Trailokya (Sanskrit: त्रैलोक्य; Kannada: ತ್ರೈಲೋಕ್ಯ; Pali: tiloka, Tibetan: khams gsum; Chinese: 三界; Vietnamese: Tam Giới) literally means "three worlds".[1][2][3] It can also refer to "three spheres,"[3] "three planes of existence,"[4] and "three realms".[4]
Sculpture of Vamana, an avatar of Vishnu, who is associated with the legend of taking three strides upon the three worlds
The concept of three worlds has a number of different interpretations in Hindu cosmology.
Traditionally, the three worlds refer to either the earth (Bhuloka), heaven (Svarga), and hell (Naraka),[5] or the earth (Bhuloka), heaven (Svarga), and the netherworld (Patala)[6]
The Brahmanda Purana conceives them to be Bhūta (past), Bhavya (future), and Bhavat (present)[7]
In Vaishnavism, the three worlds are often described to be bhūr, bhuvaḥ, and svaḥ (the gross region, the subtle region, and the celestial region)[8]
In the Nilanamatapurana, Vamana covers his second step on the three worlds of Maharloka, Janaloka, and Tapoloka, all of which are regarded to be a part of the seven heavens[9]
Kāmaloka the world of desire, typified by base desires, populated by hell beings, preta (hungry ghosts), animals, humans and lower demi-gods.
Rūpaloka is the world of form, predominantly free of baser desires, populated by dhyāna-dwelling gods, possible rebirth destination for those well practiced in dhyāna.
Arūpaloka is the world of formlessness, a noncorporeal realm populated with four heavens, possible rebirth destination for practitioners of the four formlessness stages.[3]
Together, they make up all of existence.
Jain cosmologyedit
The early Jain contemplated the nature of the earth and universe and developed a detailed hypothesis on the various aspects of astronomy and cosmology. According to the Jain texts, the universe is divided into 3 parts:[10][11][12][13]
Fourteen Rajaloka or Triloka depicted as cosmic man. Miniature from 17th century, Saṁgrahaṇīratna by Śrīcandra, in Prakrit with a Gujarati commentary. Jain Śvetāmbara cosmological text with commentary and illustrations.
^ abcFischer-Schreiber et al. (1991), p. 230, entry for "Triloka". Here, synonyms for triloka include trailokya and traidhātuka.
^ abBerzin (2008) renders khams-gsum (Wylie; Tibetan) and tridhatu (Sanskrit) as "three planes of existence" and states that it is "[s]ometimes called 'the three realms.'" Tridhatu is a synonym of triloka where dhatu may be rendered as "dimension" or "realm" and loka as "world" or even "planet."
^www.wisdomlib.org (18 November 2017). "Trailokya: 19 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
^Maruvada, Surya N. (2 March 2020). Who is Who in Hindu Mythology - VOL 2: A Comprehensive Collection of Stories from the Pur??as. Notion Press. ISBN978-1-64805-686-4.
^www.wisdomlib.org (20 June 2019). "Vaivasvata Manvantara: the Mārīca creation [Chapter 38]". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
^www.wisdomlib.org (27 September 2008). "Triloka, Tri-loka: 12 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
^www.wisdomlib.org (28 January 2019). "Story of Vāmana". www.wisdomlib.org. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
Fischer-Schreiber, Ingrid, Franz-Karl Ehrhard, Michael S. Diener and Michael H. Kohn (trans.) (1991). The Shambhala Dictionary of Buddhism and Zen. Boston: Shambhala Publications. ISBN0-87773-520-4.
W. E. Soothill & L. Hodous (1937-2000). A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN81-208-0319-1.
Grimes, John A. (1996), A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, SUNY Press, ISBN9780791430675, retrieved 10 September 2017
trailokya, sanskrit, kannada, pali, tiloka, tibetan, khams, gsum, chinese, 三界, vietnamese, giới, literally, means, three, worlds, also, refer, three, spheres, three, planes, existence, three, realms, sculpture, vamana, avatar, vishnu, associated, with, legend,. Trailokya Sanskrit त र ल क य Kannada ತ ರ ಲ ಕ ಯ Pali tiloka Tibetan khams gsum Chinese 三界 Vietnamese Tam Giới literally means three worlds 1 2 3 It can also refer to three spheres 3 three planes of existence 4 and three realms 4 Sculpture of Vamana an avatar of Vishnu who is associated with the legend of taking three strides upon the three worldsConceptions of three worlds tri loka appear in Hinduism and Jainism as well as early Buddhist texts The Triloka Purusha the figure who embodies the three worldsTranscending the Three Realms 超出三界圖 1615 Xingming guizhiContents 1 Hindu cosmology 2 Buddhist cosmology 3 Jain cosmology 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Sources 7 External linksHindu cosmology editMain article Hindu cosmology The concept of three worlds has a number of different interpretations in Hindu cosmology Traditionally the three worlds refer to either the earth Bhuloka heaven Svarga and hell Naraka 5 or the earth Bhuloka heaven Svarga and the netherworld Patala 6 The Brahmanda Purana conceives them to be Bhuta past Bhavya future and Bhavat present 7 In Vaishnavism the three worlds are often described to be bhur bhuvaḥ and svaḥ the gross region the subtle region and the celestial region 8 In the Nilanamatapurana Vamana covers his second step on the three worlds of Maharloka Janaloka and Tapoloka all of which are regarded to be a part of the seven heavens 9 Buddhist cosmology editMain article Buddhist cosmology In Buddhism the three worlds refer to the following destinations for karmic rebirth Kamaloka the world of desire typified by base desires populated by hell beings preta hungry ghosts animals humans and lower demi gods Rupaloka is the world of form predominantly free of baser desires populated by dhyana dwelling gods possible rebirth destination for those well practiced in dhyana Arupaloka is the world of formlessness a noncorporeal realm populated with four heavens possible rebirth destination for practitioners of the four formlessness stages 3 Together they make up all of existence Jain cosmology editThe early Jain contemplated the nature of the earth and universe and developed a detailed hypothesis on the various aspects of astronomy and cosmology According to the Jain texts the universe is divided into 3 parts 10 11 12 13 Urdhva Loka the realms of the gods or heavens Madhya Loka the realms of the humans animals and plants Adho Loka the realms of the hellish beings or the infernal regionsSee also edit nbsp Fourteen Rajaloka or Triloka depicted as cosmic man Miniature from 17th century Saṁgrahaṇiratna by Sricandra in Prakrit with a Gujarati commentary Jain Svetambara cosmological text with commentary and illustrations Loka Six Paths Svarga TrikayaNotes edit Monier Williams 1899 p 460 col 1 entry for Tri loka retrieved at http www sanskrit lexicon uni koeln de scans MWScan MWScanpdf mw0460 trimala pdf and p 462 col 2 entry for Trailoya retrieved at http www sanskrit lexicon uni koeln de scans MWScan MWScanpdf mw0462 tripu pdf Rhys Davids amp Stede 1921 25 p 301 entry for Ti retrieved at http dsal uchicago edu cgi bin philologic getobject pl p 1 129 pali permanent dead link Here tiloka is compared with tebhumaka three planes a b c Fischer Schreiber et al 1991 p 230 entry for Triloka Here synonyms for triloka include trailokya and traidhatuka a b Berzin 2008 renders khams gsum Wylie Tibetan and tridhatu Sanskrit as three planes of existence and states that it is s ometimes called the three realms Tridhatu is a synonym of triloka where dhatu may be rendered as dimension or realm and loka as world or even planet www wisdomlib org 18 November 2017 Trailokya 19 definitions www wisdomlib org Retrieved 18 August 2022 Maruvada Surya N 2 March 2020 Who is Who in Hindu Mythology VOL 2 A Comprehensive Collection of Stories from the Pur as Notion Press ISBN 978 1 64805 686 4 www wisdomlib org 20 June 2019 Vaivasvata Manvantara the Marica creation Chapter 38 www wisdomlib org Retrieved 18 August 2022 www wisdomlib org 27 September 2008 Triloka Tri loka 12 definitions www wisdomlib org Retrieved 18 August 2022 www wisdomlib org 28 January 2019 Story of Vamana www wisdomlib org Retrieved 18 August 2022 Grimes 1996 p 177 Titze amp Bruhn 1998 p 238 Wiley 2009 p 131 Raval 2016 p 81 Sources editBerzin Alexander 6 March 2008 Berzin Archives Glossary Retrieved Sunday 13 July 2008 from Berzin Archives at http www berzinarchives com web en about glossary glossary tibetan html Fischer Schreiber Ingrid Franz Karl Ehrhard Michael S Diener and Michael H Kohn trans 1991 The Shambhala Dictionary of Buddhism and Zen Boston Shambhala Publications ISBN 0 87773 520 4 Monier Williams Monier 1899 1964 A Sanskrit English Dictionary London Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 864308 X Retrieved 2008 07 13 from Cologne University at http www sanskrit lexicon uni koeln de scans MWScan index php sfx pdf Rhys Davids T W amp William Stede eds 1921 5 The Pali Text Society s Pali English Dictionary Chipstead Pali Text Society Retrieved 2008 07 13 from U Chicago at http dsal uchicago edu dictionaries pali W E Soothill amp L Hodous 1937 2000 A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms Delhi Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 81 208 0319 1 Grimes John A 1996 A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy Sanskrit Terms Defined in English SUNY Press ISBN 9780791430675 retrieved 10 September 2017 Titze Kurt Bruhn Klaus 1998 Jainism A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non violence Motilal Banarsidass Publication ISBN 9788120815346 retrieved 10 September 2017 Wiley Kristi L 2009 The A to Z of Jainism Scarecrow Press ISBN 9780810868212 retrieved 10 September 2017 Raval Mukundchandra G 2016 Meru The Center of our Earth Notion Press ISBN 9781945400100 retrieved 10 September 2017External links editBullitt John T 2005 The Thirty one Planes of Existence Retrieved 2007 04 30 from Access to Insight at http www accesstoinsight org ptf dhamma sagga loka html Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Trailokya amp oldid 1217545460, wikipedia, 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