Treaties of the European Union

The Treaties of the European Union are a set of international treaties between the European Union (EU) member states which sets out the EU's constitutional basis. They establish the various EU institutions together with their remit, procedures and objectives. The EU can only act within the competences granted to it through these treaties and amendment to the treaties requires the agreement and ratification (according to their national procedures) of every single signatory.

Treaties of the European Union
Front page of an EU document containing the consolidated treaties and documents which comprise the legal basis of the EU
Location	Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Purpose	Establishing the laws and principles under which the European Union is governed

Two core functional treaties, the Treaty on European Union (originally signed in Maastricht in 1992, aka The Maastricht Treaty) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (originally signed in Rome in 1957 as the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, aka The Treaty of Rome), lay out how the EU operates, and there are a number of satellite treaties which are interconnected with them. The treaties have been repeatedly amended by other treaties over the 65 years since they were first signed. The consolidated version of the two core treaties is regularly published by the European Commission.

Despite the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the bloc in 2020, its name remains officially on some of the treaties (the SEA, Maastricht, Amsterdam, Nice and Lisbon and all accession treaties between 1972 and 2011) as it was part of the consultation and ratification process as a member state at the time those treaties were drawn up, though the country is no longer legally bound by them itself. This can only be altered by a future amendment to the treaties.

Content

The two principal treaties on which the EU is based are the Treaty on European Union (TEU; Maastricht Treaty, effective since 1993) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU; Treaty of Rome, effective since 1958). These main treaties (plus their attached protocols and declarations) have been altered by amending treaties at least once a decade since they each came into force, the latest being the Treaty of Lisbon which came into force in 2009. The Lisbon Treaty also made the Charter of Fundamental Rights legally binding, though it remains a separate document.

Treaty on European Union

Main article: Treaty on European Union

 

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union

Following the preamble the treaty text is divided into six parts.^[1]

Title 1, Common Provisions

The first deals with common provisions. Article 1 establishes the European Union on the basis of the European Community and lays out the legal value of the treaties. The second article states that the EU is "founded on the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities". The member states share a "society in which pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity and equality between women and men prevail".

Article 3 then states the aims of the EU in six points. The first is simply to promote peace, European values and its citizens' well-being. The second relates to free movement with external border controls are in place. Point 3 deals with the internal market. Point 4 establishes the euro. Point 5 states the EU shall promote its values, contribute to eradicating poverty, observe human rights and respect the charter of the United Nations. The final sixth point states that the EU shall pursue these objectives by "appropriate means" according with its competences given in the treaties.

 

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

Article 4 relates to member states' sovereignty and obligations. Article 5 sets out the principles of conferral, subsidiarity and proportionality with respect to the limits of its powers. Article 6 binds the EU to the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and the European Convention on Human Rights. Article 7 deals with the suspension of a member state and article 8 deals with establishing close relations with neighbouring states.

Title 2, Provisions on democratic principles

Article 9 establishes the equality of national citizens and citizenship of the European Union. Article 10 declares that the EU is founded in representative democracy and that decisions must be taken as closely as possible to citizens. It makes reference to European political parties and how citizens are represented: directly in the parliament and by their governments in the council and European Council – accountable to national parliaments. Article 11 establishes government transparency, declares that broad consultations must be made and introduces provision for a petition where at least 1 million citizens may petition the commission to legislate on a matter. Article 12 gives national parliaments limited involvement in the legislative process.

Title 3, Provisions on the institutions

Article 13 establishes the institutions in the following order and under the following names: the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Commission, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the European Central Bank and the Court of Auditors. It obliges co-operation between these and limits their competencies to the powers within the treaties.

Article 14 deals with the workings of Parliament and its election, article 15 with the European Council and its president, article 16 with the council and its configurations and article 17 with the commission and its appointment. Article 18 establishes the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and article 19 establishes the Court of Justice.

Title 4, Provisions on enhanced cooperations

Title 4 has only one article which allows a limited number of member states to co-operate within the EU if others are blocking integration in that field.

Title 5, General provisions on the Union's external action and specific provisions on the Common Foreign and Security Policy

Chapter 1 of this title includes articles 21 and 22. Article 21 deals with the principles that outline EU foreign policy; including compliance with the UN charter, promoting global trade, humanitarian support and global governance. Article 22 gives the European Council, acting unanimously, control over defining the EU's foreign policy.

Chapter 2 is further divided into sections. The first, common provisions, details the guidelines and functioning of the EU's foreign policy, including establishment of the European External Action Service and member state's responsibilities. Section 2, articles 42 to 46, deal with military cooperation (including Permanent Structured Cooperation and mutual defence).

Title 6, Final provisions

Article 47 establishes a legal personality for the EU. Article 48 deals with the method of treaty amendment; specifically the ordinary and simplified revision procedures. Article 49 deals with applications to join the EU and article 50 with withdrawal. Article 51 deals with the protocols attached to the treaties and article 52 with the geographic application of the treaty. Article 53 states the treaty is in force for an unlimited period, article 54 deals with ratification and 55 with the different language versions of the treaties.

Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

Main article: Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

 

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union goes into deeper detail on the role, policies and operation of the EU. It is split into seven parts.^[1][2]

Part 1, Principles

In principles, article 1 establishes the basis of the treaty and its legal value. Articles 2 to 6 outline the competencies of the EU according to the level of powers accorded in each area. Articles 7 to 14 set out social principles, articles 15 and 16 set out public access to documents and meetings and article 17 states that the EU shall respect the status of religious, philosophical and non-confessional organisations under national law.^[2]

Part 2, Non-discrimination and citizenship of the Union

The second part begins with article 18 which outlaws, within the limitations of the treaties, discrimination on the basis of nationality. Article 19 states the EU will "combat discrimination based on sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation". Articles 20 to 24 establishes EU citizenship and accords rights to it;^[3] to free movement, consular protection from other states, vote and stand in local and European elections, right to petition Parliament and the European Ombudsman and to contact and receive a reply from EU institutions in their own language. Article 25 requires the commission to report on the implementation of these rights every three years.^[2]

Part 3, Union policies and internal actions

Part 3 on policies and actions is divided by area into the following titles: the internal market; the free movement of goods, including the customs union; agriculture and fisheries; free movement of people, services and capital; the area of freedom, justice and security, including police and justice co-operation; transport policy; competition, taxation and harmonisation of regulations (note Article 101 and Article 102); economic and monetary policy, including articles on the euro; employment policy; the European Social Fund; education, vocational training, youth and sport policies; cultural policy; public health; consumer protection; Trans-European Networks; industrial policy; economic, social and territorial cohesion (reducing disparities in development); research and development and space policy; environmental policy; energy policy; tourism; civil protection; and administrative co-operation.^[2]

Part 4, Association of the overseas countries and territories

Part 4 deals with association of overseas territories. Article 198 sets the objective of association as promoting the economic and social development of those associated territories as listed in annex 2. The following articles elaborate on the form of association such as customs duties.^[2]

Part 5, External action by the Union

Part 5 deals with EU foreign policy. Article 205 states that external actions must be in accordance with the principles laid out in Chapter 1 Title 5 of the Treaty on European Union. Article 206 and 207 establish the common commercial (external trade) policy of the EU. Articles 208 to 214 deal with cooperation on development and humanitarian aid for third countries. Article 215 deals with sanctions while articles 216 to 219 deal with procedures for establishing international treaties with third countries. Article 220 instructs the High Representative and Commission to engage in appropriate cooperation with other international organisations and article 221 establishes the EU delegations. Article 222, the Solidarity clause states that members shall come to the aid of a fellow member who is subject to a terrorist attack, natural disaster or man-made disaster. This includes the use of military force.^[2]

Part 6, Institutional and financial provisions

Part 6 elaborates on the institutional provisions in the Treaty on European Union. As well as elaborating on the structures, articles 288 to 299 outline the forms of legislative acts and procedures of the EU. Articles 300 to 309 establish the European Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions and the European Investment Bank. Articles 310 to 325 outline the EU budget. Finally, articles 326 to 334 establishes provision for enhanced co-operation.^[2]

Part 7, General and final provisions

Part 7 deals with final legal points, such as territorial and temporal application, the seat of institutions (to be decided by member states, but this is enacted by a protocol attached to the treaties), immunities and the effect on treaties signed before 1958 or the date of accession.^[2]

Protocols, annexes and declarations

 

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Consolidated protocols, annexes and declarations attached to the treaties of the European Union

There are 37 protocols, 2 annexes and 65 declarations that are attached to the treaties to elaborate details, often in connection with a single country, without being in the full legal text.^[1]

Protocols;^[4]

• 1: on the role of National Parliaments in the European Union
• 2: on the application of the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality
• 3: on the statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union
• 4: on the statute of the European System of Central Banks and of the European Central Bank
• 5: on the statute of the European Investment Bank
• 6: on the location of the seats of the institutions and of certain bodies, offices, agencies and departments of the European Union
• 7: on the privileges and immunities of the European Union
• 8: relating to Article 6(2) of the Treaty on European Union on the accession of the Union to the European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
• 9: on the decision of the Council relating to the implementation of Article 16(4) of the Treaty on European Union and Article 238(2) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union between 1 November 2014 and 31 March 2017 on the one hand, and as from 1 April 2017 on the other
• 10: on permanent structured cooperation established by Article 42 of the Treaty on European Union
• 11: on Article 42 of the Treaty on European Union
• 12: on the excessive deficit procedure
• 13: on the convergence criteria
• 14: on the Euro Group
• 15: on certain provisions relating to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
• 16: on certain provisions relating to Denmark
• 17: on Denmark
• 18: on France
• 19: on the Schengen acquis integrated into the framework of the European Union
• 20: on the application of certain aspects of Article 26 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to the United Kingdom and to Ireland
• 21: on the position of the United Kingdom and Ireland in respect of the area of freedom, security and justice
• 22: on the position of Denmark
• 23: on external relations of the Member States with regard to the crossing of external borders
• 24: on asylum for nationals of Member States of the European Union
• 25: on the exercise of shared competence
• 26: on services of general interest
• 27: on the internal market and competition
• 28: on economic, social and territorial cohesion
• 29: on the system of public broadcasting in the Member States
• 30: on the application of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union to Poland and to the United Kingdom
• 31: concerning imports into the European Union of petroleum products refined in the Netherlands Antilles
• 32: on the acquisition of property in Denmark
• 33: concerning Article 157 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
• 34: on special arrangements for Greenland
• 35: on Article 40.3.3 of the Constitution of Ireland

 

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Protocol Amending the Protocol on Transitional Provisions

• 36: on transitional provisions
• 37: on the financial consequences of the expiry of the ECSC treaty and on the Research fund for Coal and Steel

Annexes^[5]

• Annex I lists agricultural and marine produce covered by the Common Agricultural Policy and the Common Fisheries Policy.
• Annex II lists the overseas countries and territories associated with the EU.

Declarations^[6]

There are 65 declarations attached to the EU treaties. As examples, these include the following. Declaration 1 affirms that the charter, gaining legal force, reaffirms rights under the European Convention and does not allow the EU to act beyond its conferred competencies. Declaration 4 allocates an extra MEP to Italy. Declaration 7 outlines Council voting procedures to become active after 2014. Declaration 17 asserts the primacy of EU law. Declaration 27 reasserts that holding a legal personality does not entitle the EU to act beyond its competencies. Declaration 43 allows Mayotte to change to the status of outermost region.

Euratom

 

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Consolidated version of the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community

As well as the two main treaties, their protocols and the Charter of Fundamental Rights; the Treaty Establishing a European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) is still in force as a separate treaty.

Title one outlines the tasks of Euratom. Title two contains the core of the treaty on how cooperation in the field is to take place. Title three outlines institutional provisions and has largely been subsumed by the European Union treaties. Title four is on financial provisions and title five on the general and title six is on final provisions.^[7]

Amendment and ratification

The treaties can be changed in three different ways. The ordinary revision procedure is essentially the traditional method by which the treaties have been amended and involves holding a full inter-governmental conference. The simplified revision procedure was established by the Treaty of Lisbon and only allows for changes which do not increase the power of the EU. While using the passerelle clause does involve amending the treaties, as such, it does allow for a change of legislative procedure in certain circumstances.

The ordinary revision procedure for amending treaties requires proposals from an institution to be lodged with the European Council. The President of the European Council can then either call a European Convention (composed of national governments, national parliamentarians, MEPs and representatives from the Commission) to draft the changes or draft the proposals in the European Council itself if the change is minor. They then proceed with an Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) which agrees the treaty which is then signed by all the national leaders and ratified by each state.^[8]

While this is the procedure that has been used for all treaties prior to the Lisbon Treaty, an actual European Convention (essentially, a constitutional convention) has only been called twice. First in the drafting of the Charter of Fundamental Rights with the European Convention of 1999–2000. Second with the Convention on the Future of Europe which drafted the Constitutional Treaty (which then formed the basis of the Lisbon Treaty). Previously, treaties had been drafted by civil servants.

The simplified revision procedure, which applies only to part three of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and cannot increase the powers of the EU, sees changes simply agreed in the European Council by a decision before being ratified by each state.^[8] The amendment to article 136 TFEU makes use of the simplified revision procedure due to the small scope of its change.

Any reform to the legal basis of the EU must be ratified according to the procedures in each member state. All states are required to ratify it and lodge the instruments of ratification with the Government of Italy before the treaty can come into force in any respect. In some states, such as Ireland, this is usually a referendum as any change to that state's constitution requires one. In others, such as Belgium, referendums are constitutionally banned and the ratification must take place in its national parliament.

On some occasions, a state has failed to get a treaty passed by its public in a referendum. In the cases of Ireland and Denmark a second referendum was held after a number of concessions were granted. However, in the case of France and the Netherlands, the treaty was abandoned in favour of a treaty that would not prompt a referendum. In the case of Norway, where the treaty was their accession treaty, the treaty (hence, their membership) was also abandoned.

Treaties are also put before the European Parliament and while its vote is not binding, it is important; both the Belgian and Italian Parliaments said they would veto the Nice Treaty if the European Parliament did not approve it.^[9]

Minor amendments not requiring ratification

Main article: Passerelle Clause

The treaties contain a passerelle clause which allows the European Council to unanimously agree to change the applicable voting procedure in the Council of Ministers to QMV and to change legislation adoption procedure from a special to the ordinary legislative procedure, provided that no national parliament objects. This procedure cannot be used for areas which have defence implications.^[8]

The fourth amendment procedure is for changing status of some of the special member state territories. The status of French, Dutch and Danish overseas territories can be changed more easily, by no longer requiring a full treaty revision. Instead, the European Council may, on the initiative of the member state concerned, change the status of an overseas country or territory (OCT) to an outermost region (OMR) or vice versa.^[10] This provision doesn't apply to special territories of the other member states.

Legend for below table: [Amending] – [Membership]

European Council decision type	Established/Amended	Agreed in	Agreed on	Effective from	Ceased
Changing status of French territory^[11]	Withdrawal of Saint-Barthélemy (OMR to OCT)	Brussels, BE	29 October 2010	1 January 2012	in force
Changing status of French territory^[12]	Enlarged to Mayotte (OCT to OMR)	Brussels, BE	11 July 2012	1 January 2014	in force

Ratified treaties

Since the end of World War II, sovereign European countries have entered into treaties and thereby co-operated and harmonised policies (or pooled sovereignty) in an increasing number of areas, in the European integration project or the construction of Europe (French: la construction européenne). The following timeline outlines the legal inception of the European Union (EU)—the principal framework for this unification. The EU inherited many of its present responsibilities from the European Communities (EC), which were founded in the 1950s in the spirit of the Schuman Declaration.

Legend:   S: signing   F: entry into force   T: termination   E: expiry     de facto supersession   Rel. w/ EC/EU framework:    de facto inside    outside

European Union (EU)

[Cont.]

European Communities (EC)

(Pillar I)

European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom)

[Cont.]

/   /   /   European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)

(Distr. of competences)

European Economic Community (EEC)

Schengen Rules

European Community (EC)

'TREVI'

Justice and Home Affairs (JHA, pillar II)

/   North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

[Cont.]

Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters (PJCC, pillar II)

Anglo-French alliance

[Defence arm handed to NATO]

European Political Co-operation (EPC)

Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP, pillar III)

Western Union (WU)

/   Western European Union (WEU)

[Tasks defined following the WEU's 1984 reactivation handed to the EU]

[Social, cultural tasks handed to CoE]

[Cont.]

v t e

Council of Europe (CoE)

Entente Cordiale S: 8 April 1904

Dunkirk Treaty^[i] S: 4 March 1947 F: 8 September 1947 E: 8 September 1997

Brussels Treaty^[i] S: 17 March 1948 F: 25 August 1948 T: 30 June 2011

London and Washington treaties^[i] S: 5 May/4 April 1949 F: 3 August/24 August 1949

Paris treaties: ECSC and EDC^[ii] S: 18 April 1951/27 May 1952 F: 23 July 1952/— E: 23 July 2002/—

Protocol Modifying and Completing the Brussels Treaty^[i] S: 23 October 1954 F: 6 May 1955

Rome treaties: EEC and EAEC S: 25 March 1957 F: 1 January 1958

WEU-CoE agreement^[i] S: 21 October 1959 F: 1 January 1960

Brussels (Merger) Treaty^[iii] S: 8 April 1965 F: 1 July 1967

Davignon report S: 27 October 1970

European Council conclusions S: 2 December 1975

Single European Act (SEA) S: 17/28 February 1986 F: 1 July 1987

Schengen Treaty and Convention S: 14 June 1985/19 June 1990 F: 26 March 1995

Maastricht Treaty^[iv]^[v] S: 7 February 1992 F: 1 November 1993

Amsterdam Treaty S: 2 October 1997 F: 1 May 1999

Nice Treaty S: 26 February 2001 F: 1 February 2003

Lisbon Treaty^[vi] S: 13 December 2007 F: 1 December 2009

1. Although not EU treaties per se, these treaties affected the development of the EU defence arm, a main part of the CFSP. The Franco-British alliance established by the Dunkirk Treaty was de facto superseded by WU. The CFSP pillar was bolstered by some of the security structures that had been established within the remit of the 1955 Modified Brussels Treaty (MBT). The Brussels Treaty was terminated in 2011, consequently dissolving the WEU, as the mutual defence clause that the Lisbon Treaty provided for EU was considered to render the WEU superfluous. The EU thus de facto superseded the WEU.
2. Plans to establish a European Political Community (EPC) were shelved following the French failure to ratify the Treaty establishing the European Defence Community (EDC). The EPC would have combined the ECSC and the EDC.
3. The European Communities obtained common institutions and a shared legal personality (i.e. ability to e.g. sign treaties in their own right).
4. The treaties of Maastricht and Rome form the EU's legal basis, and are also referred to as the Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), respectively. They are amended by secondary treaties.
5. Between the EU's founding in 1993 and consolidation in 2009, the union consisted of three pillars, the first of which were the European Communities. The other two pillars consisted of additional areas of cooperation that had been added to the EU's remit.
6. The consolidation meant that the EU inherited the European Communities' legal personality and that the pillar system was abolished, resulting in the EU framework as such covering all policy areas. Executive/legislative power in each area was instead determined by a distribution of competencies between EU institutions and member states. This distribution, as well as treaty provisions for policy areas in which unanimity is required and qualified majority voting is possible, reflects the depth of EU integration as well as the EU's partly supranational and partly intergovernmental nature.

Legend for below table: [Founding] – [Amending] – [Membership]

Treaty	Established/Amended	Signed in	Signed on	Effective from	Ceased
ECSC Treaty ^source text	European Coal and Steel Community	Paris, FR	18 April 1951	23 July 1952	23 July 2002^[13]
Treaty amending the Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community^[14]	Amended Previous Amended the ECSC treaty to take into account the transfer of Saarland from France to Germany	Luxembourg, LU	27 October 1956	9 October 1958^[15]	23 July 2002^[16]
EEC Treaty (Treaty of Rome) ^source text	European Economic Community	Rome, IT	25 March 1957	1 January 1958	in force
Euratom Treaty ^source text	European Atomic Energy Community	Rome, IT	25 March 1957	1 January 1958	in force
Convention on certain institutions common to the European Communities^[17]	Amended Previous Established a common Assembly, a common Court of Justice and a common Economic and Social Committee	Rome, IT	25 March 1957	1 January 1958	1 May 1999^[18]
Netherlands Antilles Convention ^source text	OCT status for the Netherlands Antilles	Brussels, BE	13 November 1962	1 October 1964	in force
Merger Treaty ^source text	Amended Previous Executives of ECSC and EAEC combined with those of the EEC.	Brussels, BE	8 April 1965	1 July 1967	1 May 1999^[18]
First Budgetary Treaty	Amended Previous Partial budgetary powers to Parliament	Luxembourg, LU	22 April 1970	1 January 1971	in force
Treaty of Accession 1972	Enlarged to Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom	Brussels, BE	22 January 1972	1 January 1973	in force
Treaty amending certain provisions of the Protocol on the Statute of the European Investment Bank^[19]	Amended Previous Protocol on the Statute of the European Investment Bank	Brussels, BE	10 July 1975	1 October 1977	in force
Second Budgetary Treaty	Amended Previous Greater budgetary powers to Parliament Established the Court of Auditors (see article for all changes).	Brussels, BE	22 July 1975	1 June 1977	in force
Treaty of Accession 1979	Enlarged to Greece	Athens, GR	28 May 1979	1 January 1981	in force
Greenland Treaty ^source text	Withdrawal of Greenland	Brussels, BE	13 March 1984	1 February 1985	in force
Treaty of Accession 1985	Enlarged to Spain and Portugal	Madrid, ES Lisbon, PT	12 June 1985	1 January 1986	in force
Single European Act ^source text	Amended Previous Introduced the Single Market and European Political Cooperation	Luxembourg, LU The Hague, NL	17 February 1986 28 February 1986	1 July 1987	in force
Treaty of Maastricht ^source text (Treaty on European Union)	European Union Amended Previous EEC became European Community pillar of EU. Intergovernmental pillars of CFSP and JHA established.	Maastricht, NL	7 February 1992	1 November 1993	in force
Act amending the Protocol on the Statute of the European Investment Bank empowering the Board of Governors to establish a European Investment Fund^[20]	Established the European Investment Fund	Brussels, BE	25 March 1993	1 May 1994	in force
Treaty of Accession 1994	Enlarged to Austria, Finland and Sweden	Corfu, GR	24 June 1994	1 January 1995	in force
Treaty of Amsterdam ^source text	Amended Previous Introduced the High Representative, transferred powers from JHA pillar to EC and integrated the Schengen Agreement (see article for all changes).	Amsterdam, NL	2 October 1997	1 May 1999	in force
Treaty of Nice ^source text	Amended Previous Prepared the EU to cope with enlargement (see article for all changes).	Nice, FR	26 February 2001	1 February 2003	in force
Treaty of Accession 2003	Enlarged to Czech Republic, Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Malta, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia	Athens, GR	16 April 2003	1 May 2004	in force
Treaty of Accession 2005	Enlarged to Bulgaria and Romania	Luxembourg, LU	25 April 2005	1 January 2007	in force
Treaty of Lisbon ^source text	Amended Previous Created European Council President, enhanced foreign policy, abolished pillar system, expanded Parliament's powers and QMV, made Rights charter binding.	Lisbon, PT	13 December 2007	1 December 2009	in force
Protocol on European Parliament seats ^source text	Amended Protocol 36 Appointed 18 new members of the EP until the 2014 election, who would have been elected in 2009 if the Treaty of Lisbon had been in force. No seats were abolished, so the number of the MEPs temporarily increased to 754.^[21]^[22]^[23]	Brussels, BE	23 June 2010	1 December 2011^[24]	in force
TFEU ESM amendment ^source text	Amended TFEU Article 136 Authorised the establishment of the European Stability Mechanism.	Brussels, BE	25 March 2011	1 May 2013^[25]	in force
Treaty of Accession 2011 ^source text	Enlarged to Croatia	Brussels, BE	9 December 2011	1 July 2013^[26]	in force
Irish protocol on the Lisbon Treaty	Formalising the Irish guarantees	Brussels, BE	16 May 2012 – 13 June 2012^[27]	1 December 2014^[27]^[28]	in force
Brexit Agreement	Withdrawal of the United Kingdom	Brussels, BE London, UK	24 January 2020	1 February 2020^[29]	in force

Abandoned treaties

 

The European Constitution failed due to negative votes in two member states.

1972 and 1994 Treaties of Accession of Norway

Norway applied to join the European Communities/Union on two occasions. Both times a national referendum rejected membership, leading Norway to abandon their ratification of the treaty of accession. The first treaty was signed in Brussels on 22 January 1972 and the second in Corfu on 24 June 1994.

Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (the European Constitution)

 

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe

The European Constitution was a treaty that would have repealed and consolidated all previous overlapping treaties (except the Euratom treaty) into a single document. It also made changes to voting systems, simplified the structure of the EU and advanced co-operation in foreign policy. The treaty was signed in Rome on 29 October 2004 and was due to come into force on 1 November 2006 if it was ratified by all member states. However, this did not occur, with France rejecting the document in a national referendum on 29 May 2005 and then the Netherlands in their own referendum on 1 June 2005. Although it had been ratified by a number of member states, following a "period of reflection", the constitution in that form was scrapped and replaced by the Treaty of Lisbon.

Related treaties

Although not formally part of European Union law, several closely related treaties have been signed outside the framework of the EU and its predecessors between the member states because the EU lacked authority to act in the field. After the EU obtained such autonomy, many of these conventions were gradually replaced by EU instruments.

Following on from the success of the Treaty of Paris, establishing the European Coal and Steel Community, efforts were made to allow West Germany to rearm within the framework of a common European military structure. The Treaty instituting the European Defence Community was signed by the six members on 27 May 1952,^[30] but it never entered into force as it was not ratified by France and Italy.^{[31][32][33][34]} The Common Assembly also began drafting a treaty for a European Political Community to ensure democratic accountability of the new army, but it was abandoned when the Defence Community treaty was rejected.

Other early examples include the Statute of the European School of 1957,^[35] the Naples Convention of 1967 on customs cooperation,^[36] the Brussels Convention of 1968 on jurisdiction in civil matters,^[37] the Convention setting up a European University Institute on 1972^[38][39] and the amending Convention of 1992 to the EUI Convention,^[40][41] the Agreement on the Suppression of Terrorism of 1979,^[42] the Rome Convention of 1980 on contractual obligations,^[43] the Convention on double jeopardy of 1987,^[44] the Agreement on the application of the Council of Europe Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons of 1987,^[45] the Convention abolishing the legalization of documents of 1987,^[46] the Agreement on the simplification and modernization of extradition requests of 1989,^[47] the Dublin Convention of 1990 on asylum,^[48] the Arbitration convention of 1990 on double taxation,^[49] the Maintenance Convention of 1990,^[50] the Transfer of Criminal Proceedings Agreement of 1990,^[51] the Convention on the Enforcement of Foreign Criminal Sentences of 1991,^[52] the Eurovignette Agreement of 1994,^[53] and the Convention Defining the Statute of the European Schools of 1994.^[54] Additionally, the convention on mutual recognition of companies and legal persons was signed in 1968 but never entered into force.^{[55][56][57][58][59]} Likewise, the Community Patent Convention of 1975^[60] and the Agreement relating to Community patents of 1989,^[61] which amended the 1975 Convention never entered into force.^[62][63]

Article K.3 of the Maastricht Treaty, which entered into force in 1993, authorised the European Communities to "draw up conventions which it shall recommend to the Member States for adoption in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements" under the newly created Justice and Home Affairs pillar, which was organised on an intergovernmental basis. Concluded under these provisions were the Naples II Convention of 1997 on customs cooperation,^[64] the conventions on simplified extradition procedures of 1995,^[65] the Europol Convention of 1995 establishing Europol,^[66] the PFI Convention of 1995 on fraud,^[67] the Customs Information System Convention of 1995,^[68] the Insolvency Convention of 1995,^[69] the Convention relating to extradition of 1996,^[70] the convention on the fight against corruption of 1997,^[71] the Service Convention of 1997 on the service of documents,^[72] the convention on matrimonial matters of 1998,^[73] the convention on driving disqualifications of 1998,^[74] and the convention on mutual assistance in criminal matters of 2000.^[75][76][77] Numerous protocols to these agreements have also been concluded.^[78][79] The JHA was integrated into the EC structures as the area of freedom, security and justice with the Lisbon Treaty's entry into force in 2009, which has allowed a number of these Conventions to be replaced by EU Regulations or Decisions.

Finally, several treaties have been concluded between a subset of EU member states due to a lack of unanimity. The Schengen Treaty and Convention of 1985 and 1990 respectively were agreed to in this manner, but were subsequently incorporated into EU law by the Amsterdam Treaty with the remaining EU member states that had not signed the treaty being given an opt-out from implementing it.^[80] Others agreements signed as intergovernmental treaties outside the EU legal framework include the EU status of forces agreement of 2003,^[81] the EU claims agreement of 2004,^[82] the Treaty of Strasbourg of 2004 establishing the Eurocorps,^[83][84] the Treaty of Velsen of 2007 establishing the European Gendarmerie Force,^[85][86] the Prüm Convention of 2005 on the fight against terrorism, the convention on centralised customs clearance of 2009,^[87] the Agreement on the protection of classified information of 2011,^[88] the Treaty Establishing the European Stability Mechanism of 2012 establishing the European Stability Mechanism, the European Fiscal Compact of 2012 on fiscal rules in the eurozone, the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court of 2013 establishing the Unified Patent Court, and the Single Resolution Fund Agreement of 2014 establishing the Single Resolution Fund. However, all these agreements are open to accession by EU member states. The text of the Prum Convention, Fiscal Compact and Single Resolution Fund Agreement state that the intention of the signatories is to incorporate the treaty's provisions into EU structures and that EU law should take precedence over the treaty. A TFEU amendment was ratified which authorises the creation of the ESM, giving it a legal basis in the EU treaties.

An updated EMU reform plan issued in June 2015 by the five presidents of the council, European Commission, ECB, Eurogroup and European Parliament outlined a roadmap for integrating the Fiscal Compact and Single Resolution Fund agreement into the framework of EU law by June 2017, and the intergovernmental European Stability Mechanism by 2025.^[89] Proposals by the European Commission to incorporate the substance of the Fiscal Compact into EU law and create a European Monetary Fund to replace the ESM were published in December 2017.^[90][91] On 30 November 2020 the finance ministers at the Eurogroup agreed to amend the treaties establishing the ESM and Single Resolution Fund,^[92] to be ratified in 2021 by all Eurozone member states. The reform proposal was blocked for months because of the veto of the Italian government.^[93] The proposed amendments include:^[94]

• The establishment of the ESM as a "backstop" to the Single Resolution Fund (SRF).
• Reform of ESM Governance
• The precautionary financial assistance instruments
• Clarifications and expansions of the ESM mandate on economic governance;

List

Legend for below table: [in force] – [replaced]

Ratified treaties

Ratified treaties
Treaty	Subject matter	Signed in	Signed on	Parties	Effective from	Status
Statute of the European School	European Schools	Luxemburg, LU	1 September 1957	13 EU states^[35]	22 February 1960	Repealed^[a]
Naples Convention	Customs cooperation	Rome, IT	7 September 1967	13 EU states^[36]^[95]	1 February 1970	Repealed^[b]
Brussels Convention (Protocol^[96])	Jurisdiction in civil matters	Brussels, BE	27 September 1968	15 EU states^[37]^[97]^[98]^[99]^[100]	1 February 1973	in force^[c]
Convention setting up a European University Institute	European University Institute	Florence, IT	19 April 1972	24 EU states^[39]^[41]^[103]^[104] EU non-party: HR, CZ, HU, LT	1 February 1975	in force^[d]
Rome Convention	Contractual obligations	Rome, IT	19 June 1980	27 EU states^[43]^[105]^[106]^[107]^[108]	1 April 1991	in force^[e]
Schengen Agreement	Established open borders	Schengen, LU	14 June 1985	26 EU states^[111]^[f] EU non-party: IE, UK^[g]	26 March 1995	in force, integrated as Union law^[h]
Dublin Convention	Asylum	Dublin, IE	15 June 1990	23 EU states^[48]^[115]	1 September 1997	Replaced^[i]
Schengen Convention^[80]	Implemented the Schengen Agreement	Schengen, LU	19 June 1990	26 EU states^[118]^[f] EU non-party: IE, UK^[g]	1 September 1993	in force, integrated as Union law^[h]
Arbitration convention	Elimination of double taxation	Brussels, BE	23 July 1990	All 28 EU states^[49]^[119]^[120]	1 January 1995	in force
Convention revising the Convention setting up a European University Institute	European University Institute	Florence, IT	17 September 1992	24 EU states^[40]^[41]^[103]^[104] EU non-party: HR, CZ, HU, LT	1 May 2007	in force^[j]
Eurovignette Agreement	Vignette	Brussels, BE	9 February 1994	4 EU states^[53]^[121]^[k]	1 January 1996	in force^[l]
Convention on the European Schools	European Schools	Luxemburg, LU	21 June 1994	All 28 EU states^[54]^[124]^[125]	1 October 2002	in force
Europol Convention	Europol	Brussels, BE	26 July 1995	27 EU states^[66]	1 October 1998	Replaced^[m]
PFI Convention	Fraud	Brussels, BE	26 July 1995	All 28 EU states^[67]^[n]	17 October 2002	Replaced^[o]
Customs Information System Convention	Customs cooperation	Brussels, BE	26 July 1995	27 EU states^[68]	25 December 2005	Replaced^[p]
Convention relating to extradition	Extradition	Dublin, IE	27 September 1996^[70]	21 EU states^[70]^[n]^[q]	5 November 2019	Replaced^[r]
Convention on the fight against corruption	Corruption	Brussels, BE	26 May 1997	27 EU states^[71]^[n] EU non-party: MT	28 September 2005	in force
Naples II Convention	Customs cooperation	Brussels, BE	18 December 1997	All 28 EU states^[64]	23 June 2009	in force
Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters	Cooperation on criminal matters	Brussels, BE	29 May 2000	26 EU states^[75]^[s] EU non-parties: HR,^[t] GR	23 August 2005	in force^[u]
EU SOFA	Status of forces agreement	Brussels, BE	17 November 2003	All 28 EU states^[81]	1 April 2019	in force
Treaty of Strasbourg	Eurocorps	Brussels, BE	22 November 2004	5 EU states^[83]	26 February 2009	in force
Prüm Convention ^source text	Terrorism	Prüm, DE	27 May 2005^[137]	14 EU states^[137]	1 November 2006^[137]	in force^[v]
Treaty of Velsen	European Gendarmerie Force	Velsen, NL	18 October 2007	7 EU states^[86]	1 June 2012	in force
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union ^source text	Human rights	Strasbourg, FR	12 December 2007^[w]	26 EU states EU non-party: PL, UK^[x]	1 December 2009	in force, integrated as Union law^[w]
Convention on centralised customs clearance	Customs clearance	Brussels, BE	10 March 2009^[87]	All 28 EU states^[87]	16 January 2019	in force
Agreement on the protection of classified information	Classified information	Brussels, BE	25 May 2011	All 28 EU states^[88]	1 December 2015	in force
Treaty Establishing the European Stability Mechanism ^source text (Amendment^[144])	European Stability Mechanism	Brussels, BE	2 February 2012^[145]	All 20 eurozone states^[145]	27 September 2012^[146]^[147]	in force
European Fiscal Compact ^source text	Fiscal rules in the eurozone	Brussels, BE	2 March 2012^[148]	27 EU states^[148] EU non-party: UK	1 January 2013^[149]	in force
Single Resolution Fund Agreement (Amendment^[150])	Single Resolution Fund	Brussels, BE	21 May 2014^[151]	24 EU states^[152] (all 20 eurozone states)	1 January 2016^[152]	in force
Agreement for the Termination of Bilateral Investment Treaties	Bilateral investment treaty	Brussels, BE	5 May 2020^[153]	23 EU states^[153] EU non-party: AT, FI, IE, SE	29 August 2020	in force
Agreement on a Unified Patent Court ^source text (Protocols^[154]^[155])	Unified Patent Court	Brussels, BE	19 February 2013^[156]^[157]	17 / 25 Signatories^[156]	1 June 2023	in force

1. Replaced by the Convention defining the Statute of the European schools on 1 October 2002.^[35]
2. Replaced by the Naples II Convention on 23 June 2009.^[64]
3. Superseded by the Brussels Regulation on 1 March 2002 for the territory covered by the EU treaties for all member states except Denmark,^[101] and by a bilateral agreement with Denmark on 1 July 2007.^[102]
4. Amended by the Convention revising the Convention setting up a European University Institute of 1992, which entered into force in 2007 when the last contracting state ratified the Convention.
5. Superseded by the Rome I Regulation on 17 December 2009 for the territory covered by the EU treaties for all member states except the United Kingdom and Denmark.^[109] The United Kingdom subsequently decided to opt-in to the Rome I Regulation, effective 17 December 2009.^[110]
6. Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland have also ratified agreements to apply some of the provisions of this agreement.^{[112][113][114]}
7. Ireland and the United Kingdom have an opt-out from participating in the Agreement.
8. Incorporated into Union Law in 1999 as a Protocol to the Treaty of Amsterdam.
9. Replaced by the Dublin II Regulation on 17 March 2003 for all member states except Denmark,^[116] and by a bilateral agreement with Denmark on 1 April 2006.^[117]
10. Amended the Convention setting up a European University Institute of 1992.
11. Germany denounced the agreement in 2017, while Belgium denounced it in 2019.^[53]
12. Based on Article 8 of the Eurovignette Directive.^[122][123]
13. Replaced by the Europol Decision on 1 January 2010.^[126][127]
14. The United Kingdom subsequently opted out from participating in this convention as of 1 December 2014.^[128]
15. Replaced by the PIF Directive on 6 July 2019 for all member states except Denmark and the United Kingdom.^[129]
16. Replaced by a Council Decision on 27 May 2011.^[130]
17. Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland have also ratified agreements to apply the Schengen Acquis, including some of the provisions of this agreement.^{[112][131][113][114]}
18. Replaced by the European Arrest Warrant Decision for the territory covered by the EU treaties for all member states on 7 August 2002,^[132] and by a bilaterial agreement with Iceland and Norway on 1 November 2019.^[133]
19. Iceland and Norway have also ratified an agreement to apply some of the provisions of this agreement.^[77]
20. Accession agreed to as part of Croatia's treaty of accession to the EU, but entry into force is pending a decision of the Council.^[76][134]
21. Partially replaced by the European Investigation Order on 21 May 2014 for all member states except Denmark and Ireland.^[135][136]
22. Substance replaced by the Prüm Decisions on 26 August 2008.^[138] Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland have also signed agreements to apply some of the provisions of these Decisions.^{[139][140][141]}
23. Charter was originally solemnly proclaimed on 7 December 2000 by the European Parliament, the Council of Ministers and the European Commission.^[142] An amended version of the Charter was incorporated into Union Law in 2009 with the Treaty of Lisbon adding an Article to the Treaty on the European Union referencing it.^[143]
24. Poland and the United Kingdom have an opt-out from participating in the Charter.

Signed treaties

Signed treaties
Treaty	Subject matter	Signed in	Signed on	Ratification (of signatories)	Status
Treaty establishing the European Defence Community	European Defence Community	Paris, FR	27 May 1952^[31]^[34]^[32]	4 / 6	Abandoned
Convention on mutual recognition of companies and legal persons (Protocol^[158])	Recognition of companies and legal persons	Brussels, BE	29 February 1968^[55]^[159]	5 / 6	Abandoned^[a]
Community Patent Convention (Protocol^[160])	Patents	Luxembourg, LU	15 December 1975^[161]	7 / 9	Replaced^[b]
Agreement on the Suppression of Terrorism	Terrorism	Dublin, IE	4 December 1979^[42]	5 / 9	Replaced^[c]
Convention on double jeopardy	Double jeopardy	Brussels, BE	25 May 1987^[44]^[162]^[163]^[164]	9 / 13	Replaced^[d]
Convention abolishing the legalization of documents	Legalization of documents	Brussels, BE	25 May 1987^[46]^[169]^[170]	8 / 14	Replaced^[e]
Agreement on the application of the Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons	Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons	Brussels, BE	25 May 1987^[45]^[172]^[173]	6 / 12	Replaced^[f]
Agreement on the simplification and modernization of extradition requests	Extradition	San Sebastian, ES	26 May 1989^[47]^[175]^[176]	9 / 13	Replaced^[g]
Agreement relating to Community patents	Patents	Luxembourg, LU	15 December 1989^[62]	7 / 12	Abandoned^[h]
Maintenance Convention	Child maintenance	Rome, IT	6 November 1990^[50]^[177]	5 / 12	Replaced^[i]
Transfer of Criminal Proceedings Agreement	Transfer of criminal proceedings	Rome, IT	6 November 1990^[51]	2 / 9	Abandoned^[j]
Convention on the Enforcement of Foreign Criminal Sentences	Criminal sentences	Brussels, BE	13 November 1991^[52]^[182]	5 / 12	Replaced^[k]
Convention on simplified extradition procedure	Extradition	Brussels, BE	10 March 1995^[65]^[183]	20 / 21 ^[l]^[m]	Replaced^[n]
Convention on Insolvency Proceedings	International insolvency	Brussels, BE^[o]	November 23, 1995^[69]	0 / 14 ^[184]^[185]^[186]	Replaced^[p]
Service Convention	Service of documents	Brussels, BE	26 May 1997^[72]^[189]	1 / 15	Replaced^[q]
Convention on matrimonial matters	Divorce and child custody	Brussels, BE	28 May 1998^[73]^[192]	0 / 15	Replaced^[r]
Convention on driving disqualifications	Driving disqualifications	Brussels, BE	17 June 1998^[74]	7 / 19 ^[l]	Repealed^[s]
EU claims agreement	Claims for damages during EU crisis management operations	Brussels, BE	28 April 2004^[82]	26 / 28	Under ratification
Treaty Establishing the European Stability Mechanism ^source text	European Stability Mechanism	Brussels, BE	11 July 2011^[195]	0 / 17	Replaced^[t]

1. Concluded following the provisions of Article 220 of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community of 1957 to clarify Articles 52 and 58 of the same treaty on the mutual recognition of companies. Article 220 was deleted by the 2007 Treaty of Lisbon amendments, with the latter two articles being renumbered Articles 49 and 54 in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.
2. Replaced by the Agreement relating to Community patents of 15 December 1989.^[61]
3. Substance replaced by the European Arrest Warrant Decision for the territory covered by the EU treaties for all member states on 7 August 2002.^[132]
4. Substance replaced by the Schengen Convention on 26 March 1995,^[165] which applies to all signatories and parties^[166][167] but is not yet effective in Ireland.^[168]
5. Substance replaced by a Regulation on 16 February 2019.^[171]
6. Substance replaced by a Council Framework Decision on 5 December 2011.^[174]
7. Replaced by the European Arrest Warrant Decision for the territory covered by the EU treaties for all member states on 7 August 2002.^[132]
8. Subject matter covered in the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court of 19 February 2013.
9. Substance replaced by the Maintenance Regulation, which amended the Brussels Regulation, for all member states except the United Kingdom and Denmark on 18 June 2011.^[178] The United Kingdom subsequently decided to opt-in to the Maintenance Regulation, which was officially finalised on 12 June 2009.^[179] Denmark, which did not ratify the Maintenance Convention, participates in the Brussels Regulation by way of a bilateral agreement.^[102] It notified the Commission of its acceptance of the amendments to the Brussels Regulation made by the Maintenance Regulation on 14 January 2009,^[180] and therefore partially applies the maintenance regulation in so far as it amends the Brussels regulation on jurisdiction.
10. Substance proposed to be replaced by a Framework Decision in 2009.^[181]
11. Replaced by a Council Framework Decision on 5 December 2011.^[174]
12. The United Kingdom subsequently opted out from participating in this convention as of 1 December 2014.^[128]
13. Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland have also ratified agreements to apply the Schengen Acquis, including some of the provisions of this agreement.^{[112][131][113][114]}
14. Replaced by the European Arrest Warrant Decision for the territory covered by the EU treaties for all member states on 7 August 2002,^[132] and by a bilaterial agreement with Iceland and Norway on 1 November 2019.^[133]
15. Not signed by the UK
16. Substance replaced by the Insolvency Regulation for all member states except Denmark on 31 May 2002.^[187][188]
17. Substance replaced by the Service Regulation for all member states except Denmark on 31 May 2001,^[190] and by a bilateral agreement with Denmark on 1 July 2007.^[191]
18. Substance replaced by the Brussels II Regulation for all member states except Denmark on 1 March 2001.^[193]
19. Repealed by an Regulation on 22 February 2016.^[194]
20. Replaced by revised version of the Treaty Establishing the European Stability Mechanism signed on 2 February 2012.^[145]

See also

• European Union law

References

Citations

1. eur-lex.europa.eu: ISSN 1725-2423 Official Journal of the European Union, C 115 Volume 51, 9 May 2008, retrieved 1 June 2014
2. "Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union". Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
3. EU founding treaties have created, unlike ordinary international treaties, a new legal order, whose actors are not only states, but also theirs citizens: Buonomo, Giampiero (2015). . Golem Informazione. Archived from the original on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
4. . eur-lex.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 7 March 2009. Retrieved 15 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
5. . eur-lex.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 7 March 2009. Retrieved 15 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
6. . eur-lex.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 7 March 2009. Retrieved 15 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
7. CONSOLIDATED VERSION OF THE TREATY ESTABLISHING THE EUROPEAN ATOMIC ENERGY COMMUNITY (2010/C 84/01), EurLex. Retrieved 18 September 2011
8. Select Committee on European Union Tenth Report: CHAPTER 3: SIMPLIFIED TREATY REVISION AND PASSERELLES, British House of Lords 2008
9. "European Parliament may reject the Nice Treaty". Euobserver.com. 15 April 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
10. The provision reads:

    Article 311 shall be repealed. A new Article 311a shall be inserted, with the wording of Article 299(2), first subparagraph, and Article 299(3) to (6); the text shall be amended as follows:

    [...]

    (e) the following new paragraph shall be added at the end of the Article:

    "6. The European Council may, on the initiative of the Member State concerned, adopt a decision amending the status, with regard to the Union, of a Danish, French or Netherlands country or territory referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2. The European Council shall act unanimously after consulting the Commission."

    — Treaty of Lisbon Article 2, point 293

11. "Decisions : European Council Decision : amending the status with regard to the European Union of the island of Saint-Barthélemy". Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
12. "Decisions : European Council Decision : amending the status of Mayotte with regard to the European Union". Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
13. Expired due to 50-year limit included in Treaty, absorbed by EC via Treaty of Nice.
14. "Vertrag zur Abänderung des Vertrages über die Gründung der Europäischen Gemeinschaft für Kohle und Stahl".
15. "UN Treaty Series" (PDF).
16. Expired with the Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community.
17. "Treaty establishing the EEC – Convention on certain institutions common to the European Communities (Rome, 25 March 1957) – CVCE Website". Cvce.eu. 25 March 1957. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
18. Replaced by Amsterdam Treaty
19. "Treaty amending certain provisions of the Protocol on the Statute of the European Investment Bank".
20. "Act amending the Protocol on the Statute of the European Investment Bank empowering the Board of Governors to establish a European Investment Fund".
21. "Romania targets new MEPs in expanding Schengen backlash". Euobserver.com. 23 June 2010. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
22. "Wednesday 23 June 2010 – 18 new MEPs to join the European Parliament in December – EU developments – News". Alzheimer Europe. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
23. Official Journal of the European Union C 263 /1 – Protocol Amending the Protocol on Transitional Provisions annexed to the Treaty on European Union, to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and to the Treaty Establishing the European Atomic Energy Community
24. "Agreement – Consilium". Consilium.europa.eu. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
25. "Agreement – Consilium". Consilium.europa.eu. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
26. "Treaty of Accession 2011 details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
27. "Protocol on the concerns of the Irish people on the Treaty of Lisbon details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
28. "COMUNICATO: Entrata in vigore del Protocollo concernente le preoccupazioni del popolo irlandese al Trattato di Lisbona, fatto a Bruxelles il 13 giugno 2012. (14A09644) (GU Serie Generale n.292 del 17-12-2014)". Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (Ministero degli Affari Esteri e della cooperazione internazionale). Retrieved 17 December 2014.
29. "Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
30. "Treaty instituting the European Defence Community (Paris, 27 May 1952)". Centre virtuel de la connaissance sur l'Europe. 18 December 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
31. "TRA19520108". Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
32. "The refusal to ratify the EDC Treaty". CVCE.eu. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
33. "Shaping of a Common Security and Defence Policy". European External Action Service. 8 July 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
34. "Questions and Answers: the Future of European Defence". European External Action Service. 7 June 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
35. "Statute of the European School". Government of the Netherlands. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
36. "Convention between Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands on the Provision of Mutual Assistance by their Customs Authorities". Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
37. "Convention on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgements in civil and commercial matters". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
38. "Convention setting up a European University Institute". Official Journal of the European Union. С (29). 1976.
39. "Convention setting up a European University Institute". Government of the Netherlands. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
40. "Convention revising the Convention setting up a European University Institute". Government of the Netherlands. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
41. "Convention setting up a European University Institute as revised by the 1992 amending Convention" (PDF). European University Institute. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
42. "Agreement concerning the Application of the European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism among Member States". Government of the Netherlands. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
43. "Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
44. "Convention between the Member States of the European Communities on Double Jeopardy (Deposited with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Belgium)". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
45. "Agreement on the application between the Member States of the European Communities of the Council of Europe Convention on the transfer of sentenced persons (Deposited with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Belgium)". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
46. "Convention abolishing the legalization of documents in the Member States of the European Communities". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
47. "Agreement between the Member States of the European Communities on the simplification and modernization of methods of transmitting extradition requests (Deposited with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Spain)". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
48. "Convention determining the State responsible for examining applications for asylum lodged in one of the Member States of the European Communities (Deposited with the Government of Ireland)". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
49. "Convention on the elimination of double taxation in connection with the adjustment of profits of associated enterprises (arbitration convention)". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
50. "Convention between the Member States of the European Communities on the simplification of procedures for the recovery of maintencance payments". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
51. "Agreement between the Member States (of the European Communities) on the Transfer of Proceedings in Criminal Matters". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
52. "Convention between the Member States of the European Communities on the Enforcement of Foreign Criminal Sentences". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
53. "Agreement on the levying of charges for the use of certain roads by heavy goods vehicles". Government of the Netherlands. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
54. "Convention defining the Statute of the European schools". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
55. "Convention on the Mutual Recognition of Companies and Legal Persons". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
56. "Convention on the Mutual Recognition of Companies and Bodies Corporate" (PDF). Bulletin of the European Communities. 29 February 1968. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
57. Santa Maria, Alberto (2009). European Economic Law. Wolters Kluwer. pp. 9–10. ISBN 9789041125361.
58. Borg-Barthet, Justin (2012). The Governing Law of Companies in EU Law. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 9781847319265.
59. Vossestein, G. J. (2010). Modernization of European Company Law and Corporate Governance: Some Considerations on Its Legal Limits. Wolters Kluwer. pp. 164–166. ISBN 9789041125927.
60. "Convention for the European patent for the common market". Official Journal of the European Communities. L (17/1). 26 January 1976. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
61. "Agreement relating to Community patents". Official Journal of the European Communities. L (401/1). 30 December 1989. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
62. "Agreement relating to Community Patents". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
63. Pila, Justine; Wadlow, Christopher (2015). The Unitary EU Patent System. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 33–35. ISBN 9781782255062.
64. "Convention drawn up on the basis of Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union on Mutual Assistance and Cooperation between Customs Administrations". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
65. "Convention drawn up on the basis of Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union, on simplified extradition procedure between the Member States of the European Union". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
66. "Convention drawn up on the basis of Article K.3 of Treaty on European Union, on the establishment of a European Police Office (Europol Convention)". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
67. "Convention drawn up on the basis of Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union, on the protection of the European Communities' financial interests". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
68. "Convention drawn up on the basis of Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union, on the use of information technology for customs purposes". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
69. "CONVENTION ON INSOLVENCY PROCEEDINGS" (PDF). Retrieved 12 January 2019.
70. "Convention drawn up on the basis of Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union relating to Extradition between the Member States of the European Union". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
71. "Convention drawn up on the basis of Article K.3(2)(c) of the Treaty on European Union on the fight against corruption involving officials of the European Communities or officials of Member States of the European Union". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
72. "Convention drawn up on the basis of Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union on the service of Member States of the European Union of Judicial and Extrajudicial documents in Civil and Commercial matters". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
73. "Convention drawn up on the basis of Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgements in matrimonial matters". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
74. "Convention drawn up on the basis of Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union on Driving Disqualifications". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
75. "Convention, established by the Council in accordance with Article 34 of the Treaty on European Union, on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters between the Member States of the European Union". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
76. "Mutual assistance in criminal matters: accession of Croatia to the 2000 Convention and 2001 Protocol thereto". European Parliament. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
77. "Agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Iceland and the Kingdom of Norway on the application of certain provisions of the Convention of 29 May 2000 on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters between the Member States of the European Union and the 2001 Protocol thereto". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
78. "Protocol drawn up on the basis of Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union on the interpretation, by way of preliminary rulings, by the Court of Justice of the European Communities of the Convention on the protection of the European Communities' financial interests". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
79. "Protocol, established by the Council in accordance with Article 34 of the Treaty on European Union, to the Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters between the Member States of the European Union". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
80. "The Schengen area and cooperation". European Union. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
81. "Agreement between the Member States of the European Union concerning the status of military and civilian staff seconded to the institutions of the European Union, of the headquarters and forces which may be made available to the European Union in the context of the preparation and execution of the tasks referred to in Article 17(2) of the Treaty on European Union, including exercises, and of the military and civilian staff of the Member States put at the disposal of the European Union to act in this context (EU SOFA)". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
82. "Agreement between the Member States of the European Union concerning claims introduced by each Member State against any other Member State for damage to any property owned, used or operated by it or injury or death suffered by any military or civilian staff of its services, in the context of an EU crisis management operation". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
83. "TRA20040219". Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
84. "Treaties and international agreements registered or filed and recorded with the Secretariat of the United Nations" (PDF). United Nations. 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
85. Eurogendfor.org, Treaty establishing the European Gendarmerie Force, accessed on 24 January 2014
86. "Treaty between the Kingdom of Spain, the French Republic, the Italian Republic, the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Portuguese Republic, establishing the European Gendarmerie Force EUROGENDFOR". Government of the Netherlands. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
87. "Convention on centralised customs clearance, concerning the allocation of national collection costs retained when traditional own resources are made available to the EU budget". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
88. "Agreement between the Member States of the European Union, meeting within the Council, regarding the protection of classified information exchanged in the interests of the European Union". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
89. "Completing Europe's Economic and Monetary Union: Report by Jean-Claude Juncker in close cooperation with Donald Tusk, Jeroen Dijsselbloem, Mario Draghi and Martin Schulz". European Commission. 21 June 2015.
90. "Proposal for a COUNCIL DIRECTIVE laying down provisions for strengthening fiscal responsibility and the medium-term budgetary orientation in the Member States". European Union. 6 December 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
91. "Proposal for a COUNCIL REGULATION on the establishment of the European Monetary Fund". European Union. 6 December 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
92. "Statement of the Eurogroup in inclusive format on the ESM reform and the early introduction of the backstop to the Single Resolution Fund". www.consilium.europa.eu. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
93. "Italy's economy minister signals he is ready to back ESM reform". Reuters. 30 November 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
94. "The proposed amendments to the Treaty establishing the European Stability Mechanism – Think Tank". www.europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
95. "Convention between the Kingdom of Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of France, the Republic of Italy, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and the Kingdom of the Netherlands on mutual assistance between the respective customs administrations". Government of the Netherlands. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
96. "Protocol on the interpretation by the Court of Justice of the Convention of 27 September 1968 on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgements in civil and commercial matters". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
97. "Convention on the accession of the Kingdom of Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the Convention on jurisdiction and the enforcement of civil and commercial matters and to the Protocol on its interpretation by the Court of Justice". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
98. "Convention on the accession of the Hellenic Republic to the Convention on jurisdiction and enforcement of judgements in civil and commercial matters and to the Protocol on its interpretation by the Court of Justice with the adjustments made to them by the Convention on the accession of the Kingdom of Denmark, of Ireland and of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
99. "Convention on the accession of the Kingdom of Spain and the Portuguese Republic to the Convention on jurisdiction and enforcement of judgements in civil and commercial matters and to the Protocol on its interpretation by the Court of Justice with the adjustments made to them by the Convention on the accession of the Kingdom of Denmark, of Ireland and of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the adjustments made to them by the Convention on the accession of the Hellenic Republic". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
100. "Convention on the accession of the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Sweden to the Convention on jurisdiction and enforcement of judgements in civil and commercial matters and to the Protocol on its interpretation by the Court of Justice with the adjustments made to them by the Convention on the accession of the Kingdom of Denmark, of Ireland and of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, by the Convention on the accession of the Hellenic Republic and by the Convention on the accession of the Kingdom of Spain and the Portuguese Republic". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
101. "COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 44/2001 of 22 December 2000 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters". Official Journal of the European Union. L (121). 16 January 2001. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
102. "Agreement between the European Community and the Kingdom of Denmark on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
103. "A Brief History of the EUI". European University Institute. Retrieved 10 February 2019.
104. "Slovakia becomes 24th contracting state to the EUI". European University Institute. 9 December 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
105. "Convention on the accession of the Hellenic Republic to the Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations opened for signature in Rome on 19 June 1980". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
106. "Convention on the accession of the Kingdom of Spain and the Portuguese Republic to the Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations, opened for signature in Rome on 19 June 1980". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
107. "Convention on the accession of the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Sweden to the Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations, opened for signature in Rome on 19 June 1980, and to the First and Second Protocols on its interpretation by the Court of Justice". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
108. "Convention on the Accession of the Czech Republic, the Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Cyprus, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Malta, the Republic of Poland, the Republic of Slovenia and the Slovak Republic to the Convention on the Law applicable to Contractual Obligations, opened for signature in Rome on 19 June 1980, and to the First and Second Protocols on its interpretation by the Court of Justice of the European Communities". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
109. "REGULATION (EC) No 593/2008 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 17 June 2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations (Rome I)". Official Journal of the European Union. L (177). 4 July 2008. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
110. "Commission Decision of 22 December 2008 on the request from the United Kingdom to accept Regulation (EC) No 593/2008 of the European Parliament and the Council on the law applicable to contractual obligations (Rome I)". Official Journal of the European Union. L (10): 22. 15 January 2009. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
111. "Agreement between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the Gradual Abolition of Checks at their Common Borders". Government of the Netherlands. Retrieved 31 October 2014.
112. "Agreement with the Republic of Iceland and the Kingdom of Norway concerning the latters' association with the implementation, application and development of the Schengen acquis". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
113. "Agreement between the European Union, the European Community and the Swiss Confederation on the Swiss Confederation's association with the implementation, application and development of the Schengen acquis". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
114. "Protocol between the European Union, the European Community, the Swiss Confederation and the Principality of Liechtenstein on the accession of the Principality of Liechtenstein to the Agreement between the European Union, the European Community and the Swiss Confederation on the Swiss Confederation's association with the implementation, application and development of the Schengen acquis". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
115. "Convention on the determination of the State responsible for examining an asylum application lodged with one of the Member States of the European Communities". Government of the Netherlands. 18 December 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
116. "COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 343/2003 of 18 February 2003 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an asylum application lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national". Official Journal of the European Union. L (50): 1. 25 February 2003. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
117. "Agreement between the European Community and the Kingdom of Denmark on the criteria and mechanisms for establishing the state responsible for examining a request for asylum lodged in Denmark or any other Member State of the European Union and "Eurodac" for the comparison of fingerprints for the effective application of the Dublin Convention". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
118. "Convention implementing the Agreement between the Governments of the Member States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of controls at their common borders, signed at Schengen on 14 June 1985". Government of the Netherlands. Retrieved 31 October 2014.
119. "Convention concerning the accession of the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Finland and the Kingdom of Sweden to the Convention on the elimination of double taxation in connection with the adjustment of profits of associated enterprises". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
120. "Convention on the accession of the Czech Republic, the Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Cyprus, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Malta, the Republic of Poland, the Republic of Slovenia, and the Slovak Republic to the Convention on the elimination of double taxation in connection with the adjustment of profits of associated enterprises". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
121. "Protocol concerning the accession of the Kingdom of Sweden to the Agreement on the levying of charges for the use of certain roads by heavy goods vehicles". Government of the Netherlands. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
122. "Charging of heavy goods vehicles: Eurovignette Directive". Eur-Lex. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
123. "Council Directive 93/89/EEC of 25 October 1993 on the application by Member States of taxes on certain vehicles used for the carriage of goods by road and tolls and charges for the use of certain infrastructures". Official Journal of the European Union. L (279). 12 November 1993. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
124. "Convention defining the Statute of the European Schools". Government of the Netherlands. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
125. "Report of the Secretary-General to the Board of Governors of the European Schools for the year 2013" (PDF). European Schools. 8 April 2014. Retrieved 23 March 2019. Croatia acceded to the European School Convention as the 28th Member State
126. "COUNCIL DECISION of 6 April 2009 establishing the European Police Office (Europol)". Official Journal of the European Union. L (121). 15 May 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
127. "Europol (European Police Office)". European Union. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
128. "List of Union acts adopted before the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty in the field of police cooperation and judicial cooperation in criminal matters which cease to apply to the United Kingdom as from 1 December 2014 pursuant to Article 10(4), second sentence, of Protocol (No 36) on transitional provisions". Official Journal of the European Union. C (430): 17. 1 December 2014. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
129. "Directive (EU) 2017/1371 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 July 2017 on the fight against fraud to the Union's financial interests by means of criminal law". Official Journal of the European Union. L (198): 29. 28 July 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
130. "COUNCIL DECISION 2009/917/JHA of 30 November 2009 on the use of information technology for customs purposes". Official Journal of the European Union. L (323): 20. 10 December 2009. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
131. "Council Decision 2003/169/JHA of 27 February 2003 determining which provisions of the 1995 Convention on simplified extradition procedure between the Member States of the European Union and of the 1996 Convention relating to extradition between the Member States of the European Union constitute developments of the Schengen acquis in accordance with the Agreement concerning the Republic of Iceland's and the Kingdom of Norway's association with the implementation, application and development of the Schengen acquis". Official Journal of the European Union. L 67. 12 March 2003.
132. "2002/584/JHA: Council Framework Decision of 13 June 2002 on the European arrest warrant and the surrender procedures between Member States – Statements made by certain Member States on the adoption of the Framework Decision". Official Journal of the European Union. L (190). 18 July 2002. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
133. "Agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Iceland and the Kingdom of Norway on the surrender procedure between the Member States of the European Union and Iceland and Norway". European Council. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
134. "COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL on the verification of the full application of the Schengen acquis by Croatia" (PDF). European Commission. 22 October 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2020. Instead it was assessed that Croatia would fully comply with the Schengen acquis the moment it will become a party to the Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters between the Member States of the European Union of 20 May 2000 and the Additional Protocol thereto. This will be the case once the Council has taken a unanimous decision for determining the date for the entry into force of that Convention and its Protocol.
135. "Directive 2014/41/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 April 2014 regarding the European Investigation Order in criminal matters". Official Journal of the European Union. L (130): 1. 1 May 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
136. "Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on European Production and Preservation Orders for electronic evidence in criminal matters". European Commission. 17 April 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
137. "Convention between the Kingdom of Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Kingdom of Spain, the French Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Republic of Austria concerning the intensification of cross-border cooperation, particularly in the fight against terrorism, cross-border crime and illegal migration" (PDF). Federal Law Gazette 2006 II p. 626. 30 January 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
138. "Council Decision 2008/615/JHA of 23 June 2008 on the stepping up of cross-border cooperation, particularly in combating terrorism and cross-border crime". Official Journal of the European Union. L (210): 1. 6 August 2008.
139. "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
140. "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
141. "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
142. "Solemn Proclamation - Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
143. "CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
144. "Agreement Amending the Treaty Establishing the European Stability Mechanism (ESM)". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
145. "European Stability Mechanism details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
146. "Note Verbale" (PDF). General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union. 27 September 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
147. The treaty entered in force for 16 of the original signatories on 27 September 2012, and for Estonia on 4 October 2012.
148. "Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance in the Economic and Monetary Union details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
149. "Fiscal compact enters into force" (PDF). Council of the European Union. 21 December 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
150. "Agreement amending the Agreement on the transfer and mutualisation of contributions to the Single Resolution Fund". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
151. "Member states sign agreement on bank resolution fund" (PDF). European Commission. 21 May 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
152. "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
153. "Agreement for the Termination of Bilateral Investment Treaties between the Member States of the European Union". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
154. "Protocol to the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court on provisional application (PPA)". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
155. "Protocol on Privileges and Immunities (PPI) of the Unified Patent Court (UPC)". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
156. "Agreement on a Unified Patent Court". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
157. "Signing of the Unified Patent Court agreement" (PDF). Council of the European Union. 19 February 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
158. "Protocol concerning the interpretation by the Court of Justice of the Convention of 29 February 1968 on the mutual recognition of companies and legal persons". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
159. "Convention on the Mutual Recognition of Companies and Legal Persons". Government of the Netherlands. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
160. "Protocol on a possible modification of the conditions of entry into force of the Agreement relating to Community Patents". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
161. Hogan, James (1990). The European Marketplace. Springer. p. 361. ISBN 9781349113446.
162. "CONVENTION ENTRE LES ETATS MEMBRES DES COMMUNAUTES EUROPEENNES, RELATIVE A L'APPLICATION DU PRINCIPE "NE BIS IN IDEM" SIGNEE A BRUXELLES LE 25 MAI 1987" (PDF). Government of Belgium. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
163. "Convention between the Member States of the European Communities on double jeopardy". Government of the Netherlands. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
164. "Convention between the Member States of the European Communities on Double Jeopardy". Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 20 July 2018.
165. "The Schengen acquis – Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985 between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders". Official Journal of the European Union. L (239). 22 September 2000. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
166. "2000/365/EC: Council Decision of 29 May 2000 concerning the request of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to take part in some of the provisions of the Schengen acquis". Official Journal of the European Union. L (131). 1 June 2000. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
167. "2002/192/EC: Council Decision of 28 February 2002 concerning Ireland's request to take part in some of the provisions of the Schengen acquis". Official Journal of the European Union. L (64). 7 March 2002. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
168. "2004/926/EC: Council Decision of 22 December 2004 on the putting into effect of parts of the Schengen acquis by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". Official Journal of the European Union. L (395): 70. 31 December 2004. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
169. "CONVENTION RELATIVE A LA SUPPRESSION DE LA LEGALISATION D'ACTES DANS LES ETATS MEMBRES DES COMMUNAUTES EUROPEENNES, FAITE A BRUXELLES LE 25 MAI 1987" (PDF). Government of Belgium. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
170. "Convention abolishing the legalisation of documents in the Member States of the European Communities". Government of the Netherlands. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
171. "REGULATION (EU) 2016/1191 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 6 July 2016 on promoting the free movement of citizens by simplifying the requirements for presenting certain public documents in the European Union and amending Regulation (EU) No 1024/2012". Official Journal of the European Union. L (200): 1. 26 July 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
172. "ACCORD RELATIF A L'APPLICATION, ENTRE LES ETATS MEMBRES DES COMMUNAUTES EUROPEENNES, DE LA CONVENTION DU CONSEIL DE L'EUROPE SUR LE TRANSFEREMENT DES PERSONNES CONDAMNEES, FAIT A BRUXELLES LE 25 MAI 1987" (PDF). Government of Belgium. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
173. "Agreement on the application among the Member States of the European Communities of the Council of Europe Convention on the transfer of sentences persons". Government of the Netherlands. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
174. "Council Framework Decision 2008/909/JHA of 27 November 2008 on the application of the principle of mutual recognition to judgments in criminal matters imposing custodial sentences or measures involving deprivation of liberty for the purpose of their enforcement in the European Union". Official Journal of the European Union. L (327): 27. 5 December 2008. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
175. "Agreement between the Member States of the European Communities on the simplification and modernization of the method of transmission of extradition requests". Government of the Netherlands. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
176. "The European Convention on Extradition Order 1990 (Amendment) Order 1996". Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
177. "Convention between the Member States of the European Communities on the simplification of procedures for the recovery of maintenance payments". Government of the Netherlands. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
178. "Council Regulation (EC) No 4/2009 of 18 December 2008 on jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition and enforcement of decisions and cooperation in matters relating to maintenance obligations". Official Journal of the European Union. L (7): 1. 10 January 2009. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
179. "COMMISSION DECISION of 8 June 2009 on the intention of the United Kingdom to accept Council Regulation (EC) No 4/2009 on jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition and enforcement of decisions and cooperation in matters relating to maintenance obligations". Official Journal of the European Union. L (149): 73. 12 June 2009. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
180. "Agreement between the European Community and the Kingdom of Denmark on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters". Official Journal of the European Union. L (149): 80. 12 June 2009.
181. "Initiative of the Kingdom of Belgium, the Republic of Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Republic of Estonia, the Hellenic Republic, the Kingdom of Spain, the French Republic, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, Republic of Hungary, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Romania, the Republic of Slovenia, the Slovak Republic and the Kingdom of Sweden for a Council Framework Decision 2009/…/JHA of … on transfer of proceedings in criminal matters". Official Journal of the European Union. C (219): 7. 12 September 2009. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
182. "Convention between the Member States of the European Communities on the Enforcement of Foreign Criminal Sentences". Government of the Netherlands. Retrieved 3 June 2018.
183. Szarek-Mason, Patrycja (2010). The European Union's Fight Against Corruption: The Evolving Policy Towards Member States and Candidate Countries. Cambridge University Press. pp. 108–109. ISBN 9780521113571.
184. "Resolution on the Convention on Insolvency Proceedings of 23 November 1995". Official Journal of the European Union. C (279). 1999.
185. "HISTORY AND BACKGROUND TO THE EC REGULATION ON INSOLVENCY PROCEEDINGS". Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
186. Israël, Jona (2005). European Cross-border Insolvency Regulation. ISBN 9789050954983.
187. "Council regulation (EC) No 1346/2000 of 29 May 2000 on insolvency proceedings". Official Journal of the European Union. L (160). 30 June 2000. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
188. "Opinion of the Economic and Social Committee on the 'Initiative of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of Finland with a view to the adoption of a Council Regulation on insolvency proceedings, submitted to the Council on 26 May 1999'". Official Journal of the European Union. C (75). 15 March 2000. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
189. "Service of documents in civil or commercial matters". European Union. 5 April 2007. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
190. "Council regulation (EC) No 1348/2000 of 29 May 2000 on the service in the Member States of judicial and extrajudicial documents in civil or commercial matters". Official Journal of the European Union. L (160). 30 June 2000. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
191. "Agreement between the European Community and the Kingdom of Denmark on the service of judicial and extrajudicial documents in civil or commercial matters". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
192. "Jurisdiction, recognition and enforcement of judgments in matrimonial matters". European Union. 23 March 2004. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
193. "Council Regulation (EC) No 1347/2000 of 29 May 2000 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in matrimonial matters and in matters of parental responsibility for children of both spouses". Official Journal of the European Union. L (160). 30 June 2000. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
194. "Regulation (EU) 2016/95 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 January 2016 repealing certain acts in the field of police cooperation and judicial cooperation in criminal matters". Official Journal of the European Union. L (26): 9. 2 February 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
195. "Agreement – Consilium". Consilium.europa.eu. Retrieved 20 May 2015.

Sources

• P. Craig & G. de Búrca, EU Law: Text, Cases and Materials (4th edn OUP 2008).

External links

 

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Portal:Treaties and declarations of the European Union

• Constitution of the European Union
• Summary of EU treaties – Europa
• Full texts of EU treaties – EUR-Lex (Europa)