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Takamagahara

October 17, 2023

For the asteroid, see 10831 Takamagahara.

In Japanese mythology, Takamagahara (高天原, "Plane of High Heaven" or "High Plane of Heaven", also read as Takaamanohara, Takamanohara, Takaamagahara, or Takaamahara), is the abode of the heavenly gods (amatsukami). Often depicted as located up in the sky, it is believed to be connected to the Earth by the bridge Ame-no-ukihashi (the "Floating Bridge of Heaven").

Overview Edit

In Shinto, ame (heaven) is a lofty, sacred world, the home of the Kotoamatsukami. Some scholars have attempted to explain the myth of descent of the gods from the Takamagahara as an allegory of the migration of peoples. However, it is likely to have referred from the beginning to a higher world in a religious sense. A Shinto myth explains that at the time of creation, light, pure elements branched off to become heaven (ame). Heavy, turbid elements branched off to become earth (tsuchi). Ame became the home of the amatsukami or gods of heaven, while tsuchi became the home of kunitsukami or gods of the land. The amatsukami are said to have descended from heaven to pacify and perfect this world.[1]

According to the Kojiki Edit

In the beginning of the Kojiki (Records of Ancient Matters), Takamagahara is mentioned as the birthplace of the gods.[2][3][4][5] It is assumed that Takamagahara existed in clouds above sea because there is a scene in which Kuniumi (国生み), the god of islands, lowers his spear to form an island. Also, when the Goddess of the sun, Amaterasu (天照大御神) was born, she was commanded to rule Takamagahara by Izanagi (伊弉諾), the creator deity of creation and life.[6][7][8] In the part related to Susanoo (スサノヲ, the brother of Amaterasu), Takamagahara is described as the place where many gods live with Ama-no-yasukawa (天の安河), Ama-no-iwato (天岩戸), paddy fields, and a place for weaving, giving an impression that life was close to the human world.[9][10] It is stated that the Ashihara-no-Nakatsukuni (葦原の中つ国, the world between Heaven and Hell) was subjugated by the gods from Takamagahara, and the grandson of Amaterasu, Ninigi-no-Mikoto (瓊瓊杵尊), descended from Takamagahara to rule the area. From then on, the emperor, a descendant of Ninigi-no-Mikoto owned Ashihara-no-Nakatsukuni.[11][12]

 
Amaterasu, the Goddess of the sun and the universe.
 
A page from the Shinpukuji manuscript of the Kojiki

According to the other chronicles Edit

In the Nihon Shoki (日本書紀, The Chronicles of Japan), there is almost no mention of Takamagahara in the text. It appears only in the fourth book of the first stage of Jindaiki (神代記) and part of the posthumous name which was given to Empress Jito in the fourth year of Yoro era (720).[7][13][12]

In contrast, in the Fudoki (風土記, ancient reports on provincial culture and oral tradition) written in Nara period (710-794), the word Takamagahara appears only at the beginning of Hitachi-no-Kuni-Fudoki (常陸の国風土記).[5][6]

Similarly, in the main text of Kogo Shui (古語拾遺), a historical record written in the early Heian period (794-1185), Takamagahara is mentioned only in the section of Ninigi-no-Mikoto.[14][15]

In modern times, Takamagahara was described as the “supreme celestial sphere” (至美天球) in Tales of the Spirit World (霊界物語) by Onisaburo Deguchi.[16] The “supreme celestial sphere” is illustrated as a spiritual world of pure light in the radiant universe.[17]

Theories about the location Edit

There have been many theories about the location of Takamagahara. Theories differ greatly depending on how the mythology in the Kojiki is interpreted.

1. The Celestial Theory Edit

According to the Celestial Theory, the gods must be in the heavens or the universe above the heavens since high heavens are the dwelling place of the gods.[2][5] This conceptual view is represented by Norinaga Motoori’s theory; he believed it was disrespectful to gods and emperors to consider other theories.[18] This idea was the mainstream view before World War II because of its strong connection with the emperor-centered historiography.[12]

2. The Terrestrial Theory Edit

The Terrestrial theory suggests that mythology always contains some historical fact, and thus Takamagahara must also reflect what existed. This theory was first represented by Hakuseki Arai, a confucianist during middle of the Edo period. Specifically, he stated that Takamagahara was located in Taga County, Hitachi Province (常陸国).[18][4] Also, some people believe Takamagahara existed, but outside of Japan; one of the most popular such theories locates it at Gangwon, South Korea.  A chief proponent was the World War II war criminal, General Kanji Ishiwara.[19]

3. Kyushu-Yamatai-koku Theory Edit

The theory is that any of the candidate sites for the Yamatai-koku such as Yamamoto Country, Mii Country, Yamato Country, and Yasu Country in the Chikugo River basin.[20] Some people specifically believe that Mii Country is the Takamagahara and Nakoku is the Ashihara-no-Nakatsukuni.[21]

4. The Artificiality Theory Edit

 
A page from the Nihon Shoki

The theory is that wondering about location of Takamagahara is meaningless since myths are made up. A theory presented by Banto Yamagata, a scholar of Confucianism from the late Edo period is a typical example of it, and he argues that the Jindai period (神代, Age of the Gods) in the Kojiki was a fiction created by later generations.[4] A historian in 20th century, Sokichi Tsuda’s view of history, which has become mainstream after the World War II, is based on his idea. Many scholars today also believe that the mythology of Takamagahara in Kojiki was created by the ruling class to make people believe that the class was precious because they originated in the heavenly realm.[22][23]

Takamagahara in Japan Edit

 
A drawing of a shrine from Sangoku Meisho Zue

Takaharu-cho, Miyazaki Prefecture Edit

The town of Takaharu, with Takachiho Mountain rising behind it, has long been recognized as the place of Ninigi-no-Mikoto’s descent. In the Sangoku Meisho Zue (三国名勝図会), a chronicle written by Satsuma Domain at the end of the Edo period, it is written that the name of this area, Takaharu (高原), is an abbreviation of Takamagahara (高天原) and the area was the capital of Japan during ancient times.[24][25] The chronicle also states that it is the reason why there are other local areas with similar names such as Miyakojima (都島) and Takajo (高城).[26]

As a proof of this record, Amano-Sakahoko (天逆鉾), the spear of gods, can be found at the top of the mountain. It is presumed that the spear was placed around the Edo period, but the details are still unknown.[27] The town of Takaharu is also known as the birthplace of Emperor Jimmu. The main evidence is that Emperor Jimmu’s infant name, “Sano-no-Mikoto”, in the Nihon Shoki refers to the Sano area of the town.[28] However, there is no detailed explanation about it, and the current description of Emperor Jimmu is largely based on Sangoku Meisho Zue (三国名勝図絵). According to the chronicle, Emperor Jimmu lived here until his expedition to the east.[29]

Takachiho-cho, Miyazaki Prefecture Edit

The town of Takachiho is located at the Northern part of Miyazaki prefecture. Ama-no-Iwato, Mount Amanokagu, and Shiioji Peaks can be found in this area. Takachiho Shrine is known for its specific type of Shinto ritual ceremonial dance called Yoru-Kagura, which is said to have originated from a dance performed by Ame-no-Uzume.[30][31]

Soyo, Yamato-cho, Kumamoto Prefecture Edit

Hinomiya-Heitate shrine, which calls itself the birthplace of the Takamagahara mythology, is at Soyo, Kumamoto. Shintai, the sacred body of the kami, is a stone slab carved with two types of Jindai characters, and the characters “Asohi-no-okami (アソヒノオオミカミ)” and “Hifumi (日文)” are engraved on the front and back of the slab.[32] The shrine’s name “Heitate” means Himorogi, a sacred place or an altar, and it is said that this is the sacred place where the gods descended in ancient times.[33][34]

Takama, Gose-shi, Nara Prefecture Edit

 
Mount Kongō viewed from Mount Yamato Katsuragi

Takama is located on a plateau at the foot of Mount Kongo in Gose-shi, Nara Prefecture. The region’s old name is Katsuragi (葛城), and Mount Kongo was called Mount Takamagahara in ancient times.[35] The Takamahiko Shrine is located at east side of Mount Kongo, and the area around the shrine is a traditional place where the gods of the heavens lived (Matsumura, 2014). The shrine is rated as the highest in the Engishiki (延喜式, Procedures of the Engi Era), and its shintai (神体, body of the kami) is a mountain located behind the shrine.[36] Kagero Nikki (蜻蛉日記), a classical waka, indicates that Amano-iwato was at Mount Katsuragi. Since this poem was written around 974, it shows that this understanding dates back to at least the Heian Period (794-1185).[37] Similarly, Sanryu-syo(三流抄), the classical waka poem written in Kamakura period (1185-1333), describes the location of Takamagahara as Mount Katsuragi.[38] Until new Hitachi Province theory was proposed by Hakuseki Arai in Edo period, this area was considered to be the location of Takamagahara. The stone monument of Takamagahara is in the parking lot of a temple in this area.[39][4]

Iruzen, Maniwa City, Okayama Prefecture Edit

Kayabe Shrine, Amano-Iwato, and Amano-Ukihashi are in the area of Hiruzen.[40][41]

Oinuana, Ueno Village, Gunma Prefecture Edit

The place was traditionally known as a small cave, but it was discovered to be much longer and deeper in 1929. The cave was named after what was believed to be the dwelling place of the Yamainu. Some places inside have been named as Takamagahara and Ama-no-Yasugawara.[42][43]

Taga County, Ibaraki Prefecture Edit

According to the theory proposed by Hakusei Arai, kanji in ancient times were representing pronunciation of the Japanese language, and the original meaning of the kanji does not match the meaning of the words they are describing. Therefore, the words expressed from them only explained pronunciation not the actual meanings.[44] In Koshitsu (古史通), Hakuseki interpreted Takamagahara in hiragana instead of kanji and compared it to Taga Country in Hitachi Province.[45] Also, he suggests that places called “Takaama-no-Ura” and “Takaama-no-Hara” in Hitachi Province are originated from Takamagahara.[46][4]

Iki, Nagasaki Edit

The names of places such as “Amagahara (天ヶ原)” and “Takanohara (高野原)” still remain, and they are considered as “Heavenly Territory (天国領域)” according to the Kyushu-Yamatai-Koku theory.[47][48]

Takamagahara in South Korea Edit

Goryeong Country, North Gueongsang Province, South Korea Edit

 
Location of Gyeongsangbuk-do in South Korea

The Korean Peninsula theory was sometimes advocated mainly by amateur Korean researchers after World War II. Initially, Chuncheon City at Gangwon-do was considered to be the location of Takamagahara in South Korea because of certain lyrics from Komagaku, a type of traditional Japanese court music.[49][50]

However, in the 1990s, the chancellor of the Kaya University proposed a new theory called Goryeong County theory. He believes that the name of Mount Sori from Takamagahara mythology came from the capital city of South Korea, Seoul, and therefore Goryeong County is the correct location of it. In 1999, stone monument of Takamagahara (고천원고지비) was raised in the Kaya University.[51]

References Edit

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See also Edit

October 17, 2023
takamagahara, asteroid, 10831, japanese, mythology, 高天原, plane, high, heaven, high, plane, heaven, also, read, takaamanohara, takamanohara, takaamagahara, takaamahara, abode, heavenly, gods, amatsukami, often, depicted, located, believed, connected, earth, bri. For the asteroid see 10831 Takamagahara In Japanese mythology Takamagahara 高天原 Plane of High Heaven or High Plane of Heaven also read as Takaamanohara Takamanohara Takaamagahara or Takaamahara is the abode of the heavenly gods amatsukami Often depicted as located up in the sky it is believed to be connected to the Earth by the bridge Ame no ukihashi the Floating Bridge of Heaven Contents 1 Overview 2 According to the Kojiki 3 According to the other chronicles 4 Theories about the location 4 1 1 The Celestial Theory 4 2 2 The Terrestrial Theory 4 3 3 Kyushu Yamatai koku Theory 4 4 4 The Artificiality Theory 5 Takamagahara in Japan 5 1 Takaharu cho Miyazaki Prefecture 5 2 Takachiho cho Miyazaki Prefecture 5 3 Soyo Yamato cho Kumamoto Prefecture 5 4 Takama Gose shi Nara Prefecture 5 5 Iruzen Maniwa City Okayama Prefecture 5 6 Oinuana Ueno Village Gunma Prefecture 5 7 Taga County Ibaraki Prefecture 5 8 Iki Nagasaki 6 Takamagahara in South Korea 6 1 Goryeong Country North Gueongsang Province South Korea 7 References 8 See alsoOverview EditIn Shinto ame heaven is a lofty sacred world the home of the Kotoamatsukami Some scholars have attempted to explain the myth of descent of the gods from the Takamagahara as an allegory of the migration of peoples However it is likely to have referred from the beginning to a higher world in a religious sense A Shinto myth explains that at the time of creation light pure elements branched off to become heaven ame Heavy turbid elements branched off to become earth tsuchi Ame became the home of the amatsukami or gods of heaven while tsuchi became the home of kunitsukami or gods of the land The amatsukami are said to have descended from heaven to pacify and perfect this world 1 According to the Kojiki EditIn the beginning of the Kojiki Records of Ancient Matters Takamagahara is mentioned as the birthplace of the gods 2 3 4 5 It is assumed that Takamagahara existed in clouds above sea because there is a scene in which Kuniumi 国生み the god of islands lowers his spear to form an island Also when the Goddess of the sun Amaterasu 天照大御神 was born she was commanded to rule Takamagahara by Izanagi 伊弉諾 the creator deity of creation and life 6 7 8 In the part related to Susanoo スサノヲ the brother of Amaterasu Takamagahara is described as the place where many gods live with Ama no yasukawa 天の安河 Ama no iwato 天岩戸 paddy fields and a place for weaving giving an impression that life was close to the human world 9 10 It is stated that the Ashihara no Nakatsukuni 葦原の中つ国 the world between Heaven and Hell was subjugated by the gods from Takamagahara and the grandson of Amaterasu Ninigi no Mikoto 瓊瓊杵尊 descended from Takamagahara to rule the area From then on the emperor a descendant of Ninigi no Mikoto owned Ashihara no Nakatsukuni 11 12 nbsp Amaterasu the Goddess of the sun and the universe nbsp A page from the Shinpukuji manuscript of the KojikiAccording to the other chronicles EditIn the Nihon Shoki 日本書紀 The Chronicles of Japan there is almost no mention of Takamagahara in the text It appears only in the fourth book of the first stage of Jindaiki 神代記 and part of the posthumous name which was given to Empress Jito in the fourth year of Yoro era 720 7 13 12 In contrast in the Fudoki 風土記 ancient reports on provincial culture and oral tradition written in Nara period 710 794 the word Takamagahara appears only at the beginning of Hitachi no Kuni Fudoki 常陸の国風土記 5 6 Similarly in the main text of Kogo Shui 古語拾遺 a historical record written in the early Heian period 794 1185 Takamagahara is mentioned only in the section of Ninigi no Mikoto 14 15 In modern times Takamagahara was described as the supreme celestial sphere 至美天球 in Tales of the Spirit World 霊界物語 by Onisaburo Deguchi 16 The supreme celestial sphere is illustrated as a spiritual world of pure light in the radiant universe 17 Theories about the location EditThere have been many theories about the location of Takamagahara Theories differ greatly depending on how the mythology in the Kojiki is interpreted 1 The Celestial Theory Edit According to the Celestial Theory the gods must be in the heavens or the universe above the heavens since high heavens are the dwelling place of the gods 2 5 This conceptual view is represented by Norinaga Motoori s theory he believed it was disrespectful to gods and emperors to consider other theories 18 This idea was the mainstream view before World War II because of its strong connection with the emperor centered historiography 12 2 The Terrestrial Theory Edit The Terrestrial theory suggests that mythology always contains some historical fact and thus Takamagahara must also reflect what existed This theory was first represented by Hakuseki Arai a confucianist during middle of the Edo period Specifically he stated that Takamagahara was located in Taga County Hitachi Province 常陸国 18 4 Also some people believe Takamagahara existed but outside of Japan one of the most popular such theories locates it at Gangwon South Korea A chief proponent was the World War II war criminal General Kanji Ishiwara 19 3 Kyushu Yamatai koku Theory Edit The theory is that any of the candidate sites for the Yamatai koku such as Yamamoto Country Mii Country Yamato Country and Yasu Country in the Chikugo River basin 20 Some people specifically believe that Mii Country is the Takamagahara and Nakoku is the Ashihara no Nakatsukuni 21 4 The Artificiality Theory Edit nbsp A page from the Nihon ShokiThe theory is that wondering about location of Takamagahara is meaningless since myths are made up A theory presented by Banto Yamagata a scholar of Confucianism from the late Edo period is a typical example of it and he argues that the Jindai period 神代 Age of the Gods in the Kojiki was a fiction created by later generations 4 A historian in 20th century Sokichi Tsuda s view of history which has become mainstream after the World War II is based on his idea Many scholars today also believe that the mythology of Takamagahara in Kojiki was created by the ruling class to make people believe that the class was precious because they originated in the heavenly realm 22 23 Takamagahara in Japan Edit nbsp A drawing of a shrine from Sangoku Meisho ZueTakaharu cho Miyazaki Prefecture Edit The town of Takaharu with Takachiho Mountain rising behind it has long been recognized as the place of Ninigi no Mikoto s descent In the Sangoku Meisho Zue 三国名勝図会 a chronicle written by Satsuma Domain at the end of the Edo period it is written that the name of this area Takaharu 高原 is an abbreviation of Takamagahara 高天原 and the area was the capital of Japan during ancient times 24 25 The chronicle also states that it is the reason why there are other local areas with similar names such as Miyakojima 都島 and Takajo 高城 26 As a proof of this record Amano Sakahoko 天逆鉾 the spear of gods can be found at the top of the mountain It is presumed that the spear was placed around the Edo period but the details are still unknown 27 The town of Takaharu is also known as the birthplace of Emperor Jimmu The main evidence is that Emperor Jimmu s infant name Sano no Mikoto in the Nihon Shoki refers to the Sano area of the town 28 However there is no detailed explanation about it and the current description of Emperor Jimmu is largely based on Sangoku Meisho Zue 三国名勝図絵 According to the chronicle Emperor Jimmu lived here until his expedition to the east 29 Takachiho cho Miyazaki Prefecture Edit The town of Takachiho is located at the Northern part of Miyazaki prefecture Ama no Iwato Mount Amanokagu and Shiioji Peaks can be found in this area Takachiho Shrine is known for its specific type of Shinto ritual ceremonial dance called Yoru Kagura which is said to have originated from a dance performed by Ame no Uzume 30 31 Soyo Yamato cho Kumamoto Prefecture Edit Hinomiya Heitate shrine which calls itself the birthplace of the Takamagahara mythology is at Soyo Kumamoto Shintai the sacred body of the kami is a stone slab carved with two types of Jindai characters and the characters Asohi no okami アソヒノオオミカミ and Hifumi 日文 are engraved on the front and back of the slab 32 The shrine s name Heitate means Himorogi a sacred place or an altar and it is said that this is the sacred place where the gods descended in ancient times 33 34 Takama Gose shi Nara Prefecture Edit nbsp Mount Kongō viewed from Mount Yamato KatsuragiTakama is located on a plateau at the foot of Mount Kongo in Gose shi Nara Prefecture The region s old name is Katsuragi 葛城 and Mount Kongo was called Mount Takamagahara in ancient times 35 The Takamahiko Shrine is located at east side of Mount Kongo and the area around the shrine is a traditional place where the gods of the heavens lived Matsumura 2014 The shrine is rated as the highest in the Engishiki 延喜式 Procedures of the Engi Era and its shintai 神体 body of the kami is a mountain located behind the shrine 36 Kagero Nikki 蜻蛉日記 a classical waka indicates that Amano iwato was at Mount Katsuragi Since this poem was written around 974 it shows that this understanding dates back to at least the Heian Period 794 1185 37 Similarly Sanryu syo 三流抄 the classical waka poem written in Kamakura period 1185 1333 describes the location of Takamagahara as Mount Katsuragi 38 Until new Hitachi Province theory was proposed by Hakuseki Arai in Edo period this area was considered to be the location of Takamagahara The stone monument of Takamagahara is in the parking lot of a temple in this area 39 4 Iruzen Maniwa City Okayama Prefecture Edit Kayabe Shrine Amano Iwato and Amano Ukihashi are in the area of Hiruzen 40 41 Oinuana Ueno Village Gunma Prefecture Edit The place was traditionally known as a small cave but it was discovered to be much longer and deeper in 1929 The cave was named after what was believed to be the dwelling place of the Yamainu Some places inside have been named as Takamagahara and Ama no Yasugawara 42 43 Taga County Ibaraki Prefecture Edit According to the theory proposed by Hakusei Arai kanji in ancient times were representing pronunciation of the Japanese language and the original meaning of the kanji does not match the meaning of the words they are describing Therefore the words expressed from them only explained pronunciation not the actual meanings 44 In Koshitsu 古史通 Hakuseki interpreted Takamagahara in hiragana instead of kanji and compared it to Taga Country in Hitachi Province 45 Also he suggests that places called Takaama no Ura and Takaama no Hara in Hitachi Province are originated from Takamagahara 46 4 Iki Nagasaki Edit The names of places such as Amagahara 天ヶ原 and Takanohara 高野原 still remain and they are considered as Heavenly Territory 天国領域 according to the Kyushu Yamatai Koku theory 47 48 Takamagahara in South Korea EditGoryeong Country North Gueongsang Province South Korea Edit nbsp Location of Gyeongsangbuk do in South KoreaThe Korean Peninsula theory was sometimes advocated mainly by amateur Korean researchers after World War II Initially Chuncheon City at Gangwon do was considered to be the location of Takamagahara in South Korea because of certain lyrics from Komagaku a type of traditional Japanese court music 49 50 However in the 1990s the chancellor of the Kaya University proposed a new theory called Goryeong County theory He believes that the name of Mount Sori from Takamagahara mythology came from the capital city of South Korea Seoul and therefore Goryeong County is the correct location of it In 1999 stone monument of Takamagahara 고천원고지비 was raised in the Kaya University 51 References Edit Basic Terms of Shinto Kokugakuin University Tokyo 1985 p 2 a b Ishibashi T Dumoulin H January 1940 Yuiitsu Shinto Myobo Yoshu Lehrabriss des Yuiitsu Shinto Monumenta Nipponica 3 1 182 doi 10 2307 2382411 ISSN 0027 0741 JSTOR 2382411 Chaudhuri Saroj Kumar 2003 Hindu gods and goddesses in Japan New Delhi Vedams eBooks P Ltd ISBN 81 7936 009 1 OCLC 54072517 a b c d e Tanaka Stefan Brownlee John S Mehl Margaret 1999 Japanese Historians and the National Myths 1600 1945 The Age of the Gods and Emperor Jinmu Journal of Japanese Studies 25 2 406 doi 10 2307 133327 ISSN 0095 6848 JSTOR 133327 a b c Matsunaga Alicia Orloff 1966 The Land of Natural Affirmation Pre Buddhist Japan Monumenta Nipponica 21 1 2 203 209 doi 10 2307 2383411 ISSN 0027 0741 JSTOR 2383411 a b Nanzan guide to Japanese religions 2006 04 01 a b 田村 圓澄 1971 天孫降臨説話と中臣 藤原氏 九大コレクション 九州大学附属図書館 史淵 in Japanese 103 doi 10 15017 2236684 hdl 2324 2236684 国生み 神社本庁 www jinjahoncho or jp Retrieved 2020 11 27 Kirkland Russell 2010 Taoist Political Thought Encyclopedia of Political Theory Thousand Oaks CA SAGE Publications Inc doi 10 4135 9781412958660 n442 ISBN 978 1 4129 5865 3 Sheets William J 2017 Mythology in 21st Century Japan A Study of Ame no Uzume no Mikoto OhioLINK Hardacre Helen 1949 2017 Shinto a history New York ISBN 978 0 19 062171 1 OCLC 947145263 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b c Isomae Jun ichi 2000 05 01 Reappropriating the Japanese Myths Motoori Norinaga and the Creation Myths of the Kojiki and Nihon shoki Japanese Journal of Religious Studies doi 10 18874 jjrs 27 1 2 2000 15 39 ISSN 0304 1042 Imagining Exile in Heian Japan University of Hawaii Press 2017 12 31 pp 17 42 doi 10 1515 9780824854973 003 ISBN 978 0 8248 5497 3 Naumann Nelly 1982 Sakahagi The Reverse Flaying of the Heavenly Piebald Horse Asian Folklore Studies 41 1 7 38 doi 10 2307 1178306 ISSN 0385 2342 JSTOR 1178306 Kanetomo Yoshida 1992 Yuiitsu Shinto Myobo Yoshu Monumenta Nipponica 47 2 137 161 doi 10 2307 2385235 ISSN 0027 0741 JSTOR 2385235 Prophet Motive University of Hawaii Press 2017 12 31 pp 20 44 doi 10 1515 9780824864040 003 ISBN 978 0 8248 6404 0 Young Richard Fox 1989 The Little Lad Deity and the Dragon Princess Jesus in a New World Renewal Movement Monumenta Nipponica 44 1 31 44 doi 10 2307 2384697 ISSN 0027 0741 JSTOR 2384697 a b Baskind James Bowring Richard 2016 01 01 The Myōtei Dialogues A Japanese Christian Critique of Native Traditions BRILL doi 10 1163 9789004307292 005 ISBN 978 90 04 30729 2 Godart G Clinton 2015 11 02 Nichirenism Utopianism and Modernity Rethinking Ishiwara Kanji s East Asia League Movement Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 42 2 doi 10 18874 jjrs 42 2 2015 235 274 ISSN 0304 1042 Before the Nation Duke University Press 2003 pp 271 282 doi 10 1215 9780822384908 012 ISBN 978 0 8223 3183 4 Nishitani Tadashi 2010 Newest circumstances on Yamataikoku Journal of the Japanese Association for Petroleum Technology 75 4 277 285 doi 10 3720 japt 75 277 ISSN 1881 4131 Joos Joel 2008 01 01 17 Memories Of A Liberal Liberalism Of Memory Tsuda Sōkichi And A Few Things He Forgot To Mention The Power of Memory in Modern Japan 291 307 doi 10 1163 ej 9781905246380 i 382 134 ISBN 9789004213203 Reader Ian 2003 Befu Harumi Oguma Eiji eds Identity Nihonjinron and Academic Dis honesty Monumenta Nipponica 58 1 103 116 ISSN 0027 0741 JSTOR 3096753 Takaharu Cho Official Website Retrieved 2020 11 22 高天原遥拝所 観光スポット 高千穂町観光協会 宮崎県 高千穂の観光 宿泊 イベント情報 takachiho kanko info Retrieved 2020 11 27 Kornicki P F Kracht Klaus 2001 Japanese Thought in the Tokugawa Era A Bibliography of Western Language Materials Monumenta Nipponica 56 3 437 doi 10 2307 3096806 ISSN 0027 0741 JSTOR 3096806 Yamamoto Hiroko 1946 山本ひろ子 1946 1998 Chusei shinwa Tōkyō Iwanami Shoten ISBN 4 00 430593 4 OCLC 41897511 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Lee Peter H 1978 Die Religionen Koreas review Korean Studies 2 1 193 199 doi 10 1353 ks 1978 0008 ISSN 1529 1529 S2CID 162289233 神武天皇伝承地 高原町観光協会 www takaharu tourism jp Retrieved 2020 11 27 高千穂町と日本神話 www komisen net Retrieved 2020 11 27 he Sacred Science of Ancient Japan Lost Chronicles of the Age of the Gods Bear amp Company 2014 高天原 たかまがはら 日の宮 幣立 へいたて 神宮について 公式 熊本県観光サイト もっと もーっと くまもっと in Japanese Retrieved 2020 11 27 Emoto Masaru 1943 2014 2004 Love thyself the message from Water III Carlsbad Calif Hay House ISBN 1 4019 0899 3 OCLC 60826467 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Harrison Philomene 1970 The Indian Mind Essentials of Indian Philosophy and Culture and The Chinese Mind Essentials of Chinese Philosophy and Culture and The Japanese Mind Essentials of Japanese Philosophy and Culture review Journal of the History of Philosophy 8 1 115 121 doi 10 1353 hph 2008 1620 ISSN 1538 4586 S2CID 147200446 高天ヶ原 御所市 www city gose nara jp Retrieved 2020 11 27 高天彦神社 御所市 www city gose nara jp Retrieved 2020 11 27 Hubbard Jamie Fu Charles Weihsun Heine Steven 1996 Japan in Traditional and Postmodern Perspectives Monumenta Nipponica 51 1 130 doi 10 2307 2385323 ISSN 0027 0741 JSTOR 2385323 Louis Frederic 1923 2002 Japan encyclopedia Roth Kathe Cambridge Mass Belknap Press of Harvard University Press ISBN 0 674 00770 0 OCLC 48943301 Nishioka Hideo Schenck W Egbert January 1937 An Outline of Theories concerning the Prehistoric People of Japan American Anthropologist 39 1 23 33 doi 10 1525 aa 1937 39 1 02a00030 ISSN 0002 7294 蒜山 高天原伝説 真庭観光WEB www maniwa or jp in Japanese Retrieved 2020 11 27 神代遺蹟考 松林堂書店 1928 上野村の文化財 芸能 伝説 上野村教育委員会 2001 郷土資料事典10 ゼンリン 1997 Metevelis Peter 1994 Shinto Shrines or Shinto Temples Asian Folklore Studies 53 2 337 345 doi 10 2307 1178650 ISSN 0385 2342 JSTOR 1178650 Ohnuki Tierney Emiko July 1991 The Emperor of Japan as Deity Kami Ethnology 30 3 199 215 doi 10 2307 3773631 ISSN 0014 1828 JSTOR 3773631 Levin Judith Judith N 1956 2008 Japanese mythology 1st ed New York Rosen Central ISBN 978 1 4042 0736 3 OCLC 62533824 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Ushinawareta kyushu ocho Furuta Takehiko 1926 2015 古田 武彦 1926 2015 朝日新聞社 February 1993 ISBN 4 02 260750 5 OCLC 675223694 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Mizoguchi Koji The Archaeology of Japan New York Cambridge University Press pp 326 334 doi 10 1017 cbo9781139034265 015 ISBN 978 1 139 03426 5 Seo Hyun seop 2006 An analysis of conflicting viwepoints on historical issues in Japan Korea relations 県立長崎シーボルト大学国際情報学部紀要 7 Yao Qiong 2015 Change and Changes to and Ways of Passing Down the Traditions of Ceremonial Rituals in ContemporargJapanese Society Focusing on Epidemic Elimination Ceremonial Rituals Originating with the SusanadMyth NDLデジタルコレクション 高天原 www miraikoso org Retrieved 2020 11 27 Ono Sokyo 1962 Shinto The Kami Way Tuttle Publishing ISBN 0 8048 3557 8 Guide in Takamagahara historic site Japanese Ono Sokyo 1992 Shinto The Kami Way Charles E Tuttle Company ISBN 0 8048 0525 3 Basic Terms of Shinto Kokugakuin University Institute for Japanese Culture and Classics Tokyo 1985 Kenkyusha s New Japanese English Dictionary Kenkyusha Limited Tokyo 1991 ISBN 4 7674 2015 6See also EditMount Takamagahara Nirai Kanai Ashihara no Nakatsukuni Yomi Ne no Kuni Tian Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Takamagahara amp oldid 1166449173, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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