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Tropical Storm Chris (1988)

Tropical Storm Chris caused minor flooding in the Greater Antilles and the Eastern United States in August 1988. The seventh tropical cyclone and third named storm of the annual hurricane season, Chris developed from a tropical wave while roughly midway between Africa and the Lesser Antilles on August 21. Forming as a tropical depression, it remained weak for several days, crossing the Lesser Antilles, Hispaniola, and The Bahamas during this time. While offshore the coast of Florida on August 28, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Chris. Thereafter, the system tracked rapidly north-northwestward and came ashore near Savannah, Georgia later that day. Once inland, Chris quickly weakened, and by early on the following day, it weakened to a tropical depression over South Carolina. Six hours later, Chris was absorbed by a cold front while over North Carolina, though the remnants of the system tracked across the Eastern United States and Atlantic Canada before dissipating on August 30.

Tropical Storm Chris
Tropical Storm Chris at peak intensity near landfall in Georgia on August 28
Meteorological history
FormedAugust 21, 1988
ExtratropicalAugust 30
DissipatedAugust 30, 1988
Tropical storm
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS)
Highest winds50 mph (85 km/h)
Lowest pressure1005 mbar (hPa); 29.68 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities6
Damage$2.2 million (1988 USD)
Areas affectedLeeward Islands, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, New England, Atlantic Canada
IBTrACS

Part of the 1988 Atlantic hurricane season

In the Leeward Islands and U.S. Virgin Islands, Chris produced only light rainfall, that caused no damage or fatalities. Heavy rainfall occurred in Puerto Rico, which damaged 100 homes and caused three fatalities. Large amounts of precipitation also fell in Hispaniola, though no damage was reported. In the United States, much of the damage occurred due to tornadoes, especially in The Carolinas. A tornado in South Carolina destroyed at least 15 mobile homes, caused one fatality, and resulted in a brief shutdown of U.S. Route 301. Flooding was minimal, as rainfall totals amounted to 5 inches (130 mm) or less, though standing water was reported on Interstate 26. Another destructive tornado occurred in Virginia. Two additional deaths were reported in New York, two from drowning and one from a tree falling onto a car. Although winds were light, at least 118,000 people from South Carolina to Maine were left without electricity. The dissipating storm produced light winds and precipitation in Nova Scotia. Overall, Tropical Storm Chris was attributed to four fatalities and $2.25 million (1988 USD) in losses.

Meteorological history edit

 
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
  Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on August 15. Six days later, the system developed into Tropical Depression Seven while centered halfway between the Lesser Antilles and Africa. The depression tracked west-northwestward around the periphery of a subtropical surface high pressure ridge. After strengthening minimally, the depression struck Guadeloupe late on August 23 and entered the Caribbean Sea shortly thereafter. Although satellite intensity estimates indicated tropical storm status, 13 reconnaissance flights conducted by the National Hurricane Center between August 23 and August 27 indicated winds were less than 40 mph (64 km/h). By August 25, the depression made landfall near Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Despite the mountainous terrain of Hispaniola, the depression did not weaken and re-emerged into the Atlantic from the northern coast of Haiti early on August 26. The depression curved northwestward and did not strengthen. On August 27, the depression made another landfall near Andros Town on Andros, Bahamas. Later that day, the depression passed less than 25 miles (40 km) east of West Palm Beach, Florida. Thereafter, the depression curved north-northwestward and remained offshore of Florida.[1]

At 0600 UTC on August 28, a ship located about 93 miles (150 km) from the center of the depression reported tropical storm force winds. As a result, the depression was finally upgraded to Tropical Storm Chris. Tracking rapidly north-northeastward, Chris attained its peak intensity about six hours later, with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (80 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1,005 mbar (29.7 inHg). The storm made its final landfall near Savannah, Georgia with winds of 45 mph (72 km/h) at 1500 UTC on August 28. After moving inland, Chris quickly weakened and was downgraded to a tropical depression near Columbia, South Carolina on August 29. Shortly thereafter, Chris merged with a cold front over North Carolina. The remnants of Chris tracked east-northeastward across the Eastern United States. Eventually, the remnants briefly re-emerged into the Atlantic from New England, then moved across Nova Scotia before dissipating near Cape Breton Island on August 30.[1]

Preparations edit

In preparation of the tropical depression, officials in Puerto Rico closed public schools and sent federal workers home early.[2] At 1000 UTC on August 28, a tropical storm watch was issued for Edisto Beach, South Carolina, to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Two hours later, areas from Savannah, Georgia, to Cape Hatteras North Carolina, were placed under a tropical storm warning. They were later discontinued at an unknown time.[1] Residents of Charleston, South Carolina, complained of little warning in advance of the storm.[3] However, as Chris moved ashore only nine hours after becoming a tropical storm, there was minimal time for preparations.[1]

Impact edit

 
Rainfall totals in Puerto Rico.

Lesser and Greater Antilles edit

In the United States Virgin Islands, the depression dropped 1 inch (25 mm) of rain. Precipitation on the island of Puerto Rico was generally between 3 and 7 inches (76 and 178 mm), with a peak total of 14.5 inches (370 mm) in Hacienda Constanza.[4] Heavy rainfall resulting in flooding, which damaged at least 100 homes[5] and left 485 people homeless.[6] By August 24, at least 15 people evacuated their homes because of flooding. Due to high winds, two cars were crushed by falling trees, causing the deaths of two men and one 12-year-old boy.[6] Hispaniola received heavy rain and 35 mph (56 km/h) winds but no deaths or damage was reported. In the Bahamas, the storm brought winds of 35 mph (56 km/h) but left no damage.[7]

United States edit

 
Rainfall totals from Tropical Storm Chris.

The outer bands of Chris produced 1–3 inches (25–76 mm) of rain in Florida, though no damage was reported.[4] At Fort Pulaski National Monument in Georgia, tides were 1.5 feet (0.46 m) above normal. In that state, Chris produced a sustained wind speed of 43 mph (69 km/h) at Savannah Light, though it was at an elevation of 70 feet (21 m). In addition, the highest wind gust was reported at that location, reaching up to 49 mph (79 km/h). Elsewhere in Georgia, winds were light and were below tropical storm force.[8] Rainfall in the state was mostly less than 2 inches (51 mm),[4] with a peak of 2.01 inches (51 mm) in southeastern Georgia.[9]

Along the coast of South Carolina, tides of at least 0.2 and 0.3 feet (0.061 and 0.091 m) above normal were reported at Charleston and Myrtle Beach, respectively.[10] However, the Preliminary Report on Tropical Storm Chris indicates tides of 0.5 feet (0.15 m) at Charleston and 1 foot (0.30 m) above normal at Myrtle Beach.[8] Several tornadoes were spawned in the state, one of which caused one fatality, one injury, and destroyed at least 15 mobile homes in Clarendon County.[11] Overall, tornadoes in the state collectively resulted in more than $550,000 in damage (1988 USD).[12] Debris littered U.S. Route 301, which briefly shutdown that highway. Winds were relatively light in the state, with sustained winds generally less than 30 mph (48 km/h) and gusts to 44 mph (71 km/h) were reported in Charleston. However, 18,000 people in Charleston and other nearby communities lost electricity. In addition, one mobile home was destroyed and another was overturned in Olanta.[13] Rainfall in South Carolina was generally between 1 and 5 inches (25 and 127 mm), though peaking at 7.64 inches (194 mm) in Bishopville. Near Columbia, 1.72 inches (44 mm) of rain fell in only an hour, leaving standing water on several roads, including Interstate 26.[14]

In North Carolina, a tornado spawned in Iredell County threw a tractor-trailer into a building at an industrial park. The tornado also struck the Iredell Container Corp. building and damaged several nearby mobile homes. As a result, numerous residents of Iredell County were left without gas or electricity. Four houses and a produce stand were destroyed by another tornado along U.S. Route 401 in Cumberland County.[15] A third tornado in Granville County caused one injury and light damage.[12] Collectively, the three tornadoes in the state caused at least $1 million (1988 USD) in damage.[15] In Charlotte, a wind gust of 42 mph (68 km/h) was reported, which downed power lines and damaged the facade of a hotel.[16]

In Mecklenburg County, Virginia, an F2 tornado spawned near Chase City damaged or destroyed ten buildings, including a mobile home, which was wrapped completely around a tree. Additionally, several vehicles were damaged and one injury occurred. Damage from that tornado reached about $700,000 (1988 USD).[12] Winds in Washington D.C. reached slightly more than 47 mph (76 km/h), leaving 3,800 homes without electricity.[12][17] In Maryland, rainfall was less than 2 inches (51 mm) at all locations. A wind gust reaching 55 mph (89 km/h) was reported in Baltimore, though sustained winds were below tropical storm force. Similar amounts of rainfall occurred in other nearby states such as Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania; minor creek flooding occurred in those three states. In Wilmington, Delaware, a wind gust of 48 mph (77 km/h) was reported. Power lines were snapped in Essex County, New Jersey.[17]

The storm downed power lines on Staten Island and Long Island in New York, leaving 31,000 people without power. However, many had their electricity restored within 24 hours. A woman was killed in Mamaroneck when an oak tree fell on her car. According to New York City Transit officials, trees also fell on tracks, which slowed transportation services during rush hour.[18] Two other fatalities when two people canoed in the Highland Falls Reservoir; high winds tipped their canoe and both people subsequently drowned. Wind gusts up to 40 mph (64 km/h) in Rhode Island caused scattered power outages and minor property damage, due to falling tree limbs. In Connecticut, gusty winds felled trees, which struck power lines, leaving at least 59,000 people without electricity.[12] High winds in Maine from the storm damaged power lines, leaving 10,000 people without electricity. The storm also damaged four houses and several automobiles near Crystal Lake.[12] Throughout the United States, damaged totaled to at least $2.25 million (1988 USD).[12][15]

Canada edit

The extratropical remnants of Chris dropped heavy rains and produced winds of 25–30 mph (40–48 km/h). There were no reports of damage.[19]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d Miles Lawrence (October 12, 1988). "Tropical Storm Chris Preliminary Report". National Hurricane Center. p. 1. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
  2. ^ "Tropical Depression is Heading Towards Florida". United Press International. 1988.
  3. ^ Staff Writer (August 27, 1988). "Tropical Storm Chris Hits". Lodi News-Sentinel. United Press International. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
  4. ^ a b c David Roth (May 16, 2007). "Tropical Storm Chris - August 22-30, 1988". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
  5. ^ Staff Writer (August 26, 1988). "Rain, Wind Kill 3 As Storm Passes Puerto Rico". The Post and Courier. Associated Press. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
  6. ^ a b Staff Writer (August 27, 1988). "Depression may pick up steam as it nears Florida". Star-News. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
  7. ^ David Longshore (1998). Encyclopedia of hurricanes, typhoons and cyclones. Facts on File. pp. 168. ISBN 0-8160-3398-6.
  8. ^ a b Miles Lawrence (October 12, 1988). "Tropical Storm Chris Preliminary Report". National Hurricane Center. p. 4. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
  9. ^ "Tropical Cyclone Rainfall for the Southeast". Weather Prediction Center. 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
  10. ^ Miles Lawrence and James Gross (October 1989). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1988" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
  11. ^ Staff Writer (August 29, 1988). "Tropical Storm Chris heading for Virginia". The Gadsden Times. Associated Press. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g "Storm Data — August 1988" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
  13. ^ Staff Writer (August 29, 1988). "Storm Destroys Mobile Homes, Kills 1". The Daily News. Associated Press. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
  14. ^ Staff Writer (August 29, 1988). "Storm Strikes South Carolina, Killing One". New York Times. Associated Press. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
  15. ^ a b c Staff and Wire Reports (August 29, 1988). "Tropical Storm Chris Brings Damage, Rain To Tar Heel State". The Mount Airy News. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
  16. ^ Allen Bruce (August 30, 1988). "Storm, Cold Front Spark Flood Warnings In N.E." The Daily Gazette. United Press International. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
  17. ^ a b Michael Molinski (August 30, 1988). "Storm Chris leaves damage in its wake". The Bryan Times. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
  18. ^ Staff Writer (August 30, 1988). "Remnants of Chris Over Maine". The Albany Herald. Associated Press. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
  19. ^ Canadian Hurricane Centre (2006) CHC Report on Chris 2007-08-04 at the Wayback Machine URL Accessed: August 16, 2006

tropical, storm, chris, 1988, tropical, storm, chris, caused, minor, flooding, greater, antilles, eastern, united, states, august, 1988, seventh, tropical, cyclone, third, named, storm, annual, hurricane, season, chris, developed, from, tropical, wave, while, . Tropical Storm Chris caused minor flooding in the Greater Antilles and the Eastern United States in August 1988 The seventh tropical cyclone and third named storm of the annual hurricane season Chris developed from a tropical wave while roughly midway between Africa and the Lesser Antilles on August 21 Forming as a tropical depression it remained weak for several days crossing the Lesser Antilles Hispaniola and The Bahamas during this time While offshore the coast of Florida on August 28 the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Chris Thereafter the system tracked rapidly north northwestward and came ashore near Savannah Georgia later that day Once inland Chris quickly weakened and by early on the following day it weakened to a tropical depression over South Carolina Six hours later Chris was absorbed by a cold front while over North Carolina though the remnants of the system tracked across the Eastern United States and Atlantic Canada before dissipating on August 30 Tropical Storm Chris Tropical Storm Chris at peak intensity near landfall in Georgia on August 28Meteorological historyFormedAugust 21 1988ExtratropicalAugust 30DissipatedAugust 30 1988Tropical storm1 minute sustained SSHWS NWS Highest winds50 mph 85 km h Lowest pressure1005 mbar hPa 29 68 inHgOverall effectsFatalities6Damage 2 2 million 1988 USD Areas affectedLeeward Islands Puerto Rico Hispaniola Florida Georgia South Carolina North Carolina Virginia New England Atlantic CanadaIBTrACSPart of the 1988 Atlantic hurricane seasonIn the Leeward Islands and U S Virgin Islands Chris produced only light rainfall that caused no damage or fatalities Heavy rainfall occurred in Puerto Rico which damaged 100 homes and caused three fatalities Large amounts of precipitation also fell in Hispaniola though no damage was reported In the United States much of the damage occurred due to tornadoes especially in The Carolinas A tornado in South Carolina destroyed at least 15 mobile homes caused one fatality and resulted in a brief shutdown of U S Route 301 Flooding was minimal as rainfall totals amounted to 5 inches 130 mm or less though standing water was reported on Interstate 26 Another destructive tornado occurred in Virginia Two additional deaths were reported in New York two from drowning and one from a tree falling onto a car Although winds were light at least 118 000 people from South Carolina to Maine were left without electricity The dissipating storm produced light winds and precipitation in Nova Scotia Overall Tropical Storm Chris was attributed to four fatalities and 2 25 million 1988 USD in losses Contents 1 Meteorological history 2 Preparations 3 Impact 3 1 Lesser and Greater Antilles 3 2 United States 3 3 Canada 4 See also 5 ReferencesMeteorological history edit nbsp Map plotting the storm s track and intensity according to the Saffir Simpson scaleMap keySaffir Simpson scale Tropical depression 38 mph 62 km h Tropical storm 39 73 mph 63 118 km h Category 1 74 95 mph 119 153 km h Category 2 96 110 mph 154 177 km h Category 3 111 129 mph 178 208 km h Category 4 130 156 mph 209 251 km h Category 5 157 mph 252 km h Unknown Storm type nbsp Tropical cyclone nbsp Subtropical cyclone nbsp Extratropical cyclone remnant low tropical disturbance or monsoon depressionA tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on August 15 Six days later the system developed into Tropical Depression Seven while centered halfway between the Lesser Antilles and Africa The depression tracked west northwestward around the periphery of a subtropical surface high pressure ridge After strengthening minimally the depression struck Guadeloupe late on August 23 and entered the Caribbean Sea shortly thereafter Although satellite intensity estimates indicated tropical storm status 13 reconnaissance flights conducted by the National Hurricane Center between August 23 and August 27 indicated winds were less than 40 mph 64 km h By August 25 the depression made landfall near Santo Domingo Dominican Republic Despite the mountainous terrain of Hispaniola the depression did not weaken and re emerged into the Atlantic from the northern coast of Haiti early on August 26 The depression curved northwestward and did not strengthen On August 27 the depression made another landfall near Andros Town on Andros Bahamas Later that day the depression passed less than 25 miles 40 km east of West Palm Beach Florida Thereafter the depression curved north northwestward and remained offshore of Florida 1 At 0600 UTC on August 28 a ship located about 93 miles 150 km from the center of the depression reported tropical storm force winds As a result the depression was finally upgraded to Tropical Storm Chris Tracking rapidly north northeastward Chris attained its peak intensity about six hours later with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph 80 km h and a minimum barometric pressure of 1 005 mbar 29 7 inHg The storm made its final landfall near Savannah Georgia with winds of 45 mph 72 km h at 1500 UTC on August 28 After moving inland Chris quickly weakened and was downgraded to a tropical depression near Columbia South Carolina on August 29 Shortly thereafter Chris merged with a cold front over North Carolina The remnants of Chris tracked east northeastward across the Eastern United States Eventually the remnants briefly re emerged into the Atlantic from New England then moved across Nova Scotia before dissipating near Cape Breton Island on August 30 1 Preparations editIn preparation of the tropical depression officials in Puerto Rico closed public schools and sent federal workers home early 2 At 1000 UTC on August 28 a tropical storm watch was issued for Edisto Beach South Carolina to Cape Hatteras North Carolina Two hours later areas from Savannah Georgia to Cape Hatteras North Carolina were placed under a tropical storm warning They were later discontinued at an unknown time 1 Residents of Charleston South Carolina complained of little warning in advance of the storm 3 However as Chris moved ashore only nine hours after becoming a tropical storm there was minimal time for preparations 1 Impact edit nbsp Rainfall totals in Puerto Rico Lesser and Greater Antilles edit In the United States Virgin Islands the depression dropped 1 inch 25 mm of rain Precipitation on the island of Puerto Rico was generally between 3 and 7 inches 76 and 178 mm with a peak total of 14 5 inches 370 mm in Hacienda Constanza 4 Heavy rainfall resulting in flooding which damaged at least 100 homes 5 and left 485 people homeless 6 By August 24 at least 15 people evacuated their homes because of flooding Due to high winds two cars were crushed by falling trees causing the deaths of two men and one 12 year old boy 6 Hispaniola received heavy rain and 35 mph 56 km h winds but no deaths or damage was reported In the Bahamas the storm brought winds of 35 mph 56 km h but left no damage 7 United States edit nbsp Rainfall totals from Tropical Storm Chris The outer bands of Chris produced 1 3 inches 25 76 mm of rain in Florida though no damage was reported 4 At Fort Pulaski National Monument in Georgia tides were 1 5 feet 0 46 m above normal In that state Chris produced a sustained wind speed of 43 mph 69 km h at Savannah Light though it was at an elevation of 70 feet 21 m In addition the highest wind gust was reported at that location reaching up to 49 mph 79 km h Elsewhere in Georgia winds were light and were below tropical storm force 8 Rainfall in the state was mostly less than 2 inches 51 mm 4 with a peak of 2 01 inches 51 mm in southeastern Georgia 9 Along the coast of South Carolina tides of at least 0 2 and 0 3 feet 0 061 and 0 091 m above normal were reported at Charleston and Myrtle Beach respectively 10 However the Preliminary Report on Tropical Storm Chris indicates tides of 0 5 feet 0 15 m at Charleston and 1 foot 0 30 m above normal at Myrtle Beach 8 Several tornadoes were spawned in the state one of which caused one fatality one injury and destroyed at least 15 mobile homes in Clarendon County 11 Overall tornadoes in the state collectively resulted in more than 550 000 in damage 1988 USD 12 Debris littered U S Route 301 which briefly shutdown that highway Winds were relatively light in the state with sustained winds generally less than 30 mph 48 km h and gusts to 44 mph 71 km h were reported in Charleston However 18 000 people in Charleston and other nearby communities lost electricity In addition one mobile home was destroyed and another was overturned in Olanta 13 Rainfall in South Carolina was generally between 1 and 5 inches 25 and 127 mm though peaking at 7 64 inches 194 mm in Bishopville Near Columbia 1 72 inches 44 mm of rain fell in only an hour leaving standing water on several roads including Interstate 26 14 In North Carolina a tornado spawned in Iredell County threw a tractor trailer into a building at an industrial park The tornado also struck the Iredell Container Corp building and damaged several nearby mobile homes As a result numerous residents of Iredell County were left without gas or electricity Four houses and a produce stand were destroyed by another tornado along U S Route 401 in Cumberland County 15 A third tornado in Granville County caused one injury and light damage 12 Collectively the three tornadoes in the state caused at least 1 million 1988 USD in damage 15 In Charlotte a wind gust of 42 mph 68 km h was reported which downed power lines and damaged the facade of a hotel 16 In Mecklenburg County Virginia an F2 tornado spawned near Chase City damaged or destroyed ten buildings including a mobile home which was wrapped completely around a tree Additionally several vehicles were damaged and one injury occurred Damage from that tornado reached about 700 000 1988 USD 12 Winds in Washington D C reached slightly more than 47 mph 76 km h leaving 3 800 homes without electricity 12 17 In Maryland rainfall was less than 2 inches 51 mm at all locations A wind gust reaching 55 mph 89 km h was reported in Baltimore though sustained winds were below tropical storm force Similar amounts of rainfall occurred in other nearby states such as Delaware New Jersey and Pennsylvania minor creek flooding occurred in those three states In Wilmington Delaware a wind gust of 48 mph 77 km h was reported Power lines were snapped in Essex County New Jersey 17 The storm downed power lines on Staten Island and Long Island in New York leaving 31 000 people without power However many had their electricity restored within 24 hours A woman was killed in Mamaroneck when an oak tree fell on her car According to New York City Transit officials trees also fell on tracks which slowed transportation services during rush hour 18 Two other fatalities when two people canoed in the Highland Falls Reservoir high winds tipped their canoe and both people subsequently drowned Wind gusts up to 40 mph 64 km h in Rhode Island caused scattered power outages and minor property damage due to falling tree limbs In Connecticut gusty winds felled trees which struck power lines leaving at least 59 000 people without electricity 12 High winds in Maine from the storm damaged power lines leaving 10 000 people without electricity The storm also damaged four houses and several automobiles near Crystal Lake 12 Throughout the United States damaged totaled to at least 2 25 million 1988 USD 12 15 Canada edit The extratropical remnants of Chris dropped heavy rains and produced winds of 25 30 mph 40 48 km h There were no reports of damage 19 See also edit nbsp Tropical cyclones portalOther storms of the same name Hurricane Isaias Took a very similar track in 2020 List of North Carolina hurricanes 1980 1999 References edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tropical Storm Chris 1988 a b c d Miles Lawrence October 12 1988 Tropical Storm Chris Preliminary Report National Hurricane Center p 1 Retrieved March 7 2012 Tropical Depression is Heading Towards Florida United Press International 1988 Staff Writer August 27 1988 Tropical Storm Chris Hits Lodi News Sentinel United Press International Retrieved March 7 2012 a b c David Roth May 16 2007 Tropical Storm Chris August 22 30 1988 Hydrometeorological Prediction Center Retrieved March 7 2012 Staff Writer August 26 1988 Rain Wind Kill 3 As Storm Passes Puerto Rico The Post and Courier Associated Press Retrieved March 7 2012 a b Staff Writer August 27 1988 Depression may pick up steam as it nears Florida Star News Retrieved March 7 2012 David Longshore 1998 Encyclopedia of hurricanes typhoons and cyclones Facts on File pp 168 ISBN 0 8160 3398 6 a b Miles Lawrence October 12 1988 Tropical Storm Chris Preliminary Report National Hurricane Center p 4 Retrieved March 7 2012 Tropical Cyclone Rainfall for the Southeast Weather Prediction Center 2012 Retrieved July 4 2012 Miles Lawrence and James Gross October 1989 Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1988 PDF National Hurricane Center Retrieved March 7 2012 Staff Writer August 29 1988 Tropical Storm Chris heading for Virginia The Gadsden Times Associated Press Retrieved March 7 2012 a b c d e f g Storm Data August 1988 PDF National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Climatic Data Center Retrieved May 26 2012 Staff Writer August 29 1988 Storm Destroys Mobile Homes Kills 1 The Daily News Associated Press Retrieved March 7 2012 Staff Writer August 29 1988 Storm Strikes South Carolina Killing One New York Times Associated Press Retrieved March 7 2012 a b c Staff and Wire Reports August 29 1988 Tropical Storm Chris Brings Damage Rain To Tar Heel State The Mount Airy News Retrieved March 7 2012 Allen Bruce August 30 1988 Storm Cold Front Spark Flood Warnings In N E The Daily Gazette United Press International Retrieved March 8 2012 a b Michael Molinski August 30 1988 Storm Chris leaves damage in its wake The Bryan Times Retrieved March 8 2012 Staff Writer August 30 1988 Remnants of Chris Over Maine The Albany Herald Associated Press Retrieved March 8 2012 Canadian Hurricane Centre 2006 CHC Report on Chris Archived 2007 08 04 at the Wayback Machine URL Accessed August 16 2006 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tropical Storm Chris 1988 amp oldid 1171672676, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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