Trachypachidae
The Trachypachidae (sometimes known as false ground beetles) are a family of beetles that generally resemble small ground beetles, but that are distinguished by the large coxae of their rearmost legs. There are only six known extant species in the family, with four species of Trachypachus found in northern Eurasia and northern North America, and two species of Systolosoma in Chile and Argentina. They were much more diverse in the past, with dozens of described species from the Mesozoic.[1]
| Trachypachidae Temporal range: | |
|---|---|
| Trachypachus gibbsii | |
| Specimen of Systolosoma breve | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Clade: | Coleopterida |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Suborder: | Adephaga |
| Family: | Trachypachidae C. G. Thomson, 1857 |
| Extan genera | |
| Fossil genera, see text | |
Their habits are similar to those of the ground beetles; they are usually found in the leaf litter of conifer forests, and are thought to be mostly predators and scavengers, active during the day (diurnal).[2]
According to entomologist George Ball, "the most interesting thing about this small family is its uncertain phylogenetic relationships"; it has previously been classified as a subfamily of Carabidae, and as a family been placed in several different positions relative to other beetle families.[2] Recent molecular phylogenies have recovered as the sister group to the clade Carabidae+Cicindelidae as part of the Adephaga subgroup Geadephaga.[3][4] The earliest fossils known of this family are of the genera Petrodromeus, Permunda and Apermunda from the Permian-Triassic boundary of Russia around 252 million years ago.[5][6] Fossil genera of the family are classified in the subfamily Eodromeinae, while the two modern genera are placed in the subfamily Trachypachinae. The two subfamilies are distinguished by the shape and position of the sclerites that are jointed to the mesocoxae (the section where the middle pair of legs joins the body).[6]
Species edit
- Subfamily Trachypachinae
- Systolosoma Chile, Argentina
- Trachypachus Holarctic
- Trachypachus holmbergi
- Trachypachus gibbsii
- Trachypachus zetterstedi
- Trachypachus slevini
- Subfamily †Eodromeinae
- After revision in Kirejtshuk et Ansorge, 2022.[6]
- †Coreoeicos Bode, 1953 Posidonia Shale, Germany Early Jurassic (Toarcian)
- †Denudirabus Ren, 1995 China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
- †Dolichorabus Ponomarenko, 1985 Ichetuy Formation, Russia, Late Jurassic
- †Dundorabus Ponomarenko, 1989 Ulaan-Ereg Formation Mongolia, Late Jurassic (Tithonian)
- †Eodromeites Ponomarenko, 1985 (2 species) Russia, Upper Jurassic
- †Eodromeus Ponomarenko, 1977 (10+ species) China Russia Mongolia, Middle Jurassic-Early Cretaceous
- †Liassodites Kirejtshuk et Ansorge, 2022 Green Series, Germany Early Jurassic (Toarcian)
- †Evertus Ponomarenko, 1986 (= Fortiseode Jia, Liang, Chang et Ren, 2011) (3 species) Mongolia, Yixian Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
- †Karadromeus Ponomarenko, 1977 (6+ species) Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia, China?, Middle Jurassic-Early Cretaceous
- †Karatoma Ponomarenko, 1977 (2 species) Karabastau Formation Kazakhstan, Middle-Late Jurassic, Glushkovo Formation, Russia, Upper Jurassic (Tithonian)
- †Necronectulus Ponomarenko, 1977 Tologoi Formation, Kazakhstan, Upper Triassic (Carnian-Norian)
- †Novunda Kirejtshuk et Ansorge, 2022 (= Unda Ponomarenko, 1977 preoccupied genus) (5 species) Daohugou, China, Middle Jurassic, Glushkovo Formation, Russia, Upper Jurassic
- †Platycoxa Ponomarenko, 1977 Kyrgyzstan, Lower Jurassic
- †Prosynactus Bode, 1953 Posidonia Shale, Germany Early Jurassic (Toarcian)
- †Psacodromeus Ponomarenko, 1977 Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Middle/Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous
- †Sinodromeus Wang, Zhang et Ponomarenko, 2012, Yixian Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
- †Sogdodromeus Ponomarenko, 1977 Madygen Formation, Kyrgyzstan, Upper Triassic (Carnian)
- †Sogdodromeus altus
- †Xishanocarabus Hong, 1984 Lushangfen Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
- †Petrodromeus Ponomarenko et Volkov, 2013 Kemerovo, Russia, Late Permian (Changhsingian)
- †Petrodromeus asiaticus (=Ademosynoides asiaticus; Martynov, 1936)
- †Apermunda Kirejtshuk et Ansorge, 2022, Kemerovo, Russia, Late Permian (Changhsingian)
- †Apermunda minor (=Petrodromeus minor)
- †Permunda Ponomarenko et Volkov, 2013 Kemerovo, Russia, Late Permian (Changhsingian)
- †Permunda nana
References edit
- ^ Wang, Bo; Zhang, Haichun; Ponomarenko, Alexandr G. (2012). "Mesozoic Trachypachidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) from China". Palaeontology. 55 (2): 341–353. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01128.x. ISSN 0031-0239.
- ^ a b George E. Ball, "Trachypachidae", in Ross H. Arnett, Jr. and Michael C. Thomas, American Beetles (CRC Press, 2001), vol. 1
- ^ Vasilikopoulos, Alexandros; Balke, Michael; Kukowka, Sandra; Pflug, James M.; Martin, Sebastian; Meusemann, Karen; Hendrich, Lars; Mayer, Christoph; Maddison, David R.; Niehuis, Oliver; Beutel, Rolf G.; Misof, Bernhard (October 2021). "Phylogenomic analyses clarify the pattern of evolution of Adephaga (Coleoptera) and highlight phylogenetic artefacts due to model misspecification and excessive data trimming". Systematic Entomology. 46 (4): 991–1018. doi:10.1111/syen.12508. ISSN 0307-6970. S2CID 237486696.
- ^ Baca, Stephen M.; Gustafson, Grey T.; Alexander, Alana M.; Gough, Harlan M.; Toussaint, Emmanuel F. A. (October 2021). "Integrative phylogenomics reveals a Permian origin of Adephaga beetles". Systematic Entomology. 46 (4): 968–990. doi:10.1111/syen.12506. ISSN 0307-6970. S2CID 237486703.
- ^ Ponomarenko, A. G.; Volkov, A. N. (2013). "Ademosynoides asiaticus Martynov, 1936, the earliest known member of an extant beetle family (Insecta, Coleoptera, Trachypachidae)". Paleontological Journal. 47 (6): 601–606. doi:10.1134/S0031030113060063. ISSN 0031-0301. S2CID 84935456.
- ^ a b c Kirejtshuk, Alexander G.; Ansorge, Jörg (2022-05-17). "An extraordinarily preserved new genus and species of Trachypachidae (Coleoptera, Adephaga) from the Early Jurassic of Germany and a review of fossil trachypachid genera". Historical Biology: 1–18. doi:10.1080/08912963.2022.2071709. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 248869983.