1922 New England Textile Strike
The New England Textile Strike was a strike led by members of the United Textile Workers of America (UTW) principally in the U.S. states of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island.[4] Throughout the duration of the strike, an estimated 68,000-85,000 workers refused to work.[1][5] Alongside the UTW, the IWW and ATW played major organizing roles within it, with the strike lasting for around 200 days at most mills.[4]
| New England Textile Strike of 1922 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Labor unions | |||
Militia escorting strikebreakers in Pawtucket, R.I | |||
| Date | January 23, 1922 – November 1922[1] (101 years ago) | ||
| Location | New England, United States | ||
| Caused by | 20% wage cut Increase in weekly hours | ||
| Resulted in | Reversal of 20% wage cut for most. | ||
| Parties | |||
| |||
| Lead figures | |||
| Number | |||
| Casualties and losses | |||
| |||
The UTW & ATW led Rhode Island. The IWW, ATW, & UTW led Massachusetts. Lastly, the UTW completely led New Hampshire.[4]
Background edit
The strike has its beginnings fourteen months earlier. In December 1920, textile workers in New England accepted a 22.5% percent cut.[6]
However, in January 1922 this was pushed further. New England mill owners demanded an additional 20% reduction in wages, while New Hampshire and Rhode Island[a] owners specifically attempted to restore the 54 hour week at the same time. This set off a wave of prolonged walkouts which would develop into the New England textile strike.[6]
In Maine, textile workers did not strike, while in Massachusetts workers at a few of the mills decided to more thoroughly organize before striking.[6] In Connecticut, for the two mills where the wage reduction was made, also did not strike. In addition to strikes by workers directly affected by the wage cuts, sympathy strikes also occurred throughout.[4]
Many of the striking workers were not organized into a union before this. More than half of the strikers in Rhode Island did not belong to a union, while in Massachusetts and New Hampshire, three out of four did not have a union. The lack of wage reduction announcements in the highly organized textile cities of Fall River and New Bedford, Massachusetts, also encouraged workers to organize, in order to receive the same protections.[6]
Strike edit
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On January 23, 1922, weavers at the Royal Mill in the Pawtuxet Valley of Rhode Island walked out, shutting down the mills. They then marched through Pawtucket, calling out workers at each mill, with many joining the strike. In the Blackstone Valley the United Textile Workers locals responded to the mill owners' announcements, calling a strike. The non-unionized workers of the Blackstone mills immediately joined after hearing about the UTW local's decision to strike.[6]
By February, the mills of both the valleys were shut down, and the strike had spread to textile firms in Providence, Rhode Island, Lawrence, Massachusetts, and Manchester, New Hampshire.[6] By February 14, 40,000 to 50,000 textile workers were on strike in New England.[5]
The United Textile Workers (UTW) played a major within the broader strike(s), dispatching organizers to many mill towns, both to aid and to claim leadership over the strikes. However, their conservative approach remained criticized by the more radical workers and hindered effectiveness in some cases.[6] During the strike, 18 injunctions were levied against strikers in an attempt to prevent picketing and striking.[4]
By April 1922, according to a column released in the UTW's official magazine The Textile Worker, 85,000 textile workers were out on strike, with 8,000 out in Pawtuxet Mills, 15,000 in Blackstone Valley, 33,000 in New Hampshire mills, 13,000 at Lawrence Mills and 16,000 in the other New England towns.[2]
| Rhode Island | Blackstone Valley[b] | Pawtucket | Pawtuxet Valley[c] | Providence | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Massachusetts | Lawrence | Lowell | South Attleboro | Methuen | Fitchburg | Ware | |
| New Hampshire | Manchester | Suncook | Somersworth | Dover | Nashua | Newmarket | Exeter |
Rhode Island edit
The strike began at the Royal Mill, West Warwick, R.I in the Pawtuxet Valley and spread quickly. With the Blackstone Valley quickly following.[6] In the first day, at least 18 plants had gone on strike, by the sixth day 25 plants had closed.[4]
Pawtuxet Valley edit
On April 29, Deputy Sheriffs began serving eviction notices to the families of strikers that occupied company houses within the Pawtuxet Valley. This included the Interlaken Mills in Arkwright and Harris, and the Hope Company Mills in Hope and Phenix.[7]
Pawtucket & Shooting edit
On the morning of February 21, in Pawtucket, police shot into a crowd of a 1,000 people who had gathered at the plant of the Jenckes Spinning Company.[6][8] Juan D'Assumpcau,[d] a nearby grocer clerk, was killed by police fire, and ended up being shot in the backside seven times.[9] 17 others ended up wounded, some from earlier police beatings, and eight from the shots.[6][8]
A local newspaper from the time gives a higher number of casualties, with two men killed and 50 wounded, ten severely.[10] Another source from the time also claims two people were killed.[11]
Reportedly before the shooting, Pawtucket Mayor Robert A. Kenyon at the plant read the Riot Act out loud. He then told the patrolmen to be careful but to do their duty and to “shoot if necessary".[8] Another account claims Mayor Kenyon fired their pistol up into the air shortly before the shooting occurred.[10]
On February 23, 5,000[6]-7,000[12] marched in the funeral procession.
| Historical Footage | |
|---|---|
| Natick Textile Strike (1922) |
Following the event, militia[e] were called in by Rhode Island governor Emery J. San Souci, with machine guns mounted to the roofs of Pontiac Mill and nearby Natick Mill.[10] They were used used to escort strikebreakers. Some were stationed at Pawtucket, while the others were stationed at Crompton, part of the Pawtuxet River Valley.[12][6]
Later, one silk weaving mill not affected by a wage cut, joined the strike in response to militia soldiers parading around in the mill they worked at.[4]
On June 5, Pontiac Mills started evicting 150 people, 50 families from their mill-owned homes.[13] Latter that afternoon, Rhode Island Judge Justice Tanner issued a restraining order not allowing the eviction of tenants in either Pontiac or Natick. However, It's unclear whether or not this was enforced, with two families in Pontiac and five in Natick already evicted.[14]
Massachusetts edit
Lowell edit
On February 13, the strike began in Massachusetts starting from two manufacturing mills in Lowell. On July 10, another Lowell Mill joined the strike, and another on July 17.[4]
Fitchburg edit
In Fitchburg, 2,400 people worked in cotton textile mills, but only 300 were organized with the ATW. Workers there voted to delay the strike to ally with and organize the other workers not a part of the union. By March 1, now with 900 ATW members, they called the strike.[6]
Lawrence edit
On March 27, striking started in Lawrence at seven mills.[4]
The organizing at the mills was contested. As the UTW refused to cooperate with other unions, so the I.W.W. held elections in Lawrence for a fifty-member strike committee.[6]
The I.W.W. played a crucial role in the organizing within Lawrence, mobilizing the mass meetings, rallies, and pickets. The UTW's refusal to cooperate with other unions (I.W.W., Mulespinners, AFL Loomfixer's) weakened the Lawrence mill's strike. At the time Ben Legere, an I.W.W. leader, had proposed a joint strike committee with representatives from each striking union, which the UTW officials refused.[6]
Outside Lawrence, the UTW and ATW broadly and successfully cooperated with each other in organizing the textile mills and supporting the broad strike.[6]
Late in August, it was announced that wages would be restored to their previous levels before the reduction, with back pay,[3][4] at the Lawrence mills.[6] This was the first break of mill owners, to concede to reversing the wage cut, which caused many other mills to follow suit.[3]
Methuen edit
At Methuen, two mills went on strike.[4]
New Hampshire edit
Published March 1922
On February 2, 1922, Amoskeag Mills announced all departments would receive a pay reduction of 20 percent, with hours increased from 48 to 54 hours per week. With support from the UTW, millworkers decided to strike when the change went into effect on February 13.[15][16]
On February 13, 14 mills struck with all but three having to close during the strike.[4]
Manchester edit
On April 10, several thousand strikers marched in the streets of Manchester.[17] The parade was voted on by its members the night before, during which they also voted to continue striking. The intent of the parade was to be a demonstration of the strike's strength.[18] Strikers carried slogans emphasizing the 48 hour week.[17]
In August, Amoskeag restored the pre-strike wage scale. However, workers continued to strike for a return to the 48-hour week, as well as assurances that strike leaders would not be blacklisted.[15]
On November 26,[3] strikers returned to work with their demands partially unmet.[15] But some hoped that the state House of Representatives—controlled by Democrats for the first time since 1914—would consider enacting a 48-hour law. However, the Republican-controlled Senate defeated the bill.[19]
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ In Massachusetts, the law already limited hours to a 48 hour workweek for women and children.
- ^ Including Central Falls and Cumberland (Berkeley Mill Village, Ashton, Lonsdale)[4]
- ^ Including West Warwick (Crompton, River Point, Pontiac, Apponaug, Buttonwoods, Arctic, Phenix, Natick), Harris, and Arkwright[4]
- ^ Incorrectly referred to as Joseph Assuncao in some sources
- ^ The Cavalry Coast Artillery, the Field Artillery, and the Sanitary Troop of Rhode Island. 49 officers and 912 men.[12]
Further reading edit
""Born Out of Strikes": An Interview with Luigi Nardella". Radical History Review. 1978 (17): 153–160. 1978-05-01. doi:10.1215/01636545-1978-17-153. ISSN 0163-6545.
References edit
- ^ a b c d Thomas Jr., Edmund B. (January 1987). "The New England Textile Strike of 1922: Focus on Fitchburg" (PDF). Historical Journal of Massachusetts. 15 (1). Institute for Massachusetts Studies and Westfield State University.
- ^ a b The Textile Worker: Official Journal of the United Textile Workers of America. Vol. 10. United Textile Workers of America. 1922. pp. 18–20.
- ^ a b c d e "New England Textile Strike". The American Labor Year Book. Rand School of Social Science. 1924. pp. 104–106.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o E. Tilden, Leonard (1923). "New England Textile Strike". Monthly Labor Review. 16 (5): 13–36. JSTOR 41828627 – via JSTOR.
- ^ a b "STRIKES SHUT DOWN NEW ENGLAND MILLS; From 40,000 to 50,000 Textile Operatives Quit Work in Wage Cut Protest. DAY PASSES WITHOUT RIOT Rhode Island Troops Still Held in Armories in Readiness for Possible Duty. AMOSKEAG PLANT CLOSED Largest Cotton Mill in the World, With 15,000 Employes, Unable to Run". The New York Times. 1922-02-14. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-04-02.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Foner, Philip Sheldon; Foner, Philip Sheldon (January 1, 1991). "Chapter 2: New England Textile Strike, 1922". History of the labor movement in the United States. Volume 9: The T.U.E.L. to the end of the Gompers era. New York: Intl Publ. pp. 19–31. ISBN 978-0-7178-0674-4.
- ^ "TEXTILE MILLS BEGIN EVICTION OF STRIKERS; Notices to Leave Company Houses Served in Pawtuxet Valley-- Court Enjoins Picketing". The New York Times. 1922-04-30. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-19.
- ^ a b c Humanities, National Endowment for the (1922-02-21). "The evening world. [volume] (New York, N.Y.) 1887-1931, February 21, 1922, Final Edition, Image 1". ISSN 1941-0654. Retrieved 2023-07-15.
- ^ Lyons, Eugene (April 1922). "Fighting the 54-Hour Week: The Textile Revolt in New England" (PDF). Labor Age, April 1922. pp. 11-13 (pdf, 13-16).
- ^ a b c "Two men killed; 50 wounded in strike riot; National Guard troops ordered on strike duty". The Providence News. February 21, 1922.
- ^ "Natick Textile Strike Riots". rihs.minisisinc.com (Film note reads "2 killed, many hurt in big textile strike riots. Martial law declared as troops are rushed to quell disorder."). from the original on July 19, 2023. Retrieved 2023-07-20. Alt URL
- ^ a b c Tilden, Leonard E. (1923). "New England Textile Strike". Monthly Labor Review. 16 (5): 13–36. ISSN 0098-1818. JSTOR 41828627.
- ^ "The Pontiac Mills ousts 150 people from their homes, soldiers aiding sheriff's deputies". The Providence News. June 5, 1922.
- ^ "INJUNCTION HALTS STRIKE EVICTIONS; Rhode Island Judge Grants Plea of Textile Strikers in Pontiac and Natick. TROUBLE IN TWO VILLAGES Six New Hampshire Cotton Mills Reopen, but Few Workers Enter the Gates". The New York Times. 1922-06-06. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-19.
- ^ a b c Leader, Josie Albertson-Grove New Hampshire Union (2022-02-12). "100 years since Amoskeag strike that marked the beginning of the end for Manchester's mills". UnionLeader.com. Retrieved 2023-05-22.
- ^ "Wage Cut Ordered for Feb. 13
20 Per Cent of Hourly Rate; Week Lengthened Six Hours". The Manchester Leader (and Evening Union). February 2, 1922. from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved July 19, 2023. - ^ a b Unknown (1922-04-10), , Fall River Daily Evening News Mon Apr 10 1922, archived from the original on July 17, 2023, retrieved 2023-07-17 Alt URL
- ^ Unknown (1922-04-10), , The Burlington Free Press Mon Apr 10 1922, Page 1, archived from the original on July 17, 2023, retrieved 2023-07-17 Alt URL
- ^ Hareven, Tamara (1982). Family Time and Industrial Time. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. p. 329. ISBN 0819190268.