Sothi (archaeology)
Sothi is an early archaeological site of the Indus Valley civilization dating to around 4600 BCE, located in the Hanumangarh District of Rajasthan, India, at a distance of about 10 km southwest of Nohar railway station.[1]
| Location | Hanumangarh District, Rajasthan, India |
|---|---|
| Type | Early Indus Valley Civilization site |
| History | |
| Founded | Around 4600 BCE |
| Site notes | |
| Excavation dates | Luigi Pio Tessitori (first discovery), Aurel Stein (1942), Amalananda Ghosh (1950–53), Kshetrams Dalal(1980) |
Excavations edit
First discovered by Luigi Pio Tessitori, the site was later visited by Aurel Stein (1942), Amalananda Ghosh (1950–53), and Kshetrams Dalal (1980).[2]
Location edit
It is situated in the plain of the ancient Ghaggar and Chautang rivers that were flowing parallel to each other from east to west in this area. About 60 km to the west, the large Indus settlement of Kalibangan was situated at the confluence of these rivers.[3]
Siswal, in Haryana, is located about 70 km to the east, and has similar remains. This is now known as Sothi-Siswal culture.
The ancient site of Rakhigarhi is about 140 km east from Sothi, and together with Sothi and Siswal, was situated in the valley of the Chautang river.
Karanpura is also located nearby along the Chautang.
In the view of many scholars, Ghaggar was the ancient Sarasvati River of myth and legend, and Chautang, its tributary, was the Drishadvati river.[4]
Sothi-Siswal culture edit
Sothi-Siswal culture: Based on the pottery found here, it is classified as a separate archaeological culture / subculture.[5] This culture is named after these two sites, located 70 km apart. It was widespread in Rajasthan, Haryana, and in the Indian Punjab. As many as 165 sites of this culture have been reported. There are also broad similarities between Sothi-Siswal and Kot Diji ceramics. Kot Diji culture area is located just to the northwest of the Sothi-Siswal area.[6]
Sothi-Siswal ceramics are found as far south as the Ahar-Banas culture area in southeastern Rajasthan.
Sothi is the site of a Pre-Indus Valley Civilisation settlement dating to as early as 4600 BCE.[7]
According to Tejas Garge, Sothi culture precedes Siswal culture considerably, and should be seen as the earlier tradition.[7]
Ceramics edit
Sothi ceramic ware may feature painted pipal leaves, or fish scale designs. External ribbing and external cord impressions are also typical of Sothi ceramics, as are ceramic toy cart wheels and the short-stemmed dish on a stand. Sothi ware is present at almost all the Harappa sites in the Ghaggar valley, and also to the south.[citation needed]
The historical period represented by Sothi ware is also called Kalibangan I. Mature Harappan period is designated Kalibangan II.[citation needed]
See also edit
- List of Indus Valley Civilization sites
- Bhirrana, 4 phases of IVC with earliest dated to 8th–7th millennium BCE
- Kalibanga, an IVC town and fort with several phases starting from Early harappan phase
- Rakhigarhi, one of the largest IVC city with 4 phases of IVC with earliest dated to 8th–7th millennium BCE
- Kunal, pre harappan cultural ancestor of Rehman Dheri
- Pottery in the Indian subcontinent
- Bara culture, subtype of Late-Harappan Phase
- Black and red ware, belonging to neolithic and Pre-Harappan phases
- Kunal culture, subtype of Pre-Harappan Phase
- Sothi-Siswal culture, subtype of Pre-Harappan Phase
- Cemetery H culture (2000–1400 BC), early Indo-Aryan pottery at IVC sites later evolved into Painted Grey Ware culture of Vedic period
References edit
- ^ Garge, T., (2010). Sothi-Siswal Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal. Ancient Asia. 2, pp.15–40. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/aa.10203
- ^ Garge, T., (2010). Sothi-Siswal Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal. Ancient Asia. 2, pp.15–40. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/aa.10203
- ^ Map of the area, in: Maemoku, Hideaki; Shitaoka, Yorinao; Nagatomo, Tsuneto; Yagi, Hiroshi (2013). "Geomorphological Constraints on the Ghaggar River Regime During the Mature Harappan Period". Climates, Landscapes, and Civilizations. Geophysical Monograph Series. pp. 97–106. doi:10.1029/2012GM001218. ISBN 9781118704325. ISSN 2328-8779.
- ^ Jane McIntosh, The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives. Understanding ancient civilizations. ABC-CLIO, 2008 ISBN 1576079074 p76
- ^ The Harappan Civilisation: Its Sub-cultures, Daily Pioneer, 10 May 2018.
- ^ Asko Parpola, The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization. Oxford University Press, 2015 ISBN 0190226919 p18
- ^ a b Tejas Garge (2010), Sothi-Siswal Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal. Ancient Asia. 2, pp.15–40. doi:10.5334/aa.10203