Samarinda
Samarinda is the capital city of the Indonesian province of East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo. The city lies on the banks of the Mahakam River with a land area of 718 km2 (277 sq mi). Samarinda ranks first on East Kalimantan Human Development Index[7] and it is the most populous city on the entire Borneo island, with a population of 727,500 at the 2010 Census[8] and 827,994 at the 2020 Census.[9]
Samarinda | |
|---|---|
| City of Samarinda Kota Samarinda | |
From top, left to right: Grand Barumbay Resort, Official government building, Entrance of East Kalimantan main stadium, Lembuswana sculpture (Lembuswana is a legendary creature appearing in Kutai mythology of Samarinda), Catholic Archdiocese of Samarinda Building, Vihara Eka Dharma Manggala, and Samarinda Islamic Center Mosque. | |
Flag Coat of arms | |
| Motto: Samarinda Kota Tepian | |
| Anthem: "March of Kota Tepian" | |
Location within East Kalimantan | |
Samarinda Location in Borneo | |
| Coordinates: 0°29′59.874″S 117°8′15.9324″E / 0.49996500°S 117.137759000°ECoordinates: 0°29′59.874″S 117°8′15.9324″E / 0.49996500°S 117.137759000°E | |
| Country | Indonesia |
| Province | East Kalimantan |
| Founded | 1668 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Andi Harun |
| • Deputy Mayor | Rusmadi Wongso |
| • Legislative President | Sugiyono |
| • Chief Justice | Hongkun Otoh |
| Area | |
| • Total | 718.00 km2 (277 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 8 m (26 ft) |
| Highest elevation | 260 m (850 ft) |
| Population (2021 Census)[4] | |
| • Total | 831,460 |
| • Rank | (18th) |
| • Density | 1,158/km2 (2,999/sq mi) |
| Demographics | |
| • Religion[5] | Islam 90.93% Protestantism 5.25% Catholic 2.12% Buddhism 0.86% Hinduism 0.12% Confucianism 0.08% Others 0.01% |
| Time zone | UTC+08:00 (WITA) |
| Area code | +62541 |
| Administrative centre | Bugis[6] |
| Largest district by population | Sungai Kunjang[4] |
| Date format | dd-mm-yyyy |
| Drives on the | left |
Samarinda is East Kalimantan's largest exporter[10] and fifth-largest importer.[11] The city has the highest number of bank headquarters in East Kalimantan.[12]
In 2021, Samarinda Harbour became the busiest passenger port in East Kalimantan.[13] The container port in Samarinda is also the busiest in East Kalimantan, handled more than 271 thousand twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) in 2019.[14][15]
Samarinda is known for its traditional food amplang, as well as the cloth sarung samarinda.[16] By 2021, The city has 3 bridge connecting its river banks, Mahakam I Bridge, Mahakam II Bridge and Mahkota II Bridge. The city center is on one side and the other side is named Samarinda Seberang.
Etymology
The name Samarinda originates from the description of the way in which the Bugis houses were constructed. At that time houses were customarily built on a raft and generally had the same height. This provided important social symbolism of equality between residents; no person's house, and thus no person, was seen as higher or lower than another. They named the settlement “Samarenda”, meaning “equally low”. After hundreds of years of use the pronunciation of the name changed slightly and the city became known as Samarinda.[17]
History
At the start of the Gowa War, the Dutch under Admiral Speelman's command attacked Makassar from the sea. Meanwhile, the Netherlands' Bugis ally Arung Palakka led a ground attack. The Kingdom of Gowa was forced to surrender and Sultan Hasanuddin was made to sign the Treaty of Bongaja on 19 November 1667.[18]
The treaty did not quell all trouble for the Dutch however, since the Bugis from Gowa continued their struggle using guerilla tactics. Some Buginese moved to other islands close by such as Kalimantan. A few thousand people led by Lamohang Daeng Mangkona or Pua Ado I, moved to East Kalimantan, known then as Kutai, where they were welcomed by the local Sultan.
Samarinda was a small, sleepy town in 1942 with several small oil fields in the vicinity. It was occupied by the Japanese after the Dutch East Indies had fallen.[19]
In 1955, the Apostolic Vicariate of Samarinda was established in the city. In 1961, it was promoted as the Diocese of Samarinda. In 2003, the diocese was promoted as the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Samarinda.[18]
Administrative districts
At the time of the 2010 Census, Samarinda City was divided into six districts (Indonesian: kecamatan), but four additional districts were subsequently created by splitting of existing ones. The ten districts are tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census[20] and the 2020 Census.[9]
| Name | Area in km2 | Population Census 2010 | Population Census 2020 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Palaran | 221.29 | 49,079 | 63,189 |
| Samarinda Ilir (Lower Samarinda) | 17.18 | 120,936 | 69,142 |
| Samarinda Kota (Samarinda town) | 11.12 | (a) | 31,719 |
| Sambutan | 100.95 | (a) | 57,941 |
| Samarinda Seberang | 12.49 | 114,183 | 64,050 |
| Loa Janan Ilir | 26.13 | (b) | 65,892 |
| Sungai Kunjang (Kunjang River) | 43.04 | 114,044 | 133,543 |
| Samarinda Ulu (Upper Samarinda) | 22.12 | 126,651 | 129,806 |
| Samarinda Utara (North Samarinda) | 229.52 | 202,607 | 106,743 |
| Sungai Pinang (Pinang River) | 34.16 | (c) | 105,970 |
| Totals | 718.00 | 727,500 | 827,994 |
Notes: (a) the 2010 populations of Samarinda Kota and Sambutan Districts are included in the 2010 figure for Samarinda Ilir District, from which they were later split off. (b) the 2010 population of Loa Janan Ilir District is included in the figure for Samarinda Seberang District, from which it was later split off. (c) the 2010 population of Sungai Pinang District is included in the figure for Samarinda Utara District, from which it was later split off.
Climate
Samarinda has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen Af) with heavy rainfall and hot, oppressively humid temperatures year-round. Hail is extremely rare, it was recorded on 21 November 2019.[21][22] The lowest recorded temperature in Samarinda is 18.0 °C (64.4 °F) in October 1982.[23]
| Climate data for Samarinda | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 30.0 (86.0) | 30.3 (86.5) | 30.5 (86.9) | 30.5 (86.9) | 30.5 (86.9) | 29.9 (85.8) | 29.5 (85.1) | 29.9 (85.8) | 30.1 (86.2) | 30.8 (87.4) | 30.5 (86.9) | 30.4 (86.7) | 30.2 (86.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.5 (79.7) | 26.7 (80.1) | 26.8 (80.2) | 27.0 (80.6) | 27.2 (81.0) | 26.7 (80.1) | 26.3 (79.3) | 26.6 (79.9) | 26.8 (80.2) | 27.3 (81.1) | 26.9 (80.4) | 26.9 (80.4) | 26.8 (80.3) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 23.1 (73.6) | 23.1 (73.6) | 23.2 (73.8) | 23.5 (74.3) | 23.9 (75.0) | 23.6 (74.5) | 23.1 (73.6) | 23.4 (74.1) | 23.5 (74.3) | 23.8 (74.8) | 23.4 (74.1) | 23.4 (74.1) | 23.4 (74.1) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 166 (6.5) | 173 (6.8) | 202 (8.0) | 236 (9.3) | 181 (7.1) | 168 (6.6) | 160 (6.3) | 148 (5.8) | 118 (4.6) | 145 (5.7) | 196 (7.7) | 209 (8.2) | 2,102 (82.6) |
| Source: [24] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
The territory's population in 2020 was 827,994 (422,624 male and 405,370 female), with an annual growth rate of 1.128% in 2019–2020.[9] The majority of the people of Samarinda are of Native Indonesian and Chinese descent. There are also Americans, Canadians, Japanese and Koreans working in Samarinda. Life expectancy in Samarinda was 73.6 years as of 2014.
| Nationality / Origin | 2019 (pre-pandemic) | 2019% | 2020 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Asia | 473 | 47.2% | 315 |
| 2 | Europe | 172 | 17.1% | 5 |
| 3 | ASEAN | 168 | 16.7% | 126 |
| 4 | Oceania | 163 | 16.3% | 15 |
| 5 | America | 23 | 2.3% | 19 |
| 6 | Africa | 4 | 0.4% | 12 |
| Total | 1,003 | 100.0% | ||
| ||||
Religion
Samarinda's main religions are Islam, Christianity and Buddhism. The Christian community of around 89,000 forms about 10.2% of the total population; Protestants form a larger number than Roman Catholics at a rate of 10:3. There are also Hindu communities.[citation needed]
Economy
Since 2004, trade has been the engine of Samarinda's economic growth.[25] It is also driven by the large amount of logging and oil extraction companies based there. Similar to Balikpapan, many national logging companies are based in Samarinda. There are many abandoned coal mines in Samarinda. Coal mining used to be very popular in Samarinda. However, the Indonesian government revoked many mining licenses due to the use of illegal chemicals and machinery.
Tourism sector also plays an important role in Samarinda's economy; it attracted over 2,000 international tourists and 1.2 million domestic tourists in 2019,[26] making Samarinda the 2nd most popular tourists destination in East Kalimantan.[27] In 2020, agriculture constituted only 2 per cent of GDP, and consists of growing flower varieties (rose, jasmine, orchid) and fruits (pomelo citrus fruit).[7] Due to all these economical activities in Samarinda, it is one of the richest cities in East Kalimantan.[citation needed]
Transport
The main transport infrastructure of Samarinda is different than every other cities in Kalimantan, characterised by less national government interference: Samarinda International Airport (East Kalimantan government),[28][29] SkyTrain rapid transit project (public-private partnership),[30][31] and Port of Palaran (private).[32]
There are about 850,000 vehicles registered in Samarinda, the highest number of vehicles of any city in East Kalimantan.[33] Samarinda has 3 bus terminals: Sungai Kunjang Bus Terminus, Lempake Bus Terminus and Seberang Bus Terminus.[34]
Samarinda is connected by Trans-Kalimantan Highway Southern Route from Balikpapan to Samarinda; the highway runs in parallel with the first controlled-access expressway in Borneo, the Samarinda-Balikpapan Expressway, which is now under construction, and expected to be operational by the end of 2018.[35]
APT Pranoto (Samarinda Sungai Siring, AAP) International Airport is the primary airport for the city and has been at Sungai Siring since 2018. With over 1 million passengers annually, it is one of East Kalimantan's busiest airports in terms of passenger and cargo movements. AAP is an important Australian passenger gateway for East Kalimantan's wildlife. AAP was built to replace Temindung Airport in Bandara, Sungai Pinang.
The prominent coal loading port of Tanjung Bara (TBCT) lies about 160 kilometres to the north of Samarinda.[36]
References
Citations
- ^ "Puncak Samarinda, Kalimantan Timur Cocok Dijadikan Tempat Camping". Tribun Kaltim Travel. from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
- ^ "Indahnya Pesona Alam dari Puncak Samarinda". Klik Samarinda. from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
- ^ "Puncak Samarinda, Berkemah di Atas Awan". Traveling Yuk. from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
- ^ a b "Samarinda in Figures, 2022". BPS Samarinda. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
- ^ Data Sensus Penduduk 2010 - Badan Pusat Statistik Republik Indonesia <http://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?tid=321&wid=6400000000&lang=id>
- ^ "Pemindahan Pusat Pemerintahan kota Samarinda Tinggal Tunggu Walikota". Nomor Satu Kaltim. 13 April 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
- ^ a b c "Samarinda in Figures 2021". BPS Samarinda. from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
- ^ Statistics of Samarinda Municipality. 2018. Samarinda Dalam Angka 2018. Statistics of Samarinda Municipality, Samarinda.
- ^ a b c Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
- ^ "Ekspor Kalimantan Timur 2020". BPS East Borneo. Archived from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
- ^ "Impor Kalimantan Timur 2020". BPS East Borneo. from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
- ^ "East Kalimantan in Figures 2021". BPS East Borneo. from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
- ^ "BRS Kaltim December 2021". BPS East Borneo. Archived from the original on 2 February 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
- ^ "Patimban Bakal Jadi Pelumas Samudera Indonesia (SMDR) & Temas (TMAS)". Bisnis. 16 October 2020. from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
- ^ "Kaltim Kariangau Terminal – Handal, Tepat Waktu dan Efisien". Retrieved 25 December 2021.
- ^ "Perhatikan 4 Hal Ini Saat Berburu Oleh-oleh Khas Samarinda". JalanTikus.
- ^ Dahlan, Oemar (1978). Asal-Usul Nama Samarinda Sejak Zaman sebelum Kemerdekaan, Nama Ini Sudah Terkenal di Seluruh Indonesia. Jakarta: Ministry of Education and Culture.
- ^ a b Ars, Moh (1986). Sejarah Kota Samarinda. Jakarta: Ministry of Education and Culture.
- ^ L, Klemen (1999–2000). "The conquest of Borneo Island, 1941-1942". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942.
- ^ Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
- ^ "Hujan Es di Samarinda Seberang, Biasanya Terjadi di Awal Musim Hujan". Tribun News. 21 November 2019. from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
- ^ "Viral, Hujan Es Bikin Heboh Warga Samarinda". IDN Times. 21 November 2019. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
- ^ "Samarinda Alami Fenomena Aphelion, Apa Itu?". Samarinda Post. 7 July 2021. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
- ^ "Samarinda climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Samarinda weather averages - Climate-Data.org". en.climate-data.org. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
- ^ "Samarinda in Figures 2005". BPS Samarinda. from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
- ^ "Samarinda in Figures 2020". BPS Samarinda. from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
- ^ "Orang Samarinda dan Bontang paling gemar berwisata, Derawan paling favorite". Niaga Asia. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
- ^ "APT Pranoto, Perjuangan Kaltim Wujudkan Mimpi". Government of East Borneo. 2 December 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
- ^ "Jokowi Pamerkan Bandara APT Pranoto, Dibangun Pakai APBD Pemprov Kaltim". Merdeka. 25 October 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
- ^ "5 Proyek Infrastruktur Samarinda Melalui Sistem KPBU". G Priority. 7 October 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
- ^ "Jadi Penyangga Ibu Kota Negara, Samarinda Diharapkan Bangun Infrastruktur Melalui KPBU". Headline Kaltim. 8 October 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
- ^ "About Us". Samudera Ports. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
- ^ "East Kalimantan in Figures, 2022". BPS East Kalimantan. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
- ^ "Terminal Bus, Samarinda". Government of East Kalimantan (in Indonesian). Retrieved 31 May 2022.
- ^ North Kalimantan Province Road Map - by the Road Preservation Directorate, Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing, Indonesia.
- ^ Admiralty sailing directions - Indonesia (10th ed.). Taunton: UK Hydrographic office. 15 July 2015.
Sources
- L, Klemen (1999–2000). "Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941-1942".
External links
- GovSamarinda 15 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine Samarinda Government portal