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Wikipedia

Highland Papua

June 27, 2023

Highland Papua (Indonesian: Papua Pegunungan) is a province of Indonesia, which roughly follows the borders of Papuan customary region of Lano-Pago, shortened to La Pago.[6] It covers an area of 51,213.34 km2 (19,773.58 sq mi) and had a population of 1,430,459 according to the official estimates as at mid 2022.[3]

Highland Papua
Papua Pegunungan
Province with special status
Coat of arms
Motto(s): 
Bangkit Bersama Membangun (Indonesian)"
"Rise Together to Develop"
   Highland Papua in    Indonesia
OpenStreetMap
CapitalJayawijaya Regency
Government
 • BodyHighland Papua Provincial Government
 • Acting GovernorNikolaus Kondomo[1]
 • Vice GovernorVacant
Area
[2]
 • Total51,213.34 km2 (19,773.58 sq mi)
Population
 (mid 2022 estimate)
 • Total1,430,459
 • Density28/km2 (72/sq mi)
 [3]
Languages
 • Official languageIndonesian
 • Native languages of Highland Papua[4]Dani, Eipomek, Hubla, Ketengban, Kimjal, Lani, Lepki, Momuna, Nduga, Ngalum, Nggem, Walak, Yali, Yetfa, and Others
 • Also spokenJavanese, Papuan Malay, and others
Demographics
 • ReligionsChristianity 97.90%
–Protestantism 90.29%
–Catholicism 7.61%
Islam 1.92%
Traditional religion 0.15%
Others 0.03%[5]
 • Ethnic groups[4]Dani, Hupla, Ketengban, Lani, Mek, Nduga, Yali (native), Javanese, Moluccans, Sulawesians (migrant), and others
Time zoneUTC+9 (Indonesia Eastern Time)

Formally established on 11 November 2022 from the central and mountainous former part of the province of Papua, it is located on the central highlands of Western New Guinea, where it is the only landlocked province in Indonesia. The capital of Highland Papua is Wamena, in Jayawijaya Regency. The bill of the province's establishment was approved by the People's Representative Council on 30 June 2022, with the bill signed into Law No. 16/2022 by President of Indonesia on 25 July, making it one of Indonesia's three then-youngest provinces, alongside Central Papua and South Papua.[7]

History

Dutch East Indies Expedition

 
the Dayak people in the Baliem Valley formed a human chain in the river, allowing Archbold expedition members to cross

In the 17th century, Sailor Jan Carstenszoon recorded the existence of high, snow-covered mountains in the middle of the island, despite its location on the equator. The Europeans referred to this area as terra incognita, meaning an uncharted and mysterious territory. It wasn't until the 20th century that the tribes residing in the Papuan Highlands Province made contact with the outside world. The first recorded contact was made during an expedition led by Hendrikus Albertus Lorentz in 1909. The purpose of the expedition was to find a path to reach Wilhelmina Peak (now known as Trikora Peak), which is steep and covered in snow. During their journey, the expedition members rested and witnessed a traditional procession in the village of the Pesechem or Pesegem tribe. Following this initial expedition, de Bruyn, Franssen Herderschee, Karel Doorman, and others conduct their own expedition to explore and document the interior regions of Papua that had previously been unexplored by outsiders. Today, Jan Carstenszoon is remembered as the namesake of the Carstensz Pyramid, the highest peak in Oceania, and the Carstensz Range.[8][9]

In 1920, van Overeem and Kremer led an expedition that successfully discovered the Swart Valley, now known as the Toli Valley in Tolikara Regency, and the Dani people who lived there. This exploration further led to the discovery of Lake Habema and allowed for access to Wilhelmina Peak from the northern side. The Baliem Valley, home to the Dani Tribe, was accidentally discovered by an expedition led by Richard Archbold from the American Museum of Natural History in 1938. This expedition was joined by dozens of Dutch soldiers and Dayak people who acted as porters. The Dutch named the Baliem Valley the Groote Vallei or the Great Valley.[8][10]

 
Corporal Margaret Hastings, one of the survivors of the 1945 Gremlin Special incident with the Dani people in the Baliem Valley.

In the book titled Lost in Shangri-La published in 2011, author Mitchel Zuckoff uncovered that the region was not yet mapped during World War II. The geography of the area was treacherous with its high and cloudy mountains, dense forests, and hostile tribes, leading to numerous fatalities. The most well-known incident took place on May 13, 1945 when Gremlin Special plane crashing into a mountain. Following the crash, special operations were deployed, and three individuals were eventually rescued. The survival story of these individuals gained significant media attention at the time.[11]

Church mission and colonial government

 
Dutch officer in Baliem Valley, 1958

In 1954, a team of missionaries from the American Christian and Missionary Alliance (C&MA), including pastors Lloyd Evan Stone and Einer Mickelson, were flown from Sentani into the Baliem Valley to introduce Christianity. Concurrently, the Dutch government, led by Frits Veldkamp, established a government post in the region to consolidate its authority in the interior. As a result, several villages, airfields, and infrastructure facilities were erected, laying the groundwork for a town that would later become known as Wamena. December 10, 1956 marked the official establishment of the Dutch government post, and the date is now commemorated as founding day of Wamena.[8][12]

The Star Mountains, also known as the Sterrengebergte, are located in the far eastern region near the borders of Indonesia. This area was one of the unexplored territories of the Netherlands until the Royal Netherlands Geographical Society (KNAG), or the Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, launched an expedition in 1959. The expedition consisted of scientists from various fields, such as zoology, botany, and anthropology. The expedition members not only gained new knowledge about the region and its inhabitants but also managed to climb Juliana Peak, which is now called Mandala Peak. Prior to the expedition, a survey was conducted to find a suitable place for a camp and an airstrip. In 1955, Dutch officials such as Jan Sneep, Nol Hermans, and Pim Schoorl were sent on a small expedition to the Sibil Valley where they met the Sibil or Ngalum people. However, Dutch rule in the region was short-lived as Dutch New Guinea was annexed into Indonesia in 1963, thus ending Dutch influence in the area.[13][14]

Under Indonesian rule

After Dutch New Guinea was successfully incoporated into Indonesia, the government issued Law No. 12 of 1969 concerning the Establishment of the Autonomous Province of West Irian and Autonomous Regencies in the Province of West Irian. One of them was Jayawijaya Regency which included the Local Government areas of Baliem, Bokondini, Tiom, and Oksibil.[15] This regency was precursor of the Highland Papua Province. On 11 December 2002, Jayawijaya Regency was divided into Jayawijaya, Yahukimo, Bintang Mountains (Pegunungan Bintang), and Tolikara Regencies. Then on 4 January 2008, the remaining Jayawijaya Regency was again divided into Jayawijaya, Lanny Jaya, Nduga, Central Mamberamo (Mamberamo Tengah), and Yalimo Regencies. These eight regencies which had originally been part of the Jayawijaya Regency were finally reunited into the Highland Papua Province with its capital at Wamena in 2022.

Since it was incoporated to Indonesia, this area has been marked by acts of violence by the pro-independence group Free Papua Organization (OPM). Several incidents caused by Free Papua Organization include research team hostage in Mapenduma in 1996,[16] killing of Istaka Karya workers who were building a bridge in Nduga in 2018,[17] and the burning of high schools and health centers along with the killing of health workers in the Pegunungan Bintang Regency.[18][19][20] In the highlands of Papua, there are also frequent community unrest which caused material losses and casualties, for example the burning of government offices in Yalimo due to the 2021 regional elections,[21] riots in Wamena in 2019 that killed 10 Minang migrants,[22] and clashes between Lanny Jaya residents and Nduga residents in Wouma, Jayawijaya using arrows and burning houses in 2022.[23]

Formation of Highland Papua Province

 
Papua Highlands Provincial Secretariat Office.

Highland Papua was formally created on 25 July 2022, along with South Papua and Central Papua. Soon after the approval of the bill for the creation of the province on 30 June, Pegunungan Bintang Regency objected to their inclusion in the new province, stating that their access to public services are much closer to Jayapura than to Wamena, and demanded to stay instead within Papua province or to be created as a new province of Okmekmin[24][25] (its residents had been advocating for a new cultural region of Okmekmin as they consider themselves different from other La Pago tribes).[26] But their inclusion was rejected by Tabi customary council of the original Papua province as well as from the South and Highlands.[27] Local government officials and some residents of the regency threatened to secede and join Papua New Guinea if their demands were not met.[25][28]

On 16 July when the province was waiting to be formalized, Papuan gunmen shot and killed eleven civilians (mostly traders from other islands) and injured two others in the village of Nogolait, Nduga Regency.[29]

After Law no. 16 of 2022 was inaugurated, the regents in the new province collaborated with the Ministry of Home Affairs through the Kelompok Kerja (Pokja) III Task Force to support the New Autonomous Region to establish the location of the governor's office and temporary service, the provisional budget prior to the regional elections, the State Civil Apparatus (ASN), as well as grants from each regencies, the parent province, and the central government.[30] Pokja also reviewed the potential location of the future Provincial Government office centre with alternatives offered between Muliama District, Wamena, Megapura, or Hubikiak. Meanwhile, the temporary governor's office is located at the Education Office of Jayawijaya Regency although there are other recommendations such as the Wamena Mall. The temporary governor's office sign was installed on 6 September 2022 but was vandalised a day later by 9 members of the Jayawijaya Regency Student Association (HMKJ) who were eventually arrested by the police.[31][32][33]

Politics

Government

The province follows the original administrative boundaries of Jayawijaya Regency as it existed between 1969 and December 2002.[34] Culturally, Highland Papua roughly covers the customary region of La Pago,[35] which include the unrecognized customary region of Okmekmin.[26]

Administrative divisions

 

The new province comprises eight regencies (kabupaten), listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2020 Census[36] and according to the official estimates as at mid 2021.[37] Until 2002 all eight of the current regencies now comprising this province were part of a larger Jayawijaya Regency, but on 11 December 2002 three new regencies were created from parts of that regency - Pegunungan Bintang (Bintang Mountains), Tolikara and Yahukimo. Subsequently on 4 January 2008 another four new regencies were created from other parts of Jayawijaya Regency - Lanny Jaya, Mamberamo Tengah (Central Mamberamo), Nduga and Yalimo.

Administrative divisions of Highland Papua[7]
No. Regencies Capital Districts Area
in km2		 Population
Census
2010 		Population
Census
2020 		Population
Estimate
mid 2022 		HDI (2020)
1   Jayawijaya Regency Wamena Asologaima, Asolokobal, Asotipo, Bolakme, Bpiri, Bugi, Hubikiak, Hubikosi, Ibele, Itlay Hisage, Koragi, Kurulu, Libarek, Maima, Molagalome, Muliama, Musatfak, Napua, Pelebaga, Piramid, Pisugi, Popugoba, Siepkosi, Silo Karno Doga, Taelarek, Tagime, Tagineri, Trikora, Usilimo, Wadangku, Walaik, Walelagama, Wame, Wamena, Welesi, Wesaput, Wita Waya, Wollo, Wouma, Yalengga 13,925.31[38]
(2,629.01) 		196,085 269,553 277,923 0.580

(Medium)

2   Lanny Jaya Regency Tiom Awina, Ayumnati, Balingga, Balingga Barat, Bruwa, Buguk Gona, Dimba, Gamelia, Gelok Beam, Goa Balim, Gollo, Guna, Gupura, Karu, Kelulome, Kolawa, Kuly Lanny, Kuyawage, Lannyna, Makki, Melagi, Melagineri, Milimbo, Mokoni, Muara, Nikogwe, Niname, Nogi, Pirime, Poga, Tiom, Tiom Ollo, Tiomneri, Wano Barat, Wereka, Wiringgambut, Yiginua, Yiluk, Yugungwi 6,077.4[39]
(2,339.78) 		148,522 196,399 201,461 0.479 (Low)
3   Mamberamo Tengah Regency Kobakma Eragayam, Ilugwa, Kelila, Kobakma, Megambilis 3,743.64[40]
(4,101.50) 		39,537 50,685 51,719 0.476 (Low)
4   Nduga Regency Kenyam Alama, Dal, Embetpen, Gearek, Geselma, Inikgal, Iniye, Kegayem, Kenyam, Kilmid, Kora, Koroptak, Krepkuri, Mam, Mapenduma, Mbua Tengah, Mbulmu Yalma, Mbuwa, Mebarok, Moba, Mugi, Nenggeagin, Nirkuri, Paro, Pasir Putih, Pija, Wosak, Wusi, Wutpaga, Yal, Yenggelo, Yigi 12,941[41]
(5,886.89) 		79,053 106,533 109,630 0.316 (Low)
5   Pegunungan Bintang Regency Oksibil Aboy, Alemsom, Awinbon, Batani, Batom, Bime, Borme, Eipumek, Iwur, Jetfa, Kalomdol, Kawor, Kiwirok, Kiwirok Timur, Mofinop, Murkim, Nongme, Ok Aom, Okbab, Okbape, Okbemtau, Okbibab, Okhika, Oklip, Oksamol, Oksebang, Oksibil, Oksop, Pamek, Pepera, Serambakon, Tarup, Teiraplu, Weime 15,683[42]
(13,751.92) 		65,434 77,872 78,466 0.454 (Low)
6   Tolikara Regency Karubaga Airgaram, Anawi, Aweku, Bewani, Biuk, Bogonuk, Bokondini, Bokoneri, Danime, Dow, Dundu, Egiam, Geya, Gika, Gilubandu, Goyage, Gundagi, Kai, Kamboneri, Kanggime, Karubaga, Kembu, Kondaga, Kuari, KubuLi Anogomma, Nabunage, Nelawi, Numba, Nunggawi, Panaga, Poganeri, Tagime, Tagineri, Telenggeme, Timori, Umagi, Wakuwo, Wari/Taiyeve II, Wenam, Wina, Woniki, Wugi, Wunim, Yuko, Yuneri 14,564[43]
(2,990.01) 		114,427 236,986 244,345 0.495 (Low)
7   Yahukimo Regency Dekai Amuma, Anggruk, Bomela, Dekai, Dirwemna, Duram, Endomen, Hereapini, Hilipuk, Hogio, Holuon, Kabianggama, Kayo, Kona, Korupun, Kosarek, Kurima, Kwelemdua, Kwikma, Langda, Lolat, Mugi, Musaik, Nalca, Ninia, Nipsan, Obio, Panggema, Pasema, Pronggoli, Puldama, Samenage, Sela, Seredela, Silimo, Soba, Sobaham, Soloikma, Sumo, Suntamon, Suru Suru, Talambo, Tangma, Ubahak, Ubalihi, Ukha, Walma, Werima, Wusama, Yahuliambut, Yogosem 17,152[44]
(16,365.94) 		164,512 350,880 361,776 0.494 (Low)
8   Yalimo Regency Elelim Abenaho, Apalapsili, Benawa, Elelim, Welarek 4,330.29[45]
(3,148.29) 		50,763 101,973 105,139 0.483 (Low)
Totals 88,416.64[3](51,213.34)[2] 858,333 1,390,881 1,430,459 0.483 (Low)

Environment

Geography and Climate

 
A village in the Baliem Valley with mountains in the background

The landscape of Papua Mountains is in the form of valleys where people live flanked by high mountains. The beautiful scenery and fresh air make this region a destination for adventure. With the services of a tour guide, travelers can walk to visit villages scattered throughout the valley with their honorary houses and traditional lifestyles. However, many villages must be travelled through steep and dangerous paths such as near ravines and even crossing rivers.[46]

Culture

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1971 174,872—    
1980 257,791+47.4%
1990 347,612+34.8%
2000 877,300+152.4%
2010 858,333−2.2%
2020 1,390,881+62.0%
Source: Statistics Indonesia 2020. Highland Papua part of Papua Province until 2022
 
Papuan tribesmen during stone-burning ceremony

The native Papuan people has a distinct culture and traditions that cannot be found in other parts of Indonesia. Coastal Papuans are usually more willing to accept modern influence into their daily lives, which in turn diminishes their original culture and traditions. Meanwhile, most inland Papuans still preserves their original culture and traditions, although their way of life over the past century are tied to the encroachment of modernity and globalization.[47] Each Papuan tribe usually practices their own tradition and culture, which may differ greatly from one tribe to another.

One of the most well-known Papuan tradition is the stone burning tradition (Indonesian: Tradisi Bakar Batu or Barapen), which is practiced by most Papuan tribes in the province. The stone burning tradition is an important tradition for all indigenous Papuans. For them, is a form of gratitude and a gathering place between residents of the village. This tradition is usually held when there are births, traditional marriages, the coronation of tribal chiefs, and the gathering of soldiers. It is usually carried out by indigenous Papuan people who live in the interior, such as in the Baliem Valley, Panaiai, Nabire, Pegunungan Bintang, and others. other. The name of this tradition varies in each region. In Paniai, the stone burning tradition is called Gapiia. Meanwhile, in Wamena it is called Kit Oba Isogoa, while in Jayawijaya it is called Barapen. It is called the stone burning tradition because the stone is actually burned until it is hot. The function of the hot stone is to cook meat, Sweet potatoes, and vegetables on the basis of banana leaves which will be eaten by all residents at the ongoing event.[48][49]

The finger cutting tradition (Indonesian: Tradisi Potong Jari) is practiced among the Dani people of the Baliem Valley in central Papua.[48] The tradition of cutting fingers on the Dani people has existed since ancient times and is still being carried out today. This tradition symbolizes harmony, unity, and strength that comes from within a person and within a family. According to the culture of the Dani people, family is the most valuable pedestal that a human has, fingers are believed to symbolize the existence and function of a family itself. So that the tradition of cutting is carried out when someone loses a family member or relative such as husband, wife, children, younger siblings and older siblings forever. For Dani people, sadness and grief due to adversity and the loss of a family member are not only appreciated by crying, but also cutting fingers. The Dani people believes that cutting off a finger is a symbol of the sadness and pain of losing a family member. The finger-cutting tradition is also seen as a way to prevent the recurrence of a catastrophe that claimed the life of a grieving family member.[48]

Arts and performance

 
Baliem Valley Festival

There are a lot of traditional dances that are native to the province of Papua. Each Papuan tribe would usually have their own unique traditional dances.

Each Papuan tribe usually has their own war dance. The Papuan war dance is one of the oldest dances of the Papuan people because this classical dance has been around for thousands of years and is even one of the legacies of Indonesia's prehistoric times. In Papuan culture, this dance is a symbol of how strong and brave the Papuan people are. Allegedly, this dance was once a part of traditional ceremonies when fighting other tribes and now can be seen preserved during Baliem Valley Festival. The dancers who perform this dance are a group of men, the number starts from seven people or more. They danced to the sound of drums and war songs. Their movements were characteristically excited as if they were warriors heading for battle. The Papuan war dance is very unique, varied and energetic to indicate the heroism and courage of the Papuan people. Apart from the dancers movements in playing the weapons they carry, the uniqueness of this dance is also seen in the dancers' clothes.[50]

Architecture

 
Traditional Dani houses near Wamena in the Baliem Valley

Papua is famous for its varieties of traditional houses, one of which is a traditional house called honai. Honai is a traditional Papuan house, especially in the mountainous region.[51] The basic shape of the honai is a circle with a wooden frame and woven walls and a conical roof made of straw. The honai is spread across almost all corners of the Baliem Valley which covers an area of 1,200 square kilometers. The distance from the surface of the house to the ceiling is only about 1 meter. Within the honai, there is a fireplace which is located right in the middle. The thatched roof and wooden walls of the Honai actually bring cool air inside If the air is too cold, the whole house will be warmed by the smoke from the fireplace. For the Dani people, smoke from firewood is no longer unusual for being smoked for a long time. As long as the door is still open, oxygen can still flow inside.[51] The honai is supported by 4 main poles called heseke, which are stuck in the ground at a certain distance (about 1 meter) so that they are square. In the middle of this main pillar is placed a fireplace called a round wulikin. An honai is made in an attic so that it is divided into two rooms, at the top it is called henaepu as a bed and the bottom is called agarowa as a place to rest, tell stories or chat, and eat. The upper part of the attic or floor is made of fruit wood and covered with woven lokop wood (a kind of very small bamboo) and can be covered again with straw or dry grass. There is usually only one door in the honai, which is small and short so that people come out and enter on all fours. To the left or right of the entrance is a door leading to the attic.[51]

Traditional weapons and armors

Weapons and armors from these section is from Dani people of Kurulu District of Jayawijaya.

The Papuan spear is referred to by the local community as "Tul". The spear was a weapon that could be used for both fighting and hunting. In addition, Papuan culture often uses the spear as a property in dances. The material used to construct the spears are from Papuan ironwood called Kayu Yoli or blackwood called Kayu Yomalo, river stone that was sharpened as a spearhead or instead used to sharpen the tip. For that reason, the spear is able to survive as a weapon that must be present in hunting and fighting activities. What makes this traditional Papuan weapon feel special is that there is a rule not to use a spear other than for hunting and fighting purposes. For example, it is forbidden to cut young tree shoots with a spear, or to use a spear to carry garden produce. If this rule was broken, the person who wielded this spear would have bad luck. Meanwhile, in the manufacturing process, this spear frame takes a long time. Starting from the wood taken from the tree, then cut to the size of 3 m and dried in the sun. After drying it in the sun, the wood for the handle is shaped in such a way, then rubbed with sea snail powder until it is sharp, which takes about 1 week. In traditional Papuan customs, the spear is interpreted as a symbol of a man's prowess. Therefore, the spears must always be properly stored. Usually hung from the ceiling or placed on a house wall support.[52]

The bow and arrow is a traditional Papuan weapon that has uses for hunting wild boar and other animals. In addition, the Papuan bow and arrow were tools that were always carried side by side with the spear. Arrows used for war are called Suap, meanwhile arrows used for hunting birds are called Wam Wakiwy with the difference on the arrowheads. If the aim is to hunt birds, then the arrowheads used are made of Kayu Yomalo and Kayu Dion and made three-pronged with two serrated tips and one not serrated tip, to hunt pigs a bamboo tip is used instead. Meanwhile, when going to war, the indigenous tribes in Papua have rules that require that the spearhead used is made of animal bones or hardwood, meanwhile the shaft is made from Pohon Atar. In addition, arrows also function as property and souvenirs for home decoration in several areas in Papua, including Jayapura, Wamena, and Kurulu. In these areas, arrows are only intended for house collections. The collection of bows and arrows is also not allowed to be placed carelessly, that is, they are placed on the wall of the house to still respect the culture of the services of the arrow.[52]

Papuan Stone Axes are called Jee Jugum usually made from river stones with the colour of green, dark blue, and black. The stones were then split in half, marked according to the design and grinded with another stone. Water is prepared beforehand to cool the stones from getting to hot. They were used for households needs, chop woods, and kill enemies in battlefields. In Kurulu, the axe has symbolic meaning during construction of Itonay houses.[52]

Papuan Chisels are traditional Papuan weapons that have various uses, such as cutting rattan for weaving, tools for punching holes in wood, as well as emergency tools for stabbing enemies in the event of war. However, most of their functions have now shifted to tools used in the carpentry field. Historically, in ancient times a chisel was a tool used to trim the fingers during mourning of a dead family member. Unfortunately, this culture has been strongly discouraged and sometimes banned by the government and can only be used as a tool in industry. The chisel-making process is not complicated but can take up to two weeks to make. The handle will have Kele Makwy coiled wrappings made from wood fibers and secured using hidden pegs made from ironwood or cassowary bones.[52]

Papuan knife blades are usually used for slashing or cutting when hunting animals in the forest. Even though the animals they face are large mammals and crocodiles, the Papuan people still adhere to prevailing customs. The custom is that it is not permissible to use any kind of firearm when hunting. Papuan Daggers are knives made of bones of the cassowary or pigs, 15-20 cm long. It was then sharpened using stone and shaped like a dagger. they were used for ceremonial purposes and to cut vegetables or meat during cooking.[52]

The Papuan parang called by the name "jalowy". In the manufacturing process, this Papuan machete takes a lot of time. Derived from a split stone, then sharpened and shaped to form a machete that has an edge. To increase the level of hardness and durability, machete craftsmen add pork oil and pork blood before sharpening it multiple times until it is smooth and sharp. Papuan parangs basically has many uses. For household purposes, namely cooking, cutting meat, and cutting down sago. In addition, Papuan machetes are also used in the agricultural industry, and for dowry during weddings but only the ones made from heirloom stones. Furthermore, parang can also be used as home decoration and collection.[52]

Papuan armors consists of shields called Wali Moken and worn body armors called Walimo. Wali Moken is made from sea shells and wood barks, it is usually hanged on the neck to protect the torso. Sea shells are arranged in a row and tied at the ends using wood barks or rattans. Usually it takes a month to made one piece of armor. Walimo is made from rattan and wood barks. The rattans were cleaned and shaped till they have rounded cross-section, then woven like forming a basket and shaped to be worn like a shirt. Their function is to protect the body from arrows from piercing the body, other uses include worn for ceremonial purposes and as part of traditional dance attire.[52]

Music and handicrafts

Pikon is a traditional wind instrument typical of the Hubala tribe of the Dani people inhabiting the Baliem Valley which is made of bamboo. Pikon comes from the word Pikonane in the Dani languages, which means a sound musical instrument.[53] The icon is oval-shaped. Pikon is made of bamboo, in which a vibrating stick is attached with a rope in the middle, so that it is able to produce a variety of sounds. This musical instrument is generally played by men in the Dani people. They play pikon as a fatigue reliever, even though the resulting sound tends not to be melodious because it is just like the sound of birds chirping without tone.[54] However, with the development of the times, now the sounds made by Pikon can be heard as do, mi and sol tones. Pikon is also played in the Baliem Jayawijaya Valley Cultural Festival commemorating Indonesia's Independence Day.[55] The length of the picon in general is 5.2 cm. The way to play pikon is to blow the center of the bamboo that has been given a hole while pulling the rope that joins the stick. Pikon can also be formed using a hite, which is the bark of an arrow.[56]

 
Woman holding a "noken", a bag made of bark; the noken is the pride of the Papuan people because of its uniqueness. It is crowned as a world cultural heritage by UNESCO

The Noken is a traditional Papuan bag carried with a head and made of bark fibers. Similar to bags, in general, this bag is used to carry daily necessities. Papuan people usually use it to bring agricultural products such as vegetables, tubers and also to bring merchandise to the market. Because of its uniqueness that is carried with its head, this noken is registered with UNESCO as one of the traditional works and world cultural heritage. On 4 December 2012, the noken was listed in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists as a cultural heritage of Indonesia.[57] In several areas of Papua, noken – instead of the usual ballot box – is preferred as a way to place ballots, where it is recognized as a ballot tool in the Papua regional leadership elections.[58][59]

The koteka is a penis sheath traditionally worn by native male inhabitants of some (mainly highland) ethnic groups in New Guinea to cover their genitals.[60][61] They are normally made from a dried-out gourd, Lagenaria siceraria, although unrelated species such as pitcher-plant Nepenthes mirabilis, are also used. They are held in place by a small loop of fiber attached to the base of the koteka and placed around the scrotum. A secondary loop placed around the chest or abdomen is attached to the main body of the koteka. It is traditional clothing in certain New Guinea highlands societies including in the Grand Baliem Valley. It is worn without other clothing, tied in upward position. Many tribes can be identified by the way they wear their koteka. Some wear them pointed straight out, straight up, at an angle, or in other directions. The diameter of the koteka can also be a clue. Contrary to popular belief, there is little correlation between the size or length of the koteka and the social status of the wearer. In 1971–1972 the Indonesian New Order government launched "Operasi Koteka" ("Operation Penis Gourd") which consisted primarily of trying to encourage the people to wear shorts and shirts because such clothes were considered more "modern". But the people did not have changes of clothing, did not have soap, and were unfamiliar with the care of such clothes so the unwashed clothing caused skin diseases. There were also reports of men wearing the shorts as hats and the women using the dresses as carrying bags.[62]

Cuisine

 
Sago is a typical Papuan food

The native Papuan food usually consists of roasted boar with Tubers such as sweet potato. The staple food of Papua and eastern Indonesia in general is sago, as the counterpart of central and western Indonesian cuisines that favour rice as their staple food.[63] In Papua, pig roast which consists of pork and yams are roasted in heated stones placed in a hole dug in the ground and covered with leaves; this cooking method is called bakar batu (burning the stone), and it is an important cultural and social event among Papuan people.[64] In some Papuan communities who are Muslim or when welcoming Muslim guests, pork can be replaced with chicken or beef or mutton or can be cooked separately with pork. This is, for example, practiced by the Walesi and Meteo communities in Jayawijaya Regency to welcome the holy month of Ramadan.[65]

In the inland regions, Sago worms are usually served as a type of snack dish.[66][67] Sago worms come from sago trunks which are cut and left to rot. The rotting stems cause the worms to come out. The shape of the sago worms varies, ranging from the smallest to the largest size of an adult's thumb. These sago caterpillars are usually eaten alive or cooked beforehand, such as stir-frying, cooking, frying and then skewered. But over time, the people of Papua used to process these sago caterpillars into sago caterpillar satay. To make satay from this sago caterpillar, the method is no different from making satay in general, namely on skewers with a skewer and grilled over hot coals.[68]

Udang selingkuh is a type of prawn dish native to Wamena and the surrounding area. Udang selingkuh is usually served grilled with minimal seasoning, which is only salt. The slightly sweet natural taste of this animal makes it quite salty. The serving of Udang selingkuh is usually accompanied by warm rice and papaya or kale. It is usually also served with the colo-colo sambal combination which has a spicy-sweet taste.[69]

Religion

Religion in Highland Papua (2022)

  Protestantism (90.29%)
  Roman Catholicism (7.61%)
  Islam (1.92%)
  Folk religion (0.15%)
  Others (0.3%)

See also

References

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June 27, 2023
highland, papua, indonesian, papua, pegunungan, province, indonesia, which, roughly, follows, borders, papuan, customary, region, lano, pago, shortened, pago, covers, area, population, according, official, estimates, 2022, papua, pegununganprovince, with, spec. Highland Papua Indonesian Papua Pegunungan is a province of Indonesia which roughly follows the borders of Papuan customary region of Lano Pago shortened to La Pago 6 It covers an area of 51 213 34 km2 19 773 58 sq mi and had a population of 1 430 459 according to the official estimates as at mid 2022 3 Highland Papua Papua PegununganProvince with special statusCoat of armsMotto s Bangkit Bersama Membangun Indonesian Rise Together to Develop Highland Papua in IndonesiaOpenStreetMapCapitalJayawijaya RegencyGovernment BodyHighland Papua Provincial Government Acting GovernorNikolaus Kondomo 1 Vice GovernorVacantArea 2 Total51 213 34 km2 19 773 58 sq mi Population mid 2022 estimate Total1 430 459 Density28 km2 72 sq mi 3 Languages Official languageIndonesian Native languages of Highland Papua 4 Dani Eipomek Hubla Ketengban Kimjal Lani Lepki Momuna Nduga Ngalum Nggem Walak Yali Yetfa and Others Also spokenJavanese Papuan Malay and othersDemographics ReligionsChristianity 97 90 Protestantism 90 29 Catholicism 7 61 Islam 1 92 Traditional religion 0 15 Others 0 03 5 Ethnic groups 4 Dani Hupla Ketengban Lani Mek Nduga Yali native Javanese Moluccans Sulawesians migrant and othersTime zoneUTC 9 Indonesia Eastern Time Formally established on 11 November 2022 from the central and mountainous former part of the province of Papua it is located on the central highlands of Western New Guinea where it is the only landlocked province in Indonesia The capital of Highland Papua is Wamena in Jayawijaya Regency The bill of the province s establishment was approved by the People s Representative Council on 30 June 2022 with the bill signed into Law No 16 2022 by President of Indonesia on 25 July making it one of Indonesia s three then youngest provinces alongside Central Papua and South Papua 7 Contents 1 History 1 1 Dutch East Indies Expedition 1 2 Church mission and colonial government 1 3 Under Indonesian rule 1 4 Formation of Highland Papua Province 2 Politics 2 1 Government 2 2 Administrative divisions 3 Environment 3 1 Geography and Climate 4 Culture 4 1 Arts and performance 4 2 Architecture 4 3 Traditional weapons and armors 4 4 Music and handicrafts 4 5 Cuisine 4 6 Religion 5 See also 6 ReferencesHistory EditDutch East Indies Expedition Edit the Dayak people in the Baliem Valley formed a human chain in the river allowing Archbold expedition members to cross In the 17th century Sailor Jan Carstenszoon recorded the existence of high snow covered mountains in the middle of the island despite its location on the equator The Europeans referred to this area as terra incognita meaning an uncharted and mysterious territory It wasn t until the 20th century that the tribes residing in the Papuan Highlands Province made contact with the outside world The first recorded contact was made during an expedition led by Hendrikus Albertus Lorentz in 1909 The purpose of the expedition was to find a path to reach Wilhelmina Peak now known as Trikora Peak which is steep and covered in snow During their journey the expedition members rested and witnessed a traditional procession in the village of the Pesechem or Pesegem tribe Following this initial expedition de Bruyn Franssen Herderschee Karel Doorman and others conduct their own expedition to explore and document the interior regions of Papua that had previously been unexplored by outsiders Today Jan Carstenszoon is remembered as the namesake of the Carstensz Pyramid the highest peak in Oceania and the Carstensz Range 8 9 In 1920 van Overeem and Kremer led an expedition that successfully discovered the Swart Valley now known as the Toli Valley in Tolikara Regency and the Dani people who lived there This exploration further led to the discovery of Lake Habema and allowed for access to Wilhelmina Peak from the northern side The Baliem Valley home to the Dani Tribe was accidentally discovered by an expedition led by Richard Archbold from the American Museum of Natural History in 1938 This expedition was joined by dozens of Dutch soldiers and Dayak people who acted as porters The Dutch named the Baliem Valley the Groote Vallei or the Great Valley 8 10 Corporal Margaret Hastings one of the survivors of the 1945 Gremlin Special incident with the Dani people in the Baliem Valley In the book titled Lost in Shangri La published in 2011 author Mitchel Zuckoff uncovered that the region was not yet mapped during World War II The geography of the area was treacherous with its high and cloudy mountains dense forests and hostile tribes leading to numerous fatalities The most well known incident took place on May 13 1945 when Gremlin Special plane crashing into a mountain Following the crash special operations were deployed and three individuals were eventually rescued The survival story of these individuals gained significant media attention at the time 11 Church mission and colonial government Edit Dutch officer in Baliem Valley 1958 In 1954 a team of missionaries from the American Christian and Missionary Alliance C amp MA including pastors Lloyd Evan Stone and Einer Mickelson were flown from Sentani into the Baliem Valley to introduce Christianity Concurrently the Dutch government led by Frits Veldkamp established a government post in the region to consolidate its authority in the interior As a result several villages airfields and infrastructure facilities were erected laying the groundwork for a town that would later become known as Wamena December 10 1956 marked the official establishment of the Dutch government post and the date is now commemorated as founding day of Wamena 8 12 The Star Mountains also known as the Sterrengebergte are located in the far eastern region near the borders of Indonesia This area was one of the unexplored territories of the Netherlands until the Royal Netherlands Geographical Society KNAG or the Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap launched an expedition in 1959 The expedition consisted of scientists from various fields such as zoology botany and anthropology The expedition members not only gained new knowledge about the region and its inhabitants but also managed to climb Juliana Peak which is now called Mandala Peak Prior to the expedition a survey was conducted to find a suitable place for a camp and an airstrip In 1955 Dutch officials such as Jan Sneep Nol Hermans and Pim Schoorl were sent on a small expedition to the Sibil Valley where they met the Sibil or Ngalum people However Dutch rule in the region was short lived as Dutch New Guinea was annexed into Indonesia in 1963 thus ending Dutch influence in the area 13 14 Under Indonesian rule Edit After Dutch New Guinea was successfully incoporated into Indonesia the government issued Law No 12 of 1969 concerning the Establishment of the Autonomous Province of West Irian and Autonomous Regencies in the Province of West Irian One of them was Jayawijaya Regency which included the Local Government areas of Baliem Bokondini Tiom and Oksibil 15 This regency was precursor of the Highland Papua Province On 11 December 2002 Jayawijaya Regency was divided into Jayawijaya Yahukimo Bintang Mountains Pegunungan Bintang and Tolikara Regencies Then on 4 January 2008 the remaining Jayawijaya Regency was again divided into Jayawijaya Lanny Jaya Nduga Central Mamberamo Mamberamo Tengah and Yalimo Regencies These eight regencies which had originally been part of the Jayawijaya Regency were finally reunited into the Highland Papua Province with its capital at Wamena in 2022 Since it was incoporated to Indonesia this area has been marked by acts of violence by the pro independence group Free Papua Organization OPM Several incidents caused by Free Papua Organization include research team hostage in Mapenduma in 1996 16 killing of Istaka Karya workers who were building a bridge in Nduga in 2018 17 and the burning of high schools and health centers along with the killing of health workers in the Pegunungan Bintang Regency 18 19 20 In the highlands of Papua there are also frequent community unrest which caused material losses and casualties for example the burning of government offices in Yalimo due to the 2021 regional elections 21 riots in Wamena in 2019 that killed 10 Minang migrants 22 and clashes between Lanny Jaya residents and Nduga residents in Wouma Jayawijaya using arrows and burning houses in 2022 23 Formation of Highland Papua Province Edit Papua Highlands Provincial Secretariat Office Highland Papua was formally created on 25 July 2022 along with South Papua and Central Papua Soon after the approval of the bill for the creation of the province on 30 June Pegunungan Bintang Regency objected to their inclusion in the new province stating that their access to public services are much closer to Jayapura than to Wamena and demanded to stay instead within Papua province or to be created as a new province of Okmekmin 24 25 its residents had been advocating for a new cultural region of Okmekmin as they consider themselves different from other La Pago tribes 26 But their inclusion was rejected by Tabi customary council of the original Papua province as well as from the South and Highlands 27 Local government officials and some residents of the regency threatened to secede and join Papua New Guinea if their demands were not met 25 28 On 16 July when the province was waiting to be formalized Papuan gunmen shot and killed eleven civilians mostly traders from other islands and injured two others in the village of Nogolait Nduga Regency 29 After Law no 16 of 2022 was inaugurated the regents in the new province collaborated with the Ministry of Home Affairs through the Kelompok Kerja Pokja III Task Force to support the New Autonomous Region to establish the location of the governor s office and temporary service the provisional budget prior to the regional elections the State Civil Apparatus ASN as well as grants from each regencies the parent province and the central government 30 Pokja also reviewed the potential location of the future Provincial Government office centre with alternatives offered between Muliama District Wamena Megapura or Hubikiak Meanwhile the temporary governor s office is located at the Education Office of Jayawijaya Regency although there are other recommendations such as the Wamena Mall The temporary governor s office sign was installed on 6 September 2022 but was vandalised a day later by 9 members of the Jayawijaya Regency Student Association HMKJ who were eventually arrested by the police 31 32 33 Politics EditGovernment Edit The province follows the original administrative boundaries of Jayawijaya Regency as it existed between 1969 and December 2002 34 Culturally Highland Papua roughly covers the customary region of La Pago 35 which include the unrecognized customary region of Okmekmin 26 Administrative divisions Edit The new province comprises eight regencies kabupaten listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2020 Census 36 and according to the official estimates as at mid 2021 37 Until 2002 all eight of the current regencies now comprising this province were part of a larger Jayawijaya Regency but on 11 December 2002 three new regencies were created from parts of that regency Pegunungan Bintang Bintang Mountains Tolikara and Yahukimo Subsequently on 4 January 2008 another four new regencies were created from other parts of Jayawijaya Regency Lanny Jaya Mamberamo Tengah Central Mamberamo Nduga and Yalimo Administrative divisions of Highland Papua 7 No Regencies Capital Districts Area in km2 PopulationCensus2010 PopulationCensus2020 PopulationEstimatemid 2022 HDI 2020 1 Jayawijaya Regency Wamena Asologaima Asolokobal Asotipo Bolakme Bpiri Bugi Hubikiak Hubikosi Ibele Itlay Hisage Koragi Kurulu Libarek Maima Molagalome Muliama Musatfak Napua Pelebaga Piramid Pisugi Popugoba Siepkosi Silo Karno Doga Taelarek Tagime Tagineri Trikora Usilimo Wadangku Walaik Walelagama Wame Wamena Welesi Wesaput Wita Waya Wollo Wouma Yalengga 13 925 31 38 2 629 01 196 085 269 553 277 923 0 580 Medium 2 Lanny Jaya Regency Tiom Awina Ayumnati Balingga Balingga Barat Bruwa Buguk Gona Dimba Gamelia Gelok Beam Goa Balim Gollo Guna Gupura Karu Kelulome Kolawa Kuly Lanny Kuyawage Lannyna Makki Melagi Melagineri Milimbo Mokoni Muara Nikogwe Niname Nogi Pirime Poga Tiom Tiom Ollo Tiomneri Wano Barat Wereka Wiringgambut Yiginua Yiluk Yugungwi 6 077 4 39 2 339 78 148 522 196 399 201 461 0 479 Low 3 Mamberamo Tengah Regency Kobakma Eragayam Ilugwa Kelila Kobakma Megambilis 3 743 64 40 4 101 50 39 537 50 685 51 719 0 476 Low 4 Nduga Regency Kenyam Alama Dal Embetpen Gearek Geselma Inikgal Iniye Kegayem Kenyam Kilmid Kora Koroptak Krepkuri Mam Mapenduma Mbua Tengah Mbulmu Yalma Mbuwa Mebarok Moba Mugi Nenggeagin Nirkuri Paro Pasir Putih Pija Wosak Wusi Wutpaga Yal Yenggelo Yigi 12 941 41 5 886 89 79 053 106 533 109 630 0 316 Low 5 Pegunungan Bintang Regency Oksibil Aboy Alemsom Awinbon Batani Batom Bime Borme Eipumek Iwur Jetfa Kalomdol Kawor Kiwirok Kiwirok Timur Mofinop Murkim Nongme Ok Aom Okbab Okbape Okbemtau Okbibab Okhika Oklip Oksamol Oksebang Oksibil Oksop Pamek Pepera Serambakon Tarup Teiraplu Weime 15 683 42 13 751 92 65 434 77 872 78 466 0 454 Low 6 Tolikara Regency Karubaga Airgaram Anawi Aweku Bewani Biuk Bogonuk Bokondini Bokoneri Danime Dow Dundu Egiam Geya Gika Gilubandu Goyage Gundagi Kai Kamboneri Kanggime Karubaga Kembu Kondaga Kuari KubuLi Anogomma Nabunage Nelawi Numba Nunggawi Panaga Poganeri Tagime Tagineri Telenggeme Timori Umagi Wakuwo Wari Taiyeve II Wenam Wina Woniki Wugi Wunim Yuko Yuneri 14 564 43 2 990 01 114 427 236 986 244 345 0 495 Low 7 Yahukimo Regency Dekai Amuma Anggruk Bomela Dekai Dirwemna Duram Endomen Hereapini Hilipuk Hogio Holuon Kabianggama Kayo Kona Korupun Kosarek Kurima Kwelemdua Kwikma Langda Lolat Mugi Musaik Nalca Ninia Nipsan Obio Panggema Pasema Pronggoli Puldama Samenage Sela Seredela Silimo Soba Sobaham Soloikma Sumo Suntamon Suru Suru Talambo Tangma Ubahak Ubalihi Ukha Walma Werima Wusama Yahuliambut Yogosem 17 152 44 16 365 94 164 512 350 880 361 776 0 494 Low 8 Yalimo Regency Elelim Abenaho Apalapsili Benawa Elelim Welarek 4 330 29 45 3 148 29 50 763 101 973 105 139 0 483 Low Totals 88 416 64 3 51 213 34 2 858 333 1 390 881 1 430 459 0 483 Low Environment EditGeography and Climate Edit A village in the Baliem Valley with mountains in the background The landscape of Papua Mountains is in the form of valleys where people live flanked by high mountains The beautiful scenery and fresh air make this region a destination for adventure With the services of a tour guide travelers can walk to visit villages scattered throughout the valley with their honorary houses and traditional lifestyles However many villages must be travelled through steep and dangerous paths such as near ravines and even crossing rivers 46 Culture EditHistorical populationYearPop 1971174 872 1980257 791 47 4 1990347 612 34 8 2000877 300 152 4 2010858 333 2 2 20201 390 881 62 0 Source Statistics Indonesia 2020 Highland Papua part of Papua Province until 2022 Papuan tribesmen during stone burning ceremony The native Papuan people has a distinct culture and traditions that cannot be found in other parts of Indonesia Coastal Papuans are usually more willing to accept modern influence into their daily lives which in turn diminishes their original culture and traditions Meanwhile most inland Papuans still preserves their original culture and traditions although their way of life over the past century are tied to the encroachment of modernity and globalization 47 Each Papuan tribe usually practices their own tradition and culture which may differ greatly from one tribe to another One of the most well known Papuan tradition is the stone burning tradition Indonesian Tradisi Bakar Batu or Barapen which is practiced by most Papuan tribes in the province The stone burning tradition is an important tradition for all indigenous Papuans For them is a form of gratitude and a gathering place between residents of the village This tradition is usually held when there are births traditional marriages the coronation of tribal chiefs and the gathering of soldiers It is usually carried out by indigenous Papuan people who live in the interior such as in the Baliem Valley Panaiai Nabire Pegunungan Bintang and others other The name of this tradition varies in each region In Paniai the stone burning tradition is called Gapiia Meanwhile in Wamena it is called Kit Oba Isogoa while in Jayawijaya it is called Barapen It is called the stone burning tradition because the stone is actually burned until it is hot The function of the hot stone is to cook meat Sweet potatoes and vegetables on the basis of banana leaves which will be eaten by all residents at the ongoing event 48 49 The finger cutting tradition Indonesian Tradisi Potong Jari is practiced among the Dani people of the Baliem Valley in central Papua 48 The tradition of cutting fingers on the Dani people has existed since ancient times and is still being carried out today This tradition symbolizes harmony unity and strength that comes from within a person and within a family According to the culture of the Dani people family is the most valuable pedestal that a human has fingers are believed to symbolize the existence and function of a family itself So that the tradition of cutting is carried out when someone loses a family member or relative such as husband wife children younger siblings and older siblings forever For Dani people sadness and grief due to adversity and the loss of a family member are not only appreciated by crying but also cutting fingers The Dani people believes that cutting off a finger is a symbol of the sadness and pain of losing a family member The finger cutting tradition is also seen as a way to prevent the recurrence of a catastrophe that claimed the life of a grieving family member 48 Arts and performance Edit Baliem Valley Festival There are a lot of traditional dances that are native to the province of Papua Each Papuan tribe would usually have their own unique traditional dances Each Papuan tribe usually has their own war dance The Papuan war dance is one of the oldest dances of the Papuan people because this classical dance has been around for thousands of years and is even one of the legacies of Indonesia s prehistoric times In Papuan culture this dance is a symbol of how strong and brave the Papuan people are Allegedly this dance was once a part of traditional ceremonies when fighting other tribes and now can be seen preserved during Baliem Valley Festival The dancers who perform this dance are a group of men the number starts from seven people or more They danced to the sound of drums and war songs Their movements were characteristically excited as if they were warriors heading for battle The Papuan war dance is very unique varied and energetic to indicate the heroism and courage of the Papuan people Apart from the dancers movements in playing the weapons they carry the uniqueness of this dance is also seen in the dancers clothes 50 Architecture Edit Traditional Dani houses near Wamena in the Baliem Valley Papua is famous for its varieties of traditional houses one of which is a traditional house called honai Honai is a traditional Papuan house especially in the mountainous region 51 The basic shape of the honai is a circle with a wooden frame and woven walls and a conical roof made of straw The honai is spread across almost all corners of the Baliem Valley which covers an area of 1 200 square kilometers The distance from the surface of the house to the ceiling is only about 1 meter Within the honai there is a fireplace which is located right in the middle The thatched roof and wooden walls of the Honai actually bring cool air inside If the air is too cold the whole house will be warmed by the smoke from the fireplace For the Dani people smoke from firewood is no longer unusual for being smoked for a long time As long as the door is still open oxygen can still flow inside 51 The honai is supported by 4 main poles called heseke which are stuck in the ground at a certain distance about 1 meter so that they are square In the middle of this main pillar is placed a fireplace called a round wulikin An honai is made in an attic so that it is divided into two rooms at the top it is called henaepu as a bed and the bottom is called agarowa as a place to rest tell stories or chat and eat The upper part of the attic or floor is made of fruit wood and covered with woven lokop wood a kind of very small bamboo and can be covered again with straw or dry grass There is usually only one door in the honai which is small and short so that people come out and enter on all fours To the left or right of the entrance is a door leading to the attic 51 Traditional weapons and armors Edit Weapons and armors from these section is from Dani people of Kurulu District of Jayawijaya The Papuan spear is referred to by the local community as Tul The spear was a weapon that could be used for both fighting and hunting In addition Papuan culture often uses the spear as a property in dances The material used to construct the spears are from Papuan ironwood called Kayu Yoli or blackwood called Kayu Yomalo river stone that was sharpened as a spearhead or instead used to sharpen the tip For that reason the spear is able to survive as a weapon that must be present in hunting and fighting activities What makes this traditional Papuan weapon feel special is that there is a rule not to use a spear other than for hunting and fighting purposes For example it is forbidden to cut young tree shoots with a spear or to use a spear to carry garden produce If this rule was broken the person who wielded this spear would have bad luck Meanwhile in the manufacturing process this spear frame takes a long time Starting from the wood taken from the tree then cut to the size of 3 m and dried in the sun After drying it in the sun the wood for the handle is shaped in such a way then rubbed with sea snail powder until it is sharp which takes about 1 week In traditional Papuan customs the spear is interpreted as a symbol of a man s prowess Therefore the spears must always be properly stored Usually hung from the ceiling or placed on a house wall support 52 The bow and arrow is a traditional Papuan weapon that has uses for hunting wild boar and other animals In addition the Papuan bow and arrow were tools that were always carried side by side with the spear Arrows used for war are called Suap meanwhile arrows used for hunting birds are called Wam Wakiwy with the difference on the arrowheads If the aim is to hunt birds then the arrowheads used are made of Kayu Yomalo and Kayu Dion and made three pronged with two serrated tips and one not serrated tip to hunt pigs a bamboo tip is used instead Meanwhile when going to war the indigenous tribes in Papua have rules that require that the spearhead used is made of animal bones or hardwood meanwhile the shaft is made from Pohon Atar In addition arrows also function as property and souvenirs for home decoration in several areas in Papua including Jayapura Wamena and Kurulu In these areas arrows are only intended for house collections The collection of bows and arrows is also not allowed to be placed carelessly that is they are placed on the wall of the house to still respect the culture of the services of the arrow 52 Papuan Stone Axes are called Jee Jugum usually made from river stones with the colour of green dark blue and black The stones were then split in half marked according to the design and grinded with another stone Water is prepared beforehand to cool the stones from getting to hot They were used for households needs chop woods and kill enemies in battlefields In Kurulu the axe has symbolic meaning during construction of Itonay houses 52 Papuan Chisels are traditional Papuan weapons that have various uses such as cutting rattan for weaving tools for punching holes in wood as well as emergency tools for stabbing enemies in the event of war However most of their functions have now shifted to tools used in the carpentry field Historically in ancient times a chisel was a tool used to trim the fingers during mourning of a dead family member Unfortunately this culture has been strongly discouraged and sometimes banned by the government and can only be used as a tool in industry The chisel making process is not complicated but can take up to two weeks to make The handle will have Kele Makwy coiled wrappings made from wood fibers and secured using hidden pegs made from ironwood or cassowary bones 52 Papuan knife blades are usually used for slashing or cutting when hunting animals in the forest Even though the animals they face are large mammals and crocodiles the Papuan people still adhere to prevailing customs The custom is that it is not permissible to use any kind of firearm when hunting Papuan Daggers are knives made of bones of the cassowary or pigs 15 20 cm long It was then sharpened using stone and shaped like a dagger they were used for ceremonial purposes and to cut vegetables or meat during cooking 52 The Papuan parang called by the name jalowy In the manufacturing process this Papuan machete takes a lot of time Derived from a split stone then sharpened and shaped to form a machete that has an edge To increase the level of hardness and durability machete craftsmen add pork oil and pork blood before sharpening it multiple times until it is smooth and sharp Papuan parangs basically has many uses For household purposes namely cooking cutting meat and cutting down sago In addition Papuan machetes are also used in the agricultural industry and for dowry during weddings but only the ones made from heirloom stones Furthermore parang can also be used as home decoration and collection 52 Papuan armors consists of shields called Wali Moken and worn body armors called Walimo Wali Moken is made from sea shells and wood barks it is usually hanged on the neck to protect the torso Sea shells are arranged in a row and tied at the ends using wood barks or rattans Usually it takes a month to made one piece of armor Walimo is made from rattan and wood barks The rattans were cleaned and shaped till they have rounded cross section then woven like forming a basket and shaped to be worn like a shirt Their function is to protect the body from arrows from piercing the body other uses include worn for ceremonial purposes and as part of traditional dance attire 52 Music and handicrafts Edit Pikon is a traditional wind instrument typical of the Hubala tribe of the Dani people inhabiting the Baliem Valley which is made of bamboo Pikon comes from the word Pikonane in the Dani languages which means a sound musical instrument 53 The icon is oval shaped Pikon is made of bamboo in which a vibrating stick is attached with a rope in the middle so that it is able to produce a variety of sounds This musical instrument is generally played by men in the Dani people They play pikon as a fatigue reliever even though the resulting sound tends not to be melodious because it is just like the sound of birds chirping without tone 54 However with the development of the times now the sounds made by Pikon can be heard as do mi and sol tones Pikon is also played in the Baliem Jayawijaya Valley Cultural Festival commemorating Indonesia s Independence Day 55 The length of the picon in general is 5 2 cm The way to play pikon is to blow the center of the bamboo that has been given a hole while pulling the rope that joins the stick Pikon can also be formed using a hite which is the bark of an arrow 56 Woman holding a noken a bag made of bark the noken is the pride of the Papuan people because of its uniqueness It is crowned as a world cultural heritage by UNESCO The Noken is a traditional Papuan bag carried with a head and made of bark fibers Similar to bags in general this bag is used to carry daily necessities Papuan people usually use it to bring agricultural products such as vegetables tubers and also to bring merchandise to the market Because of its uniqueness that is carried with its head this noken is registered with UNESCO as one of the traditional works and world cultural heritage On 4 December 2012 the noken was listed in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists as a cultural heritage of Indonesia 57 In several areas of Papua noken instead of the usual ballot box is preferred as a way to place ballots where it is recognized as a ballot tool in the Papua regional leadership elections 58 59 The koteka is a penis sheath traditionally worn by native male inhabitants of some mainly highland ethnic groups in New Guinea to cover their genitals 60 61 They are normally made from a dried out gourd Lagenaria siceraria although unrelated species such as pitcher plant Nepenthes mirabilis are also used They are held in place by a small loop of fiber attached to the base of the koteka and placed around the scrotum A secondary loop placed around the chest or abdomen is attached to the main body of the koteka It is traditional clothing in certain New Guinea highlands societies including in the Grand Baliem Valley It is worn without other clothing tied in upward position Many tribes can be identified by the way they wear their koteka Some wear them pointed straight out straight up at an angle or in other directions The diameter of the koteka can also be a clue Contrary to popular belief there is little correlation between the size or length of the koteka and the social status of the wearer In 1971 1972 the Indonesian New Order government launched Operasi Koteka Operation Penis Gourd which consisted primarily of trying to encourage the people to wear shorts and shirts because such clothes were considered more modern But the people did not have changes of clothing did not have soap and were unfamiliar with the care of such clothes so the unwashed clothing caused skin diseases There were also reports of men wearing the shorts as hats and the women using the dresses as carrying bags 62 Cuisine Edit Sago is a typical Papuan food The native Papuan food usually consists of roasted boar with Tubers such as sweet potato The staple food of Papua and eastern Indonesia in general is sago as the counterpart of central and western Indonesian cuisines that favour rice as their staple food 63 In Papua pig roast which consists of pork and yams are roasted in heated stones placed in a hole dug in the ground and covered with leaves this cooking method is called bakar batu burning the stone and it is an important cultural and social event among Papuan people 64 In some Papuan communities who are Muslim or when welcoming Muslim guests pork can be replaced with chicken or beef or mutton or can be cooked separately with pork This is for example practiced by the Walesi and Meteo communities in Jayawijaya Regency to welcome the holy month of Ramadan 65 In the inland regions Sago worms are usually served as a type of snack dish 66 67 Sago worms come from sago trunks which are cut and left to rot The rotting stems cause the worms to come out The shape of the sago worms varies ranging from the smallest to the largest size of an adult s thumb These sago caterpillars are usually eaten alive or cooked beforehand such as stir frying cooking frying and then skewered But over time the people of Papua used to process these sago caterpillars into sago caterpillar satay To make satay from this sago caterpillar the method is no different from making satay in general namely on skewers with a skewer and grilled over hot coals 68 Udang selingkuh is a type of prawn dish native to Wamena and the surrounding area Udang selingkuh is usually served grilled with minimal seasoning which is only salt The slightly sweet natural taste of this animal makes it quite salty The serving of Udang selingkuh is usually accompanied by warm rice and papaya or kale It is usually also served with the colo colo sambal combination which has a spicy sweet taste 69 Religion Edit This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it January 2023 Religion in Highland Papua 2022 Protestantism 90 29 Roman Catholicism 7 61 Islam 1 92 Folk religion 0 15 Others 0 3 See also Edit New Guinea portalPapua Central Papua South Papua West PapuaReferences Edit Subagyo Triono 2022 11 11 Mendagri lantik tiga pj gubernur DOB Papua ANTARA News Lampung in Indonesian Retrieved 2022 11 11 a b Badan Informasi Geospasial estimate as cited in Kepmendagri No 100 1 1 6117 Year 2022 a b c Badan Pusat Statistik Jakarta 2023 a b La Pago in Indonesian Jakarta Badan Penghubung Daerah Provinsi Papua Republik Indonesia Regional Liaison Agency of Papua Republic of Indonesia July 2022 dead link Visualisasi Data Kependudukan Kementerian Dalam Negeri 2022 Visual www dukcapil kemendagri go id in Indonesian Retrieved 31 July 2022 Akbar Nawir Arsyad 30 June 2022 raharjo Agus ed Knock DPR Approves Three Papuan Provinces Bills Become Laws Republika in Indonesian Retrieved 30 June 2022 a b Prayoga Fadel 2022 06 23 DPR Sahkan 3 RUU DOB Papua Menjadi Undang undang KOMPAS tv in Indonesian Retrieved 2022 07 03 a b c Saberia Saberia Yamin Ade Rasyid Ramlah A Sinaga Rosmaida 2013 Komunitas Islam di Lembah Baliem Kabupaten Jayawijaya Jayapura Balai Pelestarian Nilai Budaya Papua ISBN 9786021228043 Firdausi Fadrik Aziz 2020 09 02 Ahsan Ivan Aulia Teguh Irfan eds Jejak Albertus Lorentz dalam Perlombaan Merambah Rimba Papua tirto id in Indonesian Retrieved 2022 07 05 The Central New Guinea Expedition 1920 1921 papua insects nl Papua Insects Foundation 2010 01 27 Neary Lynn 2011 04 26 A WWII Survival Epic Unfolds Deep In Shangri La npr org Retrieved 2022 07 05 Profil Kabupaten Jayawijaya papua go id Pemerintah Provinsi Papua Archived from the original on 2022 07 01 Sneep Jan 2005 Einde van het stenen tijdperk bestuursambtenaar in het witte hart van Nieuw Guinea Rozenberg Publishers ISBN 9789051709278 Kabupaten Pegunungan Bintang papua go id Pemerintah Provinsi Papua Archived from the original on 2020 06 09 Retrieved 2022 08 07 UU no 12 tahun 1969 in Indonesian Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nathaniel Felix 2020 01 08 Penyanderaan Mapenduma Mengerek Pamor Prabowo dan Kelly Kwalik tirto id in Indonesian Retrieved 2022 07 06 Praditya Ilyas Istianur 2018 12 04 31 Pekerja Trans Papua Dibunuh Kelompok Bersenjata Istaka Karya Berduka www liputan6 com in Indonesian Retrieved 2022 07 06 Blades Johnny 2021 10 28 West Papuans flee from conflict into remote PNG area Radio New Zealand Retrieved 2022 09 19 Anugrahady Ady 2021 09 16 Dua Nakes Hilang Usai Pembakaran Puskesmas oleh KKB Papua di ditemukan Satu Meninggal Dunia www liputan6 com in Indonesian Retrieved 2022 07 06 Yusron Fahmi 2021 12 06 Gedung SMAN 1 Oksibil Dibakar Pelaku Diduga Kelompok Pimpinan Lamek Taplo www liputan6 com in Indonesian Retrieved 2022 07 06 Habibie Nur 2021 07 09 Situasi di Yalimo Papua Mulai Kondisif usai Pembakaran Kantor Pemerintah Liputan6 com in Indonesian Retrieved 2022 10 31 10 Warga Minang Meninggal Dunia Korban Kerusuhan di Wamena JPNN com 2019 09 25 Retrieved 2022 10 31 Bentrok Suku Lanny Jaya dan Nduga Dua SSK Prajurit TNI Disiagakan CNN Indonesia 2022 01 10 Retrieved 2022 10 31 Kusuma Fransisca FKR Pegunungan Bintang Minta Pemerintah Tetapkan Pegubin Tetap Bersama Provinsi Papua Portal Papua portalpapua pikiran rakyat com in Indonesian Retrieved 2022 07 03 a b Rewapatara Hendrik Rikarsyo 25 June 2022 Tambunan Paul Manahara ed Bupati Pegubin Tolak Gabung ke Dua Provinsi Baru di Papua Papua Tribunnews a b Kahipdana Ap Octoviaen Gerald B 2020 07 08 Marten Timotius ed Papua Perlu Menjadi 8 Wilayah Adat 2 2 I Papua Tanah Papua No 1 News Portal Retrieved 2022 07 06 3 Wilayah DOB Masih Belum Tuntas Pegubin Ditolak Papua Selatan dan Pegunungan Berita Papua dan Papua Barat Terkini Berita Papua in Indonesian 2022 06 27 Retrieved 2022 07 04 Tyas Maria Novena Cahyaning ed 1 July 2022 Warga Pegunungan Bintang Ingin Tetap Berada di Provinsi Papua Ancam Gabung ke PNG Jika Tak Didengar Papua Barat Tribunnews Gunmen kill 10 traders in Indonesia s restive Papua The Hindu 2022 07 16 ISSN 0971 751X Retrieved 2022 10 26 Kurniawan Haris 2022 09 08 Kurniawan Haris ed Jelang Peresmian Provinsi Papua Pegunungan Kemendagri Terjunkan Tim Pengawalan DOB Merdeka com in Indonesian Plang Nama Kantor Gubernur Papua Pegunungan Akhirnya Terpasang Cenderawasih Pos 2022 09 07 Retrieved 2022 10 31 Aithosa dan Mall Wamena Direkomendasikan Cenderawasih Pos 2022 07 27 Retrieved 2022 10 31 Polisi Amankan 9 Mahasiswa yang Merusak Papan Nama Kantor Gubernur Provinsi Papua Pegunungan Tribrata News Polri 2022 09 07 Retrieved 2022 10 31 Pembentukan Daerah Daerah Otonom di Indonesia s d Tahun 2014 PDF Ministry of Home Affairs Archived from the original PDF on 12 July 2019 Retrieved 22 February 2020 Farisa Fitria Chusna ed 2022 04 08 Mengenal Wilayah Adat Ha Anim Meepago dan Lapago yang Diusulkan Jadi Nama Provinsi Baru di Papua Halaman all KOMPAS com in Indonesian Jakarta Kompas Cyber Media Retrieved 2022 07 03 Badan Pusat Statistik Jakarta 2021 Badan Pusat Statistik Jakarta 2022 Kabupaten Jayawijaya Dalam Angka 2023 Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Jayawijaya 2023 02 28 Retrieved 2023 04 05 Kabupaten Lanny Jaya Dalam Angka 2023 Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Lanny Jaya 2023 02 28 Retrieved 2023 04 05 Kabupaten Mamberamo Tengah Dalam Angka 2023 Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Mamberamo Tengah 2023 02 28 Retrieved 2023 04 05 Kabupaten Nduga Dalam Angka 2023 Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Nduga 2023 02 28 Retrieved 2023 04 05 Kabupaten Pegunungan Bintang Dalam Angka 2023 Badan Pusat Statistik 2023 02 28 Retrieved 2023 04 05 Kabupaten Tolikara Dalam Angka 2023 Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Tolikara 2023 02 28 Retrieved 2023 04 05 Kabupaten Yahukimo Dalam Angka 2023 Badan Pusat Statistik 2023 02 28 Retrieved 2023 04 05 Kabupaten Yalimo Dalam Angka 2023 Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Yalimo 2023 02 28 Retrieved 2023 04 05 Kustiani Rini ed 2020 11 25 Wisata Trekking di Lembah Baliem Papua Tak Bisa Menghitung Jarak dengan Meter Tempo co in Indonesian Retrieved 2022 10 31 Suyanto Bagong 2 November 2011 Jati Diri Papua Halaman all KOMPAS com in Indonesian Kompas Cyber Media Retrieved 4 March 2021 a b c Umami Okta Tri 5 May 2018 8 Budaya dan Tradisi Papua yang Paling Unik dan Menarik keluyuran com in Indonesian Retrieved 4 March 2021 Muslim Abu October 2019 The Harmony Taste Of Bakar Batu Tradition On Papua Land Heritage of Nusantara International Journal of Religious Literature and Heritage Balai Litbang Agama Makassar 8 100 doi 10 31291 hn v8i1 545 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint date and year link Gema Tarian Perang Papua di Festival Lembah Baliem gaya hidup in Indonesian Jakarta CNN Indonesia 2 August 2018 Retrieved 4 March 2021 a b c Welianto Ari 17 January 2021 Honai Rumah Adat Provinsi Papua Halaman all KOMPAS com in Indonesian Kompas Cyber Media Retrieved 4 March 2021 a b c d e f g Syukur Abdul Tachier A Djusmin Achmad Sipatu Apollos 1992 Senjata Tradisional Propinsi Irian Jaya PDF Kemdikbud pp 26 68 Retrieved 2021 11 03 Pikon Alat Musik Tradisional Dari Papua Retrieved 4 March 2021 Menikmati Suara Santai Alat Musik Pikon Indonesia Kaya Retrieved 4 March 2021 Hermawan Widi 12 July 2019 Pikon Alat Musik Khas Nusantara Tribun Video in Indonesian Retrieved 4 March 2021 Bestari Fardi 12 April 2018 Melihat Alat Musik Tradisional Pikon dari Wamena Papua Tempo in Indonesian Retrieved 4 March 2021 Noken multifunctional knotted or woven bag handcraft of the people of Papua Inscribed in 2012 7 COM on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding UNESCO Retrieved 10 October 2014 Somba Nethy Dharma 5 February 2009 Papuans in remote areas prefer noken to ballot box The Jakarta Post Retrieved 15 March 2013 Andi Hajramurni Nethy Dharma Somba 22 January 2013 S Sulawesi set for vote Papua rules on noken The Jakarta Post Retrieved 15 March 2013 Welianto Ari 19 February 2021 Koteka dan Rok Rumbai Pakaian Adat Papua Halaman all KOMPAS com in Indonesian Kompas Cyber Media Retrieved 4 March 2021 Papuan activists wear koteka to court despite ban The Jakarta Post Retrieved 4 March 2021 Cover up modernization programs in Irian Jaya province in Indonesia The Economist US 29 July 1995 Archived from the original on 5 November 2012 Santoso Agung Budi 10 December 2013 Gultom Hasiolan Eko ed Papeda Makanan Sehat Khas Papua Tribunnews com in Indonesian Retrieved 4 March 2021 Pesta Bakar Batu Wisata Papua in Indonesian 9 November 2010 Retrieved 4 March 2021 Siagian Wilpret Bakar Batu Tradisi Muslim Papua Sambut Bulan Suci Ramadan detiknews in Indonesian Jayapura detikcom Retrieved 4 March 2021 Farhan Afif Mengapa Orang Papua Makan Ulat Sagu detikTravel in Indonesian Jayapura detikcom Retrieved 4 March 2021 Alfarizi Moh Khory 24 December 2019 Prima Erwin ed Ulat Sagu Jadi Kuliner Favorit Sejak Masa Prasejarah di Papua Tempo in Indonesian Retrieved 5 March 2021 Fitria Riska 5 Fakta Ulat Sagu Kuliner Ekstrem yang Kaya Nutrisi detikfood in Indonesian Jakarta detikcom Retrieved 4 March 2021 Raini Asnida 19 August 2019 Udang Selingkuh yang Hanya Ada di Papua liputan6 com in Indonesian Jakarta Liputan6 com Retrieved 4 March 2021 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Highland Papua amp oldid 1162123771, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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