TVRI
TVRI (Televisi Republik Indonesia, lit. Television of the Republic of Indonesia), legally Lembaga Penyiaran Publik (LPP) Televisi Republik Indonesia (lit. Public Broadcasting Institution Television of the Republic of Indonesia) is an Indonesian national public television network. Established on 24 August 1962, it is the oldest television network in the country. Its national headquarters is in Gelora, Central Jakarta.[1]
Logo of TVRI in use since 29 March 2019 | |
| Type | Public television network |
|---|---|
| Country | Indonesia |
| Founded | 24 August 1962 |
| TV stations | TVRI Nasional TVRI regional stations TVRI World TVRI Sport |
| Revenue | Rp137 billion (2016) |
| Headquarters | Jalan Gerbang Pemuda, Gelora, Central Jakarta |
Broadcast area | Nationwide and worldwide |
Key people | Pamungkas Trishadiatmoko (Chairman of the Board of Supervisors ad interim) Iman Brotoseno (President Director ad interim) |
Official website | www |
| Language | Indonesian (predominant) Regional languages (regional programming) English (TVRI World) |
TVRI monopolized television broadcasting in Indonesia until 24 August 1989, when the first commercial television station RCTI went on the air. Alongside RRI, TVRI was converted from a state-controlled broadcaster under government department into an independent public broadcaster on 18 March 2005, becoming the first public broadcaster in the country.[2]
TVRI currently broadcasts throughout the country with three national channels as well as 32 regional stations. As of 2020 it has 361 transmitters;[3][4] making it the network with the largest terrestrial coverage than any other television network in the country. Its funding primarily comes from annual state budget approved by the parliament, advertisement, and other services.
History Edit
1962–1975: The idea and initial broadcast Edit
The initial idea to establish a television station in Indonesia was put forward by then Minister of Information Maladi as far as 1952. The argument at the time is that it would be useful for the socialization of the upcoming 1955 general election, but the idea was deemed as too expensive by the cabinet.[5]
The plan to organize the first television broadcast finally began to materialize when in 1961, the Indonesian Government decided to include the television mass media project in the IV Asian Games development project under the IV Asian Games Project Affairs Command (KUPAG).[6] On July 25 1961, the Minister of Information issued Decree of the Minister of Information of the Republic of Indonesia (SK Menpen) No. 20/SK/M/1961 concerning the formation of the Television Preparatory Committee (P2TV). This institution is chaired by RM Soetarto, head of the State Film Directorate. Apart from Soetarto, there were also his representatives, namely RM Soenarjo and 7 committee members, and they worked together with the Ministry of Information to prepare television broadcasts in Indonesia.[7] To learn more about television, the President then sent Soetarto to New York and Atlanta, United States.[8][9]
On 23 October 1961 at 09.30,[6] President Soekarno who was in Vienna, Austria sent a telex to Maladi to immediately prepare a television project with the following targets:
- Building a studio at the former AKPEN (Information Academy) in Senayan, which is now the location of the LPP TVRI head office. This location was chosen because it was close to the Bung Karno Sports Arena, so it was more practical for broadcasting the Asian Games event.[9] Before occupying this location, other locations that had been studied as TVRI studios included the PFN Jatinegara Building, the Topography Bureau Building, the RRI transmitter in Kebayoran, and several other places.[10]
- Built two transmitters: 100W and 10 kW with a tower 80 meters high. Built in the TVRI Senayan complex, initially this tower was planned to be above the Hotel Indonesia or the former Perfini Building.[9] The second transmitter was completed on 22 August 1962 and was ready for operation a few hours before the start of the IV Asian Games.[11]
- Preparing the equipment (programs and personnel). Specifically, the equipment supply comes from NEC (Japan), after going through selection from other providers, such as Siemens (West Germany), RCA (United States), and Marconi (England).[9] Apart from NEC, another Japanese company involved in the preparation of TVRI was NHK, which trained prospective employees and provided technical assistance for the broadcast.[12] This training was carried out for TVRI employees who generally had no experience in television at that time, because they came from RRI, PFN, as well as ITB students.[8][13]
On August 17 1962, TVRI began conducting trial broadcasts of the 17th Indonesian Independence Day event from the grounds of the Merdeka Palace, Jakarta, in black and white format and supported by a backup transmitter with a power of 100W. The TVRI broadcast complex was completed in less than a year and was inaugurated on 23 August 1962 by the chairman of P2TV.[9]
TVRI was formed based on the Decree of the Minister of Information of the Republic of Indonesia No. 20/SK/VII/61, then it became part of the Bureau of Radio and Television under the Asian Games IV Organizing Committee for the IV Asian Games that year. TVRI broadcast its first test transmission on the Independence Day celebrations from the Merdeka Palace on 17 August 1962. TVRI went on air, airing the 1962 Asian Games opening ceremony on 24 August. Throughout the Games TVRI aired every event of the meet especially those involving Indonesian athletes; live broadcasts were held from the morning to evening and delayed broadcasts were held from 20:45 until 23:00 WIB when it signed off for the night.[14] With TVRI's presence, Indonesia became the sixth country in eastern Asia to introduce television, behind Japan, the Philippines, Thailand, China and South Korea.[citation needed] During the Asian Games, Matsushita awarded a contract from the Indonesian Ministry of People's Industry for the installation of television sets, worth $3 million.[15]
TVRI began broadcasting advertisements starting March 1963. Later on 20 October, the Yayasan TVRI (TVRI Foundation) was formally created as the official governing authority for the station with President of Indonesia as chairman. The foundation experienced several changes and lasted until late 1990s.[citation needed]
Two years later, the first regional TVRI station opened in Yogyakarta. Later, many regional TVRI stations were opened, including stations and studios in Bandung, Semarang, Medan, Surabaya, Makassar, Manado, Batam, Palembang, Denpasar and Balikpapan. In the succeeding years, TVRI aired as a network carrying programming from Jakarta supplemented by opt-out broadcasts from the regional stations.[citation needed]
1975–1998: Under the New Order Edit
In 1974, eight years after President Suharto took office, TVRI became a part of the Department of Information, with the status as a directorate. Its role was to inform the public about government policies. A year after, a decree instituted TVRI a dual status, as a part of the TVRI Foundation and a part of the directorate. In 1976, it began to be broadcast all over Indonesia via Palapa satellite.[citation needed]
The first colour television signal was transmitted via satellite transmission in 1979. The first colour news bulletins were Berita Nasional (National News), Dunia Dalam Berita (The World in News), breaking events segments on Laporan Khusus (Special Report) and Berita Terakhir (Latest News).
TVRI in the late 1970s and 1980s became a well-defined mass media component of the Department of Information, in early years it generating income from advertising slots. After enjoying income from advertisements for years, President Suharto in his speech abolished the advertisement on TVRI in 1981 in order to "better directing television to help the development programs and avoid negative effects that do not support the spirit of development". This policy would later be revoked after the reform era. In 1982 TVRI Tower was officially opened to broadcast a wider signal.
During the era, the government-backed TVRI progressively established television production studios and television stations in many provinces across the country. As of 1998, all provinces in Indonesia had their own TVRI regional station or production studio; including East Timor.
It was decided in February 1981 that television commercials were to be banned by April, with TVRI scheduled to lost 20 billion rupiahs ($64 million) a year. With the ban, TVRI eyed the creation of programming for rural audiences.[16]
In the 1980s the decision was made to split TVRI into two channels - Channels 6 and 8 - the latter as a test service for Jakarta and West Java viewers as well as in other areas wherein network-produced programs and foreign imports would be shared between the two channels.
On the Channel 8 basis TVRI launched its second channel TVRI Programa Dua (TVRI Programme Two) in 1989[17] to attract Jakarta urban audience, with a single English-language news program Six Thirty Report for half an hour that began at 18:30 WIB; later Programa Dua became a local channel under the name TVRI Jakarta. However, in the same year TVRI lost its monopoly when the government's sixth Five Year Plan allowed private television networks, channels, and stations to begin broadcasting, the first commercial television network being RCTI.
In 1994, TVRI launched its teletext service TVRI-Text, in partnership with PT Pilar Kumalajaya, about four months after RCTI launched the first teletext in the country.[18]
1998–2006: Transformation and restructurization Edit
After the start of the reform era, especially in 2000, TVRI's status was changed. Under a service corporation (Perusahaan Jawatan or Perjan) form, it became responsible firstly to the Ministry of Finance and was then turned into a limited company under the authority of the State Ministry of State-Owned Enterprises for organizational matters and Ministry of Finance for financial matters. Under this arrangement, TVRI broadcasts in accordance with the principles of public television such as independent, neutral and public interest-oriented. Later in 2002, the status of TVRI changed again to a limited company (Perseroan Terbatas or PT), still under the two ministries.
The enactment of the Act No. 32/2002 on Broadcasting designated TVRI, along with RRI, as the public broadcasting institution (Lembaga penyiaran publik or LPP) and were removed from any direct governmental control. TVRI was given a transition period of 3 years from PT to public broadcasting form. The status then reaffirmed by Government Regulation (Peraturan Pemerintah) No. 13/2005. TVRI officially became LPP on 18 March 2005.
2006–present: Modernization and rebranding Edit
Following the government plan to introduce digital television in Indonesia, TVRI launched its digital broadcasting on 21 December 2010. Initially launched in Jakarta, Surabaya and Batam, TVRI also launched two digital terrestrial channels, which were the first of its kind in Indonesia: TVRI 3 (currently TVRI World) and TVRI 4 (currently TVRI Sport). The launch was attended by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Minister of Communications and Information Technology Tifatul Sembiring.[19][20]
In 2017, the TVRI board of supervisors installed a well-known television figure, Helmy Yahya as the chief director and Apni Jaya Putra (former programming director at Kompas TV and employer of SCTV, RCTI and SUN TV) as the news and programming director. During the leadership of Helmy Yahya and Apni Jaya Putra, TVRI began to remodel its programming on a large scale.
On 29 March 2019, at the concert special Menggapai Dunia (Reaching the World), TVRI adopted its new logo as a part of the rebranding efforts. The new logo was actually decided to be released in the fourth quarter of 2018, but for several reasons, it was postponed to the end of March 2019. At the same time, all TVRI regional stations have changed their logo in front of their respective studios.
In August 2019, TVRI together with two national private networks (Metro TV and Trans7) and Ministry of Communication and Information Technology officially launched digital television broadcasts for border regions in Nunukan Regency, North Kalimantan. With the launch, the government hoped that people in all regions of Indonesia can watch television with high quality.[21]
A proposed new Broadcasting Act currently in the making, replacing Act No. 32/2002, would merge TVRI with RRI into RTRI (Radio Televisi Republik Indonesia, Radio [and] Television of the Republic of Indonesia).[22]
Structure Edit
TVRI is designated as public broadcasting institution per Act No. 32 of 2002 on Broadcasting, which defined as a "legal entity established by the state, independent, neutral, not commercial, and has the function to provide services for the public benefit". Its duty, according to Government Regulation No. 13 of 2005, is "to provide the healthy information, education and entertainment services, (maintain) social control and unity, and preserve the nation's culture for the whole public benefit by organizing television broadcast that reaches all parts of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia".
TVRI organization structure consists of five Board of Supervisors (Dewan Pengawas) appointed by the People's Representative Council (DPR) and six Board of Directors (Dewan Direksi) appointed by the Board of Supervisors. Both are sworn in by the President, serve for five years and renewable once.
According to article 15 of the Broadcasting Act, TVRI is funded by several sources such as broadcasting fees, annual state budget (drafted by the government and approved by the DPR), community contribution, and advertisement, as well as other legal efforts related to its broadcasting operation. In fact, as of today the broadcasting fee is yet to be implemented, and for "other legal efforts" TVRI is asked to generate "non-tax state revenue" by various funding sources besides annual state budget; such as website ads, training service, professional certification, assets rent, program production, multiplexing service, and programming royalty.[23] Previously, "television fee" has existed to supplement TVRI funding besides the government budget until the 1990s, but later abolished.
As of 2018 TVRI has approximately 4,300 employees, with an estimated 1,800 of whom being based in Jakarta. 90% of its employees are civil servants under Ministry of Communication and Information Technology,[24] though the network is not a part of the ministry.
Services Edit
Channels Edit
TVRI currently operates three national channels and a dedicated regional channel:
- TVRI: The main channel of TVRI, it broadcasts information and educational content as well as entertainment for 24 hours a day.
- TVRI regional station: The channel hosts TVRI regional stations by their respective on-air names. In Jakarta, TVRI Jakarta serves as a local station in both analog (until 2022) and digital terrestrial broadcast. See #Regional stations for lists.
- TVRI World: The channel broadcasts TVRI programming in English subtitle that targeted for international audience, previously known as TVRI Kanal 3.[25]
- TVRI Sport: The channel broadcasts sports programming as well as simulcasting live sports events from the TVRI main channel in high definition.
Regional stations Edit
TVRI has 32 regional stations covering all provinces of Indonesia, shown below in their native names and broadcast area:
A former regional station for East Timor, TVRI Dili, ceased operation in 1999. East Timor national broadcaster RTTL currently takes its place.
Online services Edit
TVRI currently maintain two online services. TVRI Klik, launched in 2018, is the primarily online streaming service for all TVRI channels, as well as its regional stations.[29][30] TVRI VoD is the network's video-on-demand service. Both services could be accessed from their dedicated Android and iOS apps as well as their website.
Besides TVRI Klik, the channels and regional stations streaming service can also be found on the network's official website, YouTube, and other social media where available.
TVRI has its own news portal on TVRINews.com. The portal, which is active as far as 2014,[31] has undergone several changes since.
Others Edit
TVRI has an educational center called Pusat Pendidikan dan Pelatihan TVRI (Pusdiklat TVRI, TVRI Educational and Training Center)[32] which provides television skill training.
TVRI also manages Studio Alam TVRI (literally "TVRI Natural Studio"), an outdoor studio in Sukmajaya, Depok, West Java. It is a green open space which is used for the production of several TVRI shows, and is also used as a recreational area.
Criticism and controversies Edit
Structural problems Edit
Corruption scandals Edit
In 2008, former TVRI President Director, Sumita Tobing was arrested due to alleged corruption in the procurement of 50 cameras worth 5.2 billion rupiah.[33] She was found guilty in 2012, and imprisoned for 1 year and 6 months in 2014.[34]
In 2013, TVRI Director of Finance Eddy Machmudi Effendi was sentenced to 8 years 6 months in prison due to a scandal involving Director of News and Programming Irwan Hendarmin and Indonesian senior comedian Mandra, regarding purchasing of programs.[35][36]
Broadcasting of political events Edit
On 6 June 2013, TVRI aired a delayed broadcast of the Muktamar Khilafah (Caliphate Conference) organized by Hizb ut-Tahrir Indonesia (HTI) in Gelora Bung Karno Stadium, Jakarta.[37] The Indonesian Broadcasting Commission (KPI) Commissioner, Idy Muzayyad assessed that TVRI as a public broadcasting institution was "experiencing national disorientation" by broadcasting this event because "HTI's ideology is questioning the state ideology and nationalism, as well as rejecting democracy"; but HTI spokesperson Ismail Yusanto says that "TVRI is a public broadcaster, and HTI is also a part of the public" and the broadcast is "a part of the public's right to be broadcast and heard".[38] TVRI was subsequently warned by KPI that they could face sanctions for the broadcast.[39]
Later on 15 September, TVRI aired a delayed broadcast of the Democratic Party convention for more than 2 hours, the political party of which was founded by the incumbent president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. The broadcast again caused KPI sanctioning, due to the violation of political independence principle according to the law.[40] However, TVRI directors secretary manager Usi Karundeng said that the network was never intervened or paid for by the party.[41]
Dismissal of Helmy Yahya and internal chaos Edit
On 6 December 2019, Helmy Yahya was temporarily dismissed as President Director for the 2017-2022 period by the TVRI Board of Supervisors led by Arief Hidayat Thamrin and replaced by acting President Director Supriyono. According to news sources in almost all mass media on 16 January 2020, Helmy Yahya was officially dismissed from his position by the board permanently and unilaterally, citing the "expensive" purchase of broadcast rights for the Premier League from Djarum-owned premium multi-platform network, Mola TV, a problem during Siapa Berani quiz show, and various other problems.[42][43] Despite public pushback against the dismissal, the board continued to refuse Helmy Yahya's opposition to his dismissal until the election for the new president director to replace him.[44]
On 17 January, 4,000 TVRI employees declared a motion of no confidence to the Board of Supervisors. One day before, the board's room was sealed.[45] As of 27 March 2020, another three directors (including News (Editor in Chief) and Program Director Apni Jaya Putra) were also temporarily dismissed for less than a month by the TVRI Board of Supervisors regarding the Helmy Yahya case.[46] On 13 May, all of them (including Apni) were permanently dismissed.[47]
On 27 May 2020, the TVRI Board of Supervisors appointed Indonesian advertising practitioner, journalist, and filmmaker/film director Iman Brotoseno as the new President Director for the remainder of the 2017–2022 period, replacing Helmy Yahya.[48] The appointment caused controversy thanks to his endorsement of incumbent president Joko Widodo in the 2019 election, but he stated that he "would be independent and impartial".[49] He was also criticized for his past posts on Twitter which included Indonesian colloquial terms for pornography and porn films.[50]
On 5 October 2020, the Board of Supervisors Arief Hidayat Thamrin was ultimately dismissed by first commission of People's Representative Council.[51] However, Arief was suspended from power since 11 May.[52]
Identity Edit
List of logos Edit
-
1962–1970 (mobile and OB vans)
-
1962–1970 (cameras)
-
1962–1978 (corporate)
-
1978–1982
-
1982–1999
-
1990–1999 (identity, used in station ID after all TVRI news programs)
-
1999–2001
-
2001–2003
-
2003–2007
-
2007–2019
-
2019–present
List of slogans Edit
- Menjalin Persatuan dan Kesatuan (Weaving Unity and Oneness, 1962–2001)
- Makin Dekat Di Hati (Going Closer to The Heart, 2001–2003)
- Semangat Baru (New Spirit, 2003–2012)
- Saluran Pemersatu Bangsa (The Nation's Unifying Channel, 2012–2019)
- Media Pemersatu Bangsa (The Nation's Unifying Media, 2019–present)
See also Edit
- Television in Indonesia
- Radio Republik Indonesia, the Indonesian public radio network
- Antara, the Indonesian news agency
- Public broadcasting in Indonesia
References Edit
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- ^ Ndolu, Frederik (2009). "Presentation 3: PUBLIC BROADCASTING IN INDONESIA". Japan Media Communication Center. from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- ^ TVRI Nasional (2020). "Ucapan Selamat HUT ke-58 TVRI dari Direktur Utama LPP TVRI, Iman Brotoseno..." Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2020 – via Instagram.
- ^ Faisal, Abdu (2020). "TVRI resmikan stasiun ke-30 di Papua Barat pada Sumpah Pemuda". Antaranews.com. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
- ^ "Armando", Oxford Art Online, Oxford University Press, 2003, doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t004082, retrieved 4 June 2020
- ^ a b
- ^ "Sejarah Departemen Penerangan RI". from the original on 20 August 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
- ^ a b "Alat Kekuasaan Bernama TVRI". from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Ishadi S.K. 2014. Media dan Kekuasaan - Televisi di Hari-hari Terakhir Presiden Soeharto. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kompas., pages 30-33.
- ^ "Seabad pers kebangsaan, 1907-2007". from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
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- ^ "Politik Budaya di Televisi". from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
- ^ "TVRI dan Asian Games". from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 24 August 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "8 TV SETS IN 60 SECONDS". The Straits Times (retrieved from NLB). 1 June 1963. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
- ^ "Advertising ban will cost Indonesian TV station $64 m a year". The New Nation (retrieved from NLB). 7 February 1981. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
- ^ Kitley, Philip (2000). Television, Nation and Culture in Indonesia. Athens: Ohio University Center for International Studies. p. 349. ISBN 9780896804173. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
- ^ Kompas, 5 June 1994, taken from MrRyanBandung. "Teletext, Kiat Baru Menjual TV Tahun 1994". Retrieved 16 November 2020.
- ^ "Siaran Pers No. 140/PIH/KOMINFO/12/2010Peresmian Pemancar Televisi Digital TVRI oleh Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono". www.postel.go.id (in Indonesian). from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
- ^ "TVRI Sediakan Empat Kanal Program Halaman all". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Kompas Cyber Media. 21 December 2010. from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
- ^ "Kemenkominfo". 2 September 2019. Retrieved 7 September 2019.
- ^ Saragih, Bagus BT (2015). "RRI, TVRI: The forgotten agents of change". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
- ^ "Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 66 Tahun 2020 tentang Penerimaan Negara Bukan Pajak yang Berlaku pada Lembaga Penyiaran Publik Televisi Republik Indonesia" (PDF). Retrieved 3 November 2021.
- ^ Widhana, Dieqy Hasbi. "Senjakala TVRI: Dijauhi Anak Muda, Digerakkan PNS Berusia Tua". Tirto.id. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
- ^ Octavian, Rizki (2019). "Raker Siaran Digital TVRI World 2020". Televisi Republik Indonesia. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
- ^ "Bonus TV channel". The Straits Times (retrieved from NLB). 13 July 1980. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
- ^ "Tune in to Channel 6!". The New Nation (retrieved from NLB). 12 July 1980. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
- ^ Fajri, Januar (2021). "LPP TVRI Kalimantan Utara mulai bersiaran". TVRI. from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
- ^ Delina, Lia (2018). "TVRI Klik". Televisi Republik Indonesia. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
- ^ Pratnyawan, Agung (2020). "Gunakan Aplikasi TVRI Klik, Lebih Mudah Belajar dari Rumah". HiTekno. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
- ^ . TVRINews.com (Internet Archives). 2014. Archived from the original on 9 November 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
- ^ "TVRI - PUSDIKLAT". Retrieved 15 May 2021.
- ^ Sihombing, Erwin C. (13 March 2014). "Kejagung Tangkap Mantan Dirut TVRI Sumita Tobing". BeritaSatu.com (in Indonesian). Jakarta. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
- ^ "Mantan Dirut TVRI Sumita Tobing Dipenjara". Tempo.co. 13 March 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
- ^ Widhana, Dieqy Hasbi (2015). "Dari Korupsi ke Korupsi, Itulah TVRI". Tirto.id. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
- ^ Hatta, Raden Trimutia (2015). "Mandragate, Fenomena Gunung Es Korupsi di TVRI". Liputan6.com. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
- ^ "Ribuan Peserta Muktamar Hizbut Tahrir Berdatangan, Senayan Macet". Liputan6.com (in Indonesian). 2 June 2013. from the original on 30 August 2017.
- ^ Desastian. "Eks Presenter TVRI Debat KPI Soal Siaran Muktamar Khilafah di TVRI". VOA-Islam (in Indonesian). Retrieved 14 April 2020.
- ^ "Siarkan Acara Hizbut Tahrir Pagi Ini, TVRI Terancam Mendapat Sanksi". Rakyat Merdeka (in Indonesian). from the original on 30 October 2017.
- ^ "KPI Jatuhkan Sanksi Pada TVRI Terkait Siaran Konvensi Demokrat". Indonesian Broadcasting Commission (KPI). 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
- ^ "TVRI bantah diintervensi Partai Demokrat". BBC Indonesia. 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
- ^ "Helmy Yahya Dipecat Gara-gara Hak Siar Liga Inggris" (in Indonesian). Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- ^ Jingga, Rangga Pandu Asmara (17 January 2020). Wibisono, Kunto (ed.). "Helmy Yahya jelaskan pemberhentian dirinya sebagai Dirut TVRI". Antara News. Jakarta: Antara. from the original on 18 January 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- ^ "Direksi TVRI Bela Helmy Yahya: Dewas Tahu Soal Pembelian Liga Inggris - Katadata.co.id". katadata.co.id (in Indonesian). 27 January 2020. from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- ^ "Jalan Panjang Pemecatan Dewas TVRI usai Memberhentikan Helmy Yahya". tirto.id. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
- ^ "Dewas TVRI beritahu DPR nama pelaksana harian tiga direktur nonaktif". Antaranews.com. 29 March 2020. from the original on 30 March 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
- ^ "Diduga Kisruh Berlanjut, Dewas TVRI Copot Direktur Berita Apni Jaya Putra". Suara (in Indonesian). 13 May 2020. from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
- ^ "Dewas Resmi Lantik Iman Brotoseno Jadi Dirut TVRI". kumparan (in Indonesian). Retrieved 27 May 2020.
- ^ Ali, Muhammad (2020). "Jadi Dirut TVRI, Iman Brotoseno: Saya Akan Independen dan Tidak Berpihak". Liputan6.com. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
- ^ "Cuitan Soal Bokep dan Mesum Viral, Iman Brotoseno: Tiap Orang Punya Masa Lalu". idtoday.co. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
- ^ "Ini Alasan DPR Berhentikan Ketua Dewas TVRI". finance.detik.com. 14 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
- ^ "Presiden Jokowi Berhentikan Ketua Dewas TVRI Arief Hidayat Thamrin, ini Sebabnya". industri.kontan.co.id. 3 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
Further reading Edit
- Department of Information, Republic of Indonesia (1999) Indonesia 1999: An Official Handbook (No ISBN)
- Schwartz, Adam (1994) A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s, Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86373-635-2
External links Edit
- Official website
- TVRI Video On-Demand
- TVRI Klik