake September 16 2016 Post Tropical Cyclone Ian Public Advisory Number 17 Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 18 2016 a b Eric S Blake January 20 2017 Tropical Cyclone Report Tropical Storm Julia PDF Technical report National Hurricane Center pp 2 3 Retrieved May 12 2017 Michael J Brennan September 15 2016 Tropical Depression Julia Discussion Number 6 Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 29 2016 N Carolina flooding from Julia closes schools spews sewage News amp Observer Associated Press September 23 2016 Archived from the original on September 27 2016 Retrieved September 24 2016 a b Storm Events Database Tropical Storm Julia National Centers for Environmental Information 2017 Retrieved January 18 2017 a b c d e f Richard J Pasch amp David A Zelinsky January 4 2017 Tropical Cyclone Report Tropical Storm Karl PDF Technical report National Hurricane Center p 2 Retrieved May 12 2017 Robbie J Berg September 15 2016 Tropical Depression Twelve Discussion Number 4 Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved October 6 2016 Lixion A Avila September 21 2016 Tropical Depression Karl Public Advisory Number 28 Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved October 6 2016 Todd B Kimberlain September 25 2016 Post Tropical Cyclone Karl Discussion Number 45 Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved October 6 2016 Mark Guishard James Dodgson Michael Johnston April 2016 Hurricanes General Information for Bermuda Bermuda Weather Service Archived from the original on September 15 2019 Retrieved February 5 2020 Weather Afternoon storms forming Saturday rip current risk high TCPalm September 24 2016 Retrieved January 10 2017 John P Cangialosi September 14 2016 Tropical Weather Outlook National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 19 2016 a b John L Beven II February 3 2017 Tropical Cyclone Report Tropical Storm Lisa PDF Technical report National Hurricane Center p 2 Retrieved May 12 2017 Stacy R Stewart September 27 2016 Tropical Weather Outlook National Hurricane Center Retrieved September 29 2016 Lixion A Avila September 30 2016 Hurricane Matthew Public Advisory Number 12 Report National Hurricane Center Retrieved October 1 2016 Daniel P Brown October 9 2016 Post Tropical Cyclone Matthew Discussion Number 47 National Hurricane Center Retrieved April 19 2017 Domenica Davis September 29 2016 Matthew blamed for 1 death in Leeward Islands KSBW Retrieved September 29 2016 Huracan Matthew se fortalece y aumenta a categoria cuatro in Spanish Noticias Caracol September 30 2016 Retrieved September 30 2016 Hurricane Matthew Haiti dead reach 800 as south awaits aid BBC News October 8 2016 Retrieved March 31 2017 Bernhard Muhr Daniell James Wisotzky Christina Wandel Jan Becker Florian Buchholz Marcel Baumstark Sven Dittrich Andre C EDIM Forensic Disaster Analysis Group FDA Hurricane Matthew 1 4 October 2016 Report No 2 PDF Report Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology Retrieved March 31 2017 David McFadden October 4 2016 Hurricane Matthew slams Haiti takes aim at US East Coast Associated Press Retrieved March 31 2017 Jerry Iannelli October 5 2016 Hurricane Matthew Destroyed Parts of Baracoa Cuba Last Night Miami News Times Retrieved October 6 2016 a b c Bridge damaged by Hurricane Matthew collapses in Cuba killing 4 BNO News November 23 2016 Archived from the original on 2016 11 24 Retrieved November 23 2016 Hurricane Matthew in Cuba causes over 2 5 bln USD in damage Xinhua November 1 2016 Archived from the original on November 2 2016 Retrieved February 25 2021 Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena PDF Storm Data National Climatic Data Center 58 10 October 2016 ISSN 0039 1972 Archived from the original PDF on February 25 2021 Retrieved February 25 2021 Pulliam Tim Hoggard DeJuan Hohmann Chris October 15 2016 Neuse River crests in Kinston flooding could last days WTVD Retrieved October 16 2016 a b Sandra Guerrero Barriga October 1 2016 Matthew coge fuerza en su avance frente a la Costa El Heraldo in Spanish Retrieved October 1 2016 a b Absolutely unbelievable road damage some areas still cut off CBC News October 14 2016 Retrieved October 17 2016 Richard J Pasch October 4 2016 Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 1 National Hurricane Center Retrieved October 4 2016 Richard J Pasch October 7 2016 Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 12 National Hurricane Center Retrieved March 31 2017 Robbie J Berg October 6 2016 Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 13 National Hurricane Center Retrieved March 31 2017 Richard J Pasch October 8 2016 Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 18 National Hurricane Center Retrieved May 12 2017 Todd B Kimberlain October 8 2016 Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 19 National Hurricane Center Retrieved March 31 2017 Daniel P Brown amp Robbie J Berg October 13 2016 Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 38 National Hurricane Center Retrieved October 13 2016 a b Irene Nolan October 17 2016 Update Body of missing swimmer found near Avon pier Island Free Press Retrieved October 19 2016 a b c d e Daniel P Brown February 1 2017 Hurricane Otto PDF Report Tropical Cyclone Report National Hurricane Center pp 2 3 5 Retrieved February 1 2017 a b Ya son nueve los muertos por coletazo de huracan Otto en Panama Noticias RCN in Spanish November 28 2016 Retrieved December 6 2016 a b Flash Email 5 Central America Tropical Storm Otto 29 November 2016 United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Report ReliefWeb November 29 2016 Retrieved May 12 2017 a b Hurricane Otto leaves at least nine dead in Costa Rica Al Jazeera November 26 2016 Retrieved November 26 2016 a b Angeles Rodriguez November 25 2016 Costa Rica has hurricane Otto reconstruction price tag BNamericas Retrieved May 12 2017 a b Helge Tuschy September 15 2016 Current ESTOFEX Convective Forecasts Report European Storm Forecast Experiment Retrieved April 25 2017 Une depression subtropicale dans le Golfe de Gascogne Un phenomene inedit BFMTV in French September 15 2016 Retrieved April 25 2017 Jeff Masters September 15 2016 Julia More Annoyance Than Threat for U S Keep an Eye on TD 12 in Eastern Atlantic Category 6 Weather Underground Retrieved September 29 2021 NOAA East Atlantic Surface Analysis for 06 00 UTC September 15 2016 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration September 15 2016 Archived from the original on 2017 04 13 Retrieved May 12 2017 Mathieu Barbery September 16 2016 La Tendance de Ces Prochains Jours Report in French Meteo60 Retrieved April 25 2017 a b Sebastian Kugel September 12 2016 Lebensgeschichte Tiefdruckgebiet Stephanie Report in German Free University of Berlin Retrieved April 25 2017 a b Un enroulement aux allures d ouragan sur la cote atlantique La Chaine Meteo September 16 2016 Retrieved May 12 2017 Tropical Cyclone Naming History and Retired Names National Hurricane Center Report National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration April 11 2013 Retrieved April 22 2013 World Meteorological Organisation retires storm names Matthew and Otto National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 27 March 2017 Retrieved 27 March 2017 Tormenta Earl deja en Guatemala 500 afectados in Spanish El Financierio Notimex August 4 2016 Retrieved August 8 2016 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2016 Atlantic hurricane season National Hurricane Center Website National Hurricane Center s Atlantic Tropical Weather Outlook Tropical Cyclone Formation Probability Guidance Product Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 2016 Atlantic hurricane season amp oldid 1178669552 Tropical Storm Karl, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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