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Wikipedia

Trans woman

May 02, 2024

A trans woman (short for transgender woman) is a woman who was assigned male at birth. Trans women have a female gender identity and may experience gender dysphoria (distress brought upon by the discrepancy between a person's gender identity and their sex assigned at birth).[1] Gender dysphoria may be treated with gender-affirming care.

Mela Habijan, the 2020 winner of the Miss Trans Global contest

Gender-affirming care may include social or medical transition. Social transition may involve changes such as adopting a new name, hairstyle, clothing style, and/or set of pronouns associated with the individual's affirmed gender identity.[2] A major component of medical transition for trans women is feminizing hormone therapy, which causes the development of female secondary sex characteristics (breasts, redistribution of body fat, lower waist–hip ratio, etc.). This, along with socially transitioning, and receiving desired gender-affirming surgeries can relieve the person of gender dysphoria.[3][4] Like cisgender women, trans women may have any sexual orientation.

Trans women face significant discrimination in many areas of life—including in employment and access to housing—and face physical and sexual violence and hate crimes, including from partners. In the United States, discrimination is particularly severe towards trans women who are members of a racial minority, who often face the intersection of transphobia and racism.

The term transgender woman is not always interchangeable with transsexual woman, although the terms are often used interchangeably. Transgender is an umbrella term that includes different types of gender variant people (including transsexual people).

Terminology

See also: Transgender § Terminology

Transgender (commonly abbreviated as trans)[5] is an umbrella term for people whose gender identity or gender expression are different from those typically associated with members of the sex they were assigned at birth.[6] Transgender women, sometimes called male-to-female (MTF, M2F), are those who were assigned the male sex at birth (AMAB), but who identify and live as women.[7]

Trans woman may also be short for transsexual woman. Transsexual is a subset of transgender,[8][9] referring to people who desire to medically transition to the sex with which they identify, usually through sex reassignment therapies, such as hormone replacement therapy and sex reassignment surgery, to align their body with their identified sex or gender. The term is rejected by some as outdated, though others within the trans community still identify as transsexual.[10]

Transfeminine (or transfemme) is a broader umbrella term for assigned-male trans individuals with a predominantly feminine identity or gender expression. This includes trans women, but is used especially for AMAB non-binary people, who may have an identity that is partially feminine, but not wholly female.[11]

The spelling transwoman (written as a single word) is occasionally used interchangeably with trans woman (where trans is an adjective describing a kind of woman). However, this variant is often associated with views (notably gender-critical feminism) that exclude trans women from woman, and thus require a separate word to describe them.[12] For this reason, many transgender people find the spelling offensive.[12][13] Some prefer to omit trans, and be called simply women.[10]

In several Latin American countries, the word travesti is sometimes used to designate people who have been assigned male sex at birth, but develop a female gender identity. The use of travesti precedes transgender in the region; its distinction from trans woman is controversial and can vary depending on the context, ranging from considering it a regional equivalent to a third gender.[14][15]

In Thailand, kathoey refers to a trans-feminine individual, though the term "transgender" is infrequently used to refer to those with this identity.[16] The term is sometimes translated to "ladyboy" in English.[17] Most trans-feminine Thai individuals simply referred to themselves as women, or phuying praphet song, meaning "another type of woman."[18]

Amongst Native Hawaiians and Tahitians, māhū are people of a third gender who possess spiritual and social roles.[19] The term has historically been applied to people assigned male at birth, but now may refer to a large variety of gender identities.[20] The term is sometimes seen as disparaging or a perjorative, similar to faggot.[21]

Sexuality

See also: Transgender sexuality

Trans women vary greatly in terms of sexual orientation.[22][23][24][25] A survey of roughly 3,000 American trans women showed 31% of them identifying as bisexual, 29% as "gay/lesbian/same-gender", 23% as heterosexual, 7% as asexual, as well as 7% identifying as "queer" and 2% as "other".[26] A 12-month survey of trans women in Europe found that 22% identified as heterosexual, 10% were attracted almost exclusively to men, 3% were mostly attracted to men, 9% were bisexual, 7% were mostly attracted to women, 23% were almost attracted exclusively to women, and 20% were lesbian. A smaller 2013 study of Italian trans women found that 82% identified as heterosexual.[27]

The European study found that sexual orientation did not change over the 12 months.[28] A 2018 study found that the most common sexual partner for trans women was cisgender women prior to transitioning. Trans women who had been for transitioning for ten years or more were more likely to report a shift in their sexual orientation.[29]

In a 2008 study, no statistically significant difference in libido was detected between trans women and cisgender women.[30] As in males, female libido is thought to correlate with serum testosterone levels[31][32][33][34] (with some controversy)[35] but the 2008 study found no such correlation in trans women.[30][36] Another study, published in 2014, found that 62.4% of trans women reported their sexual desire had decreased after sexual reassignment therapy.[37]

Healthcare

Gender-affirming care

Gender-affirming care for trans women may include feminizing hormone therapy, transgender voice therapy, and gender-affirming surgery (often referring to vaginoplasty, but may also include tracheal shave, orchiectomy, facial feminization surgery, breast augmentation, and vulvoplasty).[38]

Feminizing hormone therapy

Main article: Feminizing hormone therapy

Feminizing hormone therapy is a type of hormone therapy focused on turning the secondary sex characteristics of a person from masculine to feminine. Feminizing hormone therapy often includes a mix of estrogens, antiandrogens, progestogens, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone modulator,[1][39] though the most common approach is an estrogen in combination with an antiandrogen.[40][41] Feminizing hormone therapy can induce effects including breast development, softening of the skin, redistribution of body fat towards a gynoid fat distribution, decreased muscle mass/strength, and changes in mood.

Feminizing voice therapy

Main article: Transgender voice therapy

Trans women may seek to feminize their voice through transgender voice therapy, as hormone therapy does not affect the voice of a trans woman at all. The aim of voice therapy is frequently to change the fundamental frequency, resonant frequency, and phonatory pattern to reflect that of a cisgender woman.[42] This can be accomplished through speech therapy, or surgeries (including feminization laryngoplasty). Throughout multiple studies, voice therapy has generally been shown to increase vocal satisfaction of the patient and a greater listener perception of a feminine voice.[43][44]

Gender-affirming surgery

Main article: Gender-affirming surgery (male-to-female)

Trans women may undergo a variety of gender-affirming surgeries as part of their transition process. These surgeries may include vaginoplasty, vulvoplasty, orchiectomy, breast augmentation, and facial feminization surgery.[45]

Fertility

While the relationship is not completely understood,[46] feminizing hormone therapy appears to reduce the ability to produce sperm.[47] Individuals who have been on hormone therapy for an extended period of time have been shown to have a lower total sperm count than males not on hormone therapy.[48] Cessation of hormone replacement therapy has been associated with a renewed level of fertility.[49][50]

Tucking is also associated with lower quality sperm production because of the increased temperature of the testicles, causing premature sperm death.[51][52][53]

Trans women may elect to undergo fertility preservation through semen cryopreservation via masturbation or testicular sperm extraction.[46]

Discrimination

Main article: Transmisogyny
Further information: Transgender inequality and Transphobia
 
Transmisogynistic graffiti in Springfield, Missouri

Like all gender variant people, trans women often face discrimination and transphobia,[26]: 8  particularly those who are not perceived as cisgender.[54] A 2015 survey from The Williams Institute found that, of 27,715 transgender respondents, 52% whose families had rejected them attempted suicide, as did 64.9% of those who were physically attacked in the past year.[55]

A 2011 survey of roughly 3000 trans women living in the United States, as summarized in the report "Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey", found that trans women reported that:[26][specify]

  • 36% have lost their job due to their gender.
  • 55% have been discriminated against in hiring.
  • 29% have been denied a promotion.
  • 25% have been refused medical care.
  • 60% of the trans women who have visited a homeless shelter reported incidents of harassment there.
  • When displaying identity documents incongruent with their gender identity/expression, 33% have been harassed and 3% have been physically assaulted.
  • 20% reported harassment by police, with 6% reporting physical assault and 3% reporting sexual assault by an officer. 25% have been treated generally with disrespect by police officers.
  • Among jailed trans women, 40% have been harassed by inmates, 38% have been harassed by staff, 21% have been physically assaulted, and 20% have been sexually assaulted.

The American National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs' report of 2010 anti-LGBTQ violence found that of the 27 people who were murdered because of their LGBTQ identity, 44% were trans women.[56] Discrimination is particularly severe towards non-white trans women, who experience the intersection of racism and transphobia.

In her book Whipping Girl, trans woman Julia Serano refers to the unique discrimination trans women experience as "transmisogyny".[57]

Discrimination against trans women has occurred at the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival after the Festival set out a rule that it would only be a space for cisgender females. This led to protests by trans women and their allies, and a boycott of the Festival by Equality Michigan in 2014. The boycott was joined by the Human Rights Campaign, GLAAD, the National Center for Lesbian Rights, and the National LGBTQ Task Force. The "womyn-born-womyn" intention first came to attention in 1991 after a transsexual festival-goer, Nancy Burkholder, was asked to leave the festival when several women recognized her as a trans woman and expressed discomfort with her presence in the space.[58][59]

Violence towards trans women

See also: List of people killed for being transgender
 
A group of Argentine travestis carrying the coffin of their murdered friend, August 1987

Trans women face a form of violence known as trans bashing. The Washington Blade reported that Global Rights, an international NGO, tracked the mistreatment of trans women in Brazil, including at the hands of the police.[60] To commemorate those who have been murdered in hate crimes, an annual Transgender Day of Remembrance is held in various locations across the United States, Canada, Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, with details and sources for each murder provided at their website.[61]

United States

See also: Violence against transgender people in the United States

According to a 2009 report by the National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs, quoted by the Office for Victims of Crime, 11% of all hate crimes towards members of the LGBTQ community were directed towards trans women.[62]

In 2015, a false statistic was widely reported in the United States media stating that the life expectancy of a trans woman of color is only 35 years.[63] This appears to be based on a comment specifically about Latin America in a report by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, which compiled data on the age at death of murdered trans women for all of the Americas (North, South, and Central), and does not disaggregate by race.[63][64][65]

In 2016, 23 transgender people suffered fatal attacks in the United States. The Human Rights Campaign report found some of these deaths to be direct results of an anti-transgender bias, and some due to related factors such as homelessness.[66]

One type of violence towards trans women is committed by perpetrators who learn that their sexual partner is transgender, and feel deceived ("trans panic"). Almost 95% of these crimes were committed by cisgender men towards trans women.[67] According to a 2005 study in Houston, Texas, "50% of transgender people surveyed had been hit by a primary partner after coming out as transgender".[62]

Media representation

 
Laverne Cox plays Sophia Burset, a lead trans woman on Orange is the New Black

Trans representation in television, film, news, and other forms of media was slim before the 21st century. Early mainstream accounts and fictional depictions of trans women almost always relied on common tropes and stereotypes.[68] However, portrayals have steadily grown and improved in tandem with activism.

In the 2020 film Disclosure: Trans Lives on Screen, director Sam Feder explores Hollywood's history of trans representation and the cultural effects of such depictions. Many notable 21st century trans actresses and celebrities shared their stories in the film, including Laverne Cox, Alexandra Billings, Jamie Clayton, and more.[69]

Some famous trans women in television include Laverne Cox (playing Sophia Burset on Orange is the New Black), Hunter Schafer (playing Jules Vaughn in Euphoria), and Caitlyn Jenner (from Keeping Up with the Kardashians).[70][71] Pose, an American television show, depicts the lives of several trans women.[72]

See also

References

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May 02, 2024
trans, woman, trans, woman, short, transgender, woman, woman, assigned, male, birth, trans, women, have, female, gender, identity, experience, gender, dysphoria, distress, brought, upon, discrepancy, between, person, gender, identity, their, assigned, birth, g. A trans woman short for transgender woman is a woman who was assigned male at birth Trans women have a female gender identity and may experience gender dysphoria distress brought upon by the discrepancy between a person s gender identity and their sex assigned at birth 1 Gender dysphoria may be treated with gender affirming care Mela Habijan the 2020 winner of the Miss Trans Global contest Gender affirming care may include social or medical transition Social transition may involve changes such as adopting a new name hairstyle clothing style and or set of pronouns associated with the individual s affirmed gender identity 2 A major component of medical transition for trans women is feminizing hormone therapy which causes the development of female secondary sex characteristics breasts redistribution of body fat lower waist hip ratio etc This along with socially transitioning and receiving desired gender affirming surgeries can relieve the person of gender dysphoria 3 4 Like cisgender women trans women may have any sexual orientation Trans women face significant discrimination in many areas of life including in employment and access to housing and face physical and sexual violence and hate crimes including from partners In the United States discrimination is particularly severe towards trans women who are members of a racial minority who often face the intersection of transphobia and racism The term transgender woman is not always interchangeable with transsexual woman although the terms are often used interchangeably Transgender is an umbrella term that includes different types of gender variant people including transsexual people Contents 1 Terminology 2 Sexuality 3 Healthcare 3 1 Gender affirming care 3 1 1 Feminizing hormone therapy 3 1 2 Feminizing voice therapy 3 1 3 Gender affirming surgery 3 2 Fertility 4 Discrimination 4 1 Violence towards trans women 4 1 1 United States 5 Media representation 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksTerminologySee also Transgender TerminologyTransgender commonly abbreviated as trans 5 is an umbrella term for people whose gender identity or gender expression are different from those typically associated with members of the sex they were assigned at birth 6 Transgender women sometimes called male to female MTF M2F are those who were assigned the male sex at birth AMAB but who identify and live as women 7 Trans woman may also be short for transsexual woman Transsexual is a subset of transgender 8 9 referring to people who desire to medically transition to the sex with which they identify usually through sex reassignment therapies such as hormone replacement therapy and sex reassignment surgery to align their body with their identified sex or gender The term is rejected by some as outdated though others within the trans community still identify as transsexual 10 Transfeminine or transfemme is a broader umbrella term for assigned male trans individuals with a predominantly feminine identity or gender expression This includes trans women but is used especially for AMAB non binary people who may have an identity that is partially feminine but not wholly female 11 The spelling transwoman written as a single word is occasionally used interchangeably with trans woman where trans is an adjective describing a kind of woman However this variant is often associated with views notably gender critical feminism that exclude trans women from woman and thus require a separate word to describe them 12 For this reason many transgender people find the spelling offensive 12 13 Some prefer to omit trans and be called simply women 10 In several Latin American countries the word travesti is sometimes used to designate people who have been assigned male sex at birth but develop a female gender identity The use of travesti precedes transgender in the region its distinction from trans woman is controversial and can vary depending on the context ranging from considering it a regional equivalent to a third gender 14 15 In Thailand kathoey refers to a trans feminine individual though the term transgender is infrequently used to refer to those with this identity 16 The term is sometimes translated to ladyboy in English 17 Most trans feminine Thai individuals simply referred to themselves as women or phuying praphet song meaning another type of woman 18 Amongst Native Hawaiians and Tahitians mahu are people of a third gender who possess spiritual and social roles 19 The term has historically been applied to people assigned male at birth but now may refer to a large variety of gender identities 20 The term is sometimes seen as disparaging or a perjorative similar to faggot 21 SexualitySee also Transgender sexuality Trans women vary greatly in terms of sexual orientation 22 23 24 25 A survey of roughly 3 000 American trans women showed 31 of them identifying as bisexual 29 as gay lesbian same gender 23 as heterosexual 7 as asexual as well as 7 identifying as queer and 2 as other 26 A 12 month survey of trans women in Europe found that 22 identified as heterosexual 10 were attracted almost exclusively to men 3 were mostly attracted to men 9 were bisexual 7 were mostly attracted to women 23 were almost attracted exclusively to women and 20 were lesbian A smaller 2013 study of Italian trans women found that 82 identified as heterosexual 27 The European study found that sexual orientation did not change over the 12 months 28 A 2018 study found that the most common sexual partner for trans women was cisgender women prior to transitioning Trans women who had been for transitioning for ten years or more were more likely to report a shift in their sexual orientation 29 In a 2008 study no statistically significant difference in libido was detected between trans women and cisgender women 30 As in males female libido is thought to correlate with serum testosterone levels 31 32 33 34 with some controversy 35 but the 2008 study found no such correlation in trans women 30 36 Another study published in 2014 found that 62 4 of trans women reported their sexual desire had decreased after sexual reassignment therapy 37 HealthcareGender affirming care Gender affirming care for trans women may include feminizing hormone therapy transgender voice therapy and gender affirming surgery often referring to vaginoplasty but may also include tracheal shave orchiectomy facial feminization surgery breast augmentation and vulvoplasty 38 Feminizing hormone therapy Main article Feminizing hormone therapy Feminizing hormone therapy is a type of hormone therapy focused on turning the secondary sex characteristics of a person from masculine to feminine Feminizing hormone therapy often includes a mix of estrogens antiandrogens progestogens and gonadotropin releasing hormone modulator 1 39 though the most common approach is an estrogen in combination with an antiandrogen 40 41 Feminizing hormone therapy can induce effects including breast development softening of the skin redistribution of body fat towards a gynoid fat distribution decreased muscle mass strength and changes in mood Feminizing voice therapy Main article Transgender voice therapy Trans women may seek to feminize their voice through transgender voice therapy as hormone therapy does not affect the voice of a trans woman at all The aim of voice therapy is frequently to change the fundamental frequency resonant frequency and phonatory pattern to reflect that of a cisgender woman 42 This can be accomplished through speech therapy or surgeries including feminization laryngoplasty Throughout multiple studies voice therapy has generally been shown to increase vocal satisfaction of the patient and a greater listener perception of a feminine voice 43 44 Gender affirming surgery Main article Gender affirming surgery male to female Trans women may undergo a variety of gender affirming surgeries as part of their transition process These surgeries may include vaginoplasty vulvoplasty orchiectomy breast augmentation and facial feminization surgery 45 Fertility While the relationship is not completely understood 46 feminizing hormone therapy appears to reduce the ability to produce sperm 47 Individuals who have been on hormone therapy for an extended period of time have been shown to have a lower total sperm count than males not on hormone therapy 48 Cessation of hormone replacement therapy has been associated with a renewed level of fertility 49 50 Tucking is also associated with lower quality sperm production because of the increased temperature of the testicles causing premature sperm death 51 52 53 Trans women may elect to undergo fertility preservation through semen cryopreservation via masturbation or testicular sperm extraction 46 DiscriminationMain article Transmisogyny Further information Transgender inequality and Transphobia nbsp Transmisogynistic graffiti in Springfield Missouri Like all gender variant people trans women often face discrimination and transphobia 26 8 particularly those who are not perceived as cisgender 54 A 2015 survey from The Williams Institute found that of 27 715 transgender respondents 52 whose families had rejected them attempted suicide as did 64 9 of those who were physically attacked in the past year 55 A 2011 survey of roughly 3000 trans women living in the United States as summarized in the report Injustice at Every Turn A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey found that trans women reported that 26 specify 36 have lost their job due to their gender 55 have been discriminated against in hiring 29 have been denied a promotion 25 have been refused medical care 60 of the trans women who have visited a homeless shelter reported incidents of harassment there When displaying identity documents incongruent with their gender identity expression 33 have been harassed and 3 have been physically assaulted 20 reported harassment by police with 6 reporting physical assault and 3 reporting sexual assault by an officer 25 have been treated generally with disrespect by police officers Among jailed trans women 40 have been harassed by inmates 38 have been harassed by staff 21 have been physically assaulted and 20 have been sexually assaulted The American National Coalition of Anti Violence Programs report of 2010 anti LGBTQ violence found that of the 27 people who were murdered because of their LGBTQ identity 44 were trans women 56 Discrimination is particularly severe towards non white trans women who experience the intersection of racism and transphobia In her book Whipping Girl trans woman Julia Serano refers to the unique discrimination trans women experience as transmisogyny 57 Discrimination against trans women has occurred at the Michigan Womyn s Music Festival after the Festival set out a rule that it would only be a space for cisgender females This led to protests by trans women and their allies and a boycott of the Festival by Equality Michigan in 2014 The boycott was joined by the Human Rights Campaign GLAAD the National Center for Lesbian Rights and the National LGBTQ Task Force The womyn born womyn intention first came to attention in 1991 after a transsexual festival goer Nancy Burkholder was asked to leave the festival when several women recognized her as a trans woman and expressed discomfort with her presence in the space 58 59 Violence towards trans women See also List of people killed for being transgender nbsp A group of Argentine travestis carrying the coffin of their murdered friend August 1987 Trans women face a form of violence known as trans bashing The Washington Blade reported that Global Rights an international NGO tracked the mistreatment of trans women in Brazil including at the hands of the police 60 To commemorate those who have been murdered in hate crimes an annual Transgender Day of Remembrance is held in various locations across the United States Canada Western Europe Australia and New Zealand with details and sources for each murder provided at their website 61 United States See also Violence against transgender people in the United States According to a 2009 report by the National Coalition of Anti Violence Programs quoted by the Office for Victims of Crime 11 of all hate crimes towards members of the LGBTQ community were directed towards trans women 62 In 2015 a false statistic was widely reported in the United States media stating that the life expectancy of a trans woman of color is only 35 years 63 This appears to be based on a comment specifically about Latin America in a report by the Inter American Commission on Human Rights which compiled data on the age at death of murdered trans women for all of the Americas North South and Central and does not disaggregate by race 63 64 65 In 2016 23 transgender people suffered fatal attacks in the United States The Human Rights Campaign report found some of these deaths to be direct results of an anti transgender bias and some due to related factors such as homelessness 66 One type of violence towards trans women is committed by perpetrators who learn that their sexual partner is transgender and feel deceived trans panic Almost 95 of these crimes were committed by cisgender men towards trans women 67 According to a 2005 study in Houston Texas 50 of transgender people surveyed had been hit by a primary partner after coming out as transgender 62 Media representation nbsp Laverne Cox plays Sophia Burset a lead trans woman on Orange is the New Black Trans representation in television film news and other forms of media was slim before the 21st century Early mainstream accounts and fictional depictions of trans women almost always relied on common tropes and stereotypes 68 However portrayals have steadily grown and improved in tandem with activism In the 2020 film Disclosure Trans Lives on Screen director Sam Feder explores Hollywood s history of trans representation and the cultural effects of such depictions Many notable 21st century trans actresses and celebrities shared their stories in the film including Laverne Cox Alexandra Billings Jamie Clayton and more 69 Some famous trans women in television include Laverne Cox playing Sophia Burset on Orange is the New Black Hunter Schafer playing Jules Vaughn in Euphoria and Caitlyn Jenner from Keeping Up with the Kardashians 70 71 Pose an American television show depicts the lives of several trans women 72 See also nbsp Transgender portal List of transgender people List of transgender related topics Trans man Transfeminism Transgender people in sportsReferences a b Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual Transgender and Gender Nonconforming People version 7 PDF The World Professional Association for Transgender Health p 96 Archived from the original PDF on 2014 09 24 Sherer Ilana 2016 03 01 Social Transition Supporting Our Youngest Transgender Children Pediatrics 137 3 e20154358 doi 10 1542 peds 2015 4358 ISSN 0031 4005 PMID 26921284 Beidel Deborah C Frueh B Christopher Hersen Michel 30 June 2014 Adult Psychopathology and Diagnosis 7th ed New York Wiley p 618 ISBN 978 1 118 92791 5 OCLC 956674391 Archived from the original on 30 March 2019 Retrieved 12 December 2017 Kollen Thomas 25 April 2016 Sexual Orientation and Transgender Issues in Organizations Global Perspectives on LGBT Workforce Diversity Springer p 138 ISBN 978 3 319 29623 4 OCLC 933722553 Archived from the original on 30 March 2019 Retrieved 12 December 2017 trans Oxford English Dictionary Online ed Oxford University Press Retrieved 26 August 2022 Subscription or participating institution membership required Forsyth Craig J Copes Heith 2014 Encyclopedia of Social Deviance SAGE Publications p 740 ISBN 978 1483364698 Archived from the original on December 1 2016 Retrieved April 12 2016 Transgender is an umbrella term for people whose gender identities gender expressions and or behaviors are different from those culturally associated with the sex to which they were assigned at birth Hembree Wylie C Cohen Kettenis Peggy T Gooren Louis Hannema Sabine E Meyer Walter J Murad M Hassan Rosenthal Stephen M Safer Joshua D Tangpricha Vin T Sjoen Guy G 2017 09 13 Endocrine Treatment of Gender Dysphoric Gender Incongruent Persons An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 102 11 3869 3903 doi 10 1210 jc 2017 01658 ISSN 0021 972X PMID 28945902 S2CID 3726467 Bevan Thomas E 2015 The psychobiology of transsexualism and transgenderism a new view based on scientific evidence Santa Barbara California p 42 ISBN 978 1 4408 3126 3 OCLC 881721443 The term transsexual was introduced by Cauldwell 1949 and popularized by Harry Benjamin 1966 The term transgender was coined by John Oliven 1965 and popularized by various transgender people who pioneered the concept and practice of transgenderism It is sometimes said that Virginia Prince 1976 popularized the term but history shows that many transgender people advocated the use of this term much more than Prince The 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Maintenance of Heterosexuality Gender and Society 23 4 440 464 doi 10 1177 0891243209340034 ISSN 0891 2432 JSTOR 20676798 S2CID 145354177 Sicular Eve 2013 12 02 Outing the Archives From the Celluloid Closet to the Isle of Klezbos Queer Jews Routledge pp 199 214 doi 10 4324 9781315811277 18 ISBN 978 1 315 81127 7 retrieved 2022 10 04 Buchanan Blu 2021 06 04 Film Review Disclosure Trans Lives on Screen Teaching Sociology 49 3 299 301 doi 10 1177 0092055x211022474 ISSN 0092 055X S2CID 236226145 Mocarski Richard King Robyn Butler Sim Holt Natalie R Huit T Zachary Hope Debra A Meyer Heather M Woodruff Nathan September 2019 The Rise of Transgender and Gender Diverse Representation in the Media Impacts on the Population Communication Culture amp Critique 12 3 416 433 doi 10 1093 ccc tcz031 ISSN 1753 9129 PMC 6824534 PMID 31709008 Trans Representation in The Media GLSEN 2023 11 22 Retrieved 2024 03 21 Trans people have never been so visible or so vulnerable Washington Post 2023 04 13 Retrieved 2024 03 21 External links nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Transgender women Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Trans woman amp oldid 1217921264 Sexuality, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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