"Tày" redirects here. For the language, see Tày language.
The Tày people, also known as the Thổ, T'o, Tai Tho, Ngan, Phen, Thu Lao, or Pa Di, are a Central Tai-speaking ethnic group who live in northern Vietnam. According to a 2009 census, there are 1.7 million Tày people living in Vietnam. This makes them the second largest ethnic group in Vietnam after the majority Kinh (Vietnamese) ethnic group. Most live in northern Vietnam in the Cao Bằng, Lạng Sơn, Bắc Kạn, Thái Nguyên, and Quảng Ninh provinces, along the valleys and the lower slopes of the mountains. They also live in some regions of the Bắc Ninh and Bắc Giang provinces. They inhabit fertile plains and are generally agriculturalists, mainly cultivating rice. They also cultivate maize, and sweet potato among other things.
Tày
Flag of Thô Autonomous Territory, used since 1947 to 1954.
The Tày were originally known as the Thổ people. Thổ is derived from Chinese tǔ (土), which means 'land' and 'local'. Although not inherently a pejorative it was often used as such in practice (cf. "bumpkin") in both Vietnam and China. Under the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, Thổ was deemed a pejorative and substituted with Tày.[5]
The Tày are closely related to the Nùng people and Zhuang people, who they are culturally and linguistically almost indistinguishable from. Although they are considered an indigenous group, portions of their population likely originated in China during the 11th and 12th centuries. However unlike the Nùng, they were more heavily Vietnamized due to their closer proximity to the Kinh and shared similar cultural practices with the Vietnamese such as lacquering their teeth black. By 1900 around 30% of their language was made of Vietnamese loan words.[5][6]
Tày customs were altered greatly due to Vietnamese and Confucian patriarchal structures, however some customs persisted. Polygamy with multiple equal wives and legitimacy of issue was practiced. Marriage was preferred to occur within the clan. Young wives lived with their parents until giving birth to their first child. Tày women, like those of the Nùng and Zhuang, were said to have used poison to seek revenge when wronged.[5]
The Tày and Nùng often intermarried, although the Tày seem to have held higher status in these relationships. Tày men married Nùng women more often than the other way around. Some Nùng groups were probably absorbed by the Tày.[5]
The majority of the Tày practices Then, an indigenous religion involving the worship of tutelary gods, gods of the natural environment, and ancestors and progenitors of human groups.[2] The patterns of this religion are inherited from Taoism and the Chinese folk religion: the god of the universe is the Jade Emperor,[2] in some local traditions (for example in the Quảng Hoà district of Cao Bằng) also identified as the Yellow Emperor (Hoàng Đế).[2] For their religious ceremonies they used to be able to recite Chinese characters but now along with the characters they use glosses because many of them can't recite anymore due to the fact that Vietnamese schools don't teach Chinese characters.[7]
An altar for the ancestors is usually placed in a central location in the house. The altar room is considered sacred; guests and women who have given birth are not allowed to sit on the bed in front of the altar.
Some Tày have adopted Mahayana Buddhism under the influence of Vietnamese and Chinese culture.[3]
Languageedit
Characters formerly used by the Tày people were added to Unicode in 2017. This one, U+2B86F, means "wealthy" and is romanized as giàu. It is a variant of 朝, the corresponding character in Vietnamese.[8]
The Tày people speak the Tày language, among other Tai dialects of the Kra–Dai languages. Literacy in their own language is quite low among Tày people, probably around 5% or less. Dialects include Central Tày, Eastern Tày, Southern Tày, Northern Tày, Tày Trung Khanh, Thu Lao, and Tày Bao Lac, Tày Binh Lieu. There is a continuum of dialects to southern Zhuang in China.
Festivaledit
Lồng tồng (literally: "Going down the rice paddy") celebrated after the New Lunar Year Festival to pray for a good harvest.
Tăm khảu mảu (literally: "Braying the young rice") celebrated as the rice is ripening.
Cuisineedit
Dishes in "Slip Sli" festival (the monday of the 7th lunar month): pẻng cuội banana cake), pẻng nhứa cáy, pẻng ngá (peanut cake), pẻng mịt, pẻng tải (literally: carrying cake)
Pẻng rày (ant's egg cake): made from glutinous rice (Tày language: khảu), ant's black egg (Tày language: rày) and wrapped by leaves of a kind of fig (Tày language: bâu ngỏa).
Pẻng đắng (literally: ash water cake): for Double Fifth Festival.
Khảu thuy: is the cake for offering God and the Earth in Lồng tồng festival. Glutinous rice which is soaked in water of common water hyacinth and red flower- sandbox tree ash is mixed with taro and a kind of wine. Then, it is boiled and brayed. The next step is that it is cut into square-shaped or canarium fruit-shaped pieces and dried in the sun later. When the festival is going to come, it is fried until it is swelled. At last, it is soaked in molasses and then in fried-rice powder.
Nà Giàng khảu sli: the glutinous cake with peanuts made in Nà Giàng, Phù Ngọc commune, Hà Quảng district, Cao Bằng Province.
Pẻng hó: glutinous rice cake with pork and mung bean.
Coóng phù
Pẻng khạ (God's cake) for New Year festival.
Khảu nua nàng tô: glutinous rice with grub for New Rice Festival on the moonday of 8th lunar month.
A part of the modern-day Tày population encompasses Tày-ized Vietnamese who live mainly in what is now Lang Son. These Tày-ized Vietnamese have their origins traced back to the Vietnamese living further south in the deltas of the Ca, Ma, and Red Rivers, e.g. Nghe An, Nam Dinh, etc. dispatched to the Sino-Annamese border by Annamese imperial governments to serve as governmental officials and local leaders (phiên thần thổ ty).[10] These people were then forbidden to return to their home areas.[10] Eventually they got assimilated into the indigenous Tày surrounding population. Their common surnames include Vi, Nguyễn Đình, Nguyễn Khắc, Nguyễn Công, Hoàng Đức, Hoàng Đình, etc. This practice started in the 15th century and ended in the early 20th century. Vi Văn Định is an example of these Tày-ized Vietnamese in the 20th century.[11]
Hoàng Đức Triều, pen name An Định, a communist and poet, who worked with Ho Chi Minh.
Hoàng Thị Tuân, representative in the Twelfth Việtnamese National Assembly.
Lê Thế Khanh is likely the first Vietnamese poet writing in the Chinese language with his poem "Cố Hương Từ".
Bế Văn Phụng, Tư Thiên Quản Nhạc Madarin of the Mạc reign who modified Theng music into a kind of imperial music; author of lượn "Tam Nguyên".
Nông Quỳnh Vân, author of lượn "Hồng Nhan Tứ Qúy".
Hoàng Đức Hậu, a famous poet composing the first of two parallel line of verse that nobody can't make the second one.
Nông Quốc Chấn, a famous poet.
Nông Văn Phách alias Vũ Lập, is one of beloved hero during the war against Cambodian. He was one of the most successor to guard the north border of Vietnam to prevent china invade. However, with his skill in battles and diplomacy, he didn't need to use force but he kept the Viet-China border clear. He died later because of illness. The whole north region of Vietnam mourns his death.
La Văn Cầu, a military hero in the war of resistance against French colonial rule.
Bế Văn Đàn, a military hero in the war of resistance against French colonial rule.
Phùng Thanh Độ, a famous streamer.
Referencesedit
^"Report on Results of the 2019 Census". General Statistics Office of Vietnam. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
^ abcdNguyễn Thị Yên. "An Investigation into Objects of Worship in Then belief". Religious Studies Review, No. 3, Vol. 2 – October 2008
^ abVieTimes - Thầy Tào và câu chuyện thần linh người Tày của A Sáng 2008-05-12 at the Wayback Machine
^"The 2009 Vietnam Population and Housing Census: Completed Results". General Statistics Office of Vietnam: Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee. June 2010. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
^ abcd. mcel.pacificu.edu. Archived from the original on 8 February 2007. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
^David Holm (1 February 2013). Mapping the Old Zhuang Character Script: A Vernacular Writing System from Southern China. BRILL. pp. 781–. ISBN978-90-04-24216-6.
^Hoàng Triều Ân, Tự điển chữ Nôm Tày [Nom of the Tay People], 2003, p. 178. Detailed information: V+63830", Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation. Father Trần Văn Kiệm, Giúp đọc Nôm và Hán Việt [Help with Nom and Sino-Vietnamese], 2004, p. 424, "Entry giàu." Entry giàu", VDict.com.
^"Practices of Then by Tày, Nùng and Thái ethnic groups in Viet Nam". UNESCO. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
^ abNguyễn Quang Huynh (2011), Thổ ty Lạng Sơn trong lịch sử, Văn hóa dân tộc publisher, p. 10.
^Văn nghệ Công nhân, KHÁNH THÀNH NHÀ THỜ TỔ HỌ VI (2017).
External linksedit
A research on Tay people written by Le Minh Giang- filetype:pdf[permanent dead link]
tày, people, tày, redirects, here, language, tày, language, also, known, thổ, ngan, phen, central, speaking, ethnic, group, live, northern, vietnam, according, 2009, census, there, million, living, vietnam, this, makes, them, second, largest, ethnic, group, vi. Tay redirects here For the language see Tay language The Tay people also known as the Thổ T o Tai Tho Ngan Phen Thu Lao or Pa Di are a Central Tai speaking ethnic group who live in northern Vietnam According to a 2009 census there are 1 7 million Tay people living in Vietnam This makes them the second largest ethnic group in Vietnam after the majority Kinh Vietnamese ethnic group Most live in northern Vietnam in the Cao Bằng Lạng Sơn Bắc Kạn Thai Nguyen and Quảng Ninh provinces along the valleys and the lower slopes of the mountains They also live in some regions of the Bắc Ninh and Bắc Giang provinces They inhabit fertile plains and are generally agriculturalists mainly cultivating rice They also cultivate maize and sweet potato among other things TayFlag of Tho Autonomous Territory used since 1947 to 1954 Tay womenTotal population1 845 492 2019 1 Regions with significant populationsNorthern Vietnam Cao Bằng Lạng Sơn Bắc Kạn Thai Nguyen Quảng Ninh Bắc Ninh Bắc Giang ProvincesLanguagesVietnamese TayReligionThen 2 Buddhism 3 Percentage of Tay people by Province 2009 4 gt 40 30 40 20 30 5 20 1 5 lt 1 Contents 1 History 2 Religion 3 Language 4 Festival 5 Cuisine 5 1 Herbs 6 Music 7 Tay ized Vietnamese among the Tay 8 Notable Tay people 9 References 10 External linksHistory editThe Tay were originally known as the Thổ people Thổ is derived from Chinese tǔ 土 which means land and local Although not inherently a pejorative it was often used as such in practice cf bumpkin in both Vietnam and China Under the Socialist Republic of Vietnam Thổ was deemed a pejorative and substituted with Tay 5 The Tay are closely related to the Nung people and Zhuang people who they are culturally and linguistically almost indistinguishable from Although they are considered an indigenous group portions of their population likely originated in China during the 11th and 12th centuries However unlike the Nung they were more heavily Vietnamized due to their closer proximity to the Kinh and shared similar cultural practices with the Vietnamese such as lacquering their teeth black By 1900 around 30 of their language was made of Vietnamese loan words 5 6 Tay customs were altered greatly due to Vietnamese and Confucian patriarchal structures however some customs persisted Polygamy with multiple equal wives and legitimacy of issue was practiced Marriage was preferred to occur within the clan Young wives lived with their parents until giving birth to their first child Tay women like those of the Nung and Zhuang were said to have used poison to seek revenge when wronged 5 The Tay and Nung often intermarried although the Tay seem to have held higher status in these relationships Tay men married Nung women more often than the other way around Some Nung groups were probably absorbed by the Tay 5 Religion editTay people nbsp Diorama of a then inside the Vietnam Museum of Ethnology HanoiVietnamese alphabetngười TayHan Nom𠊚齊The majority of the Tay practices Then an indigenous religion involving the worship of tutelary gods gods of the natural environment and ancestors and progenitors of human groups 2 The patterns of this religion are inherited from Taoism and the Chinese folk religion the god of the universe is the Jade Emperor 2 in some local traditions for example in the Quảng Hoa district of Cao Bằng also identified as the Yellow Emperor Hoang Đế 2 For their religious ceremonies they used to be able to recite Chinese characters but now along with the characters they use glosses because many of them can t recite anymore due to the fact that Vietnamese schools don t teach Chinese characters 7 An altar for the ancestors is usually placed in a central location in the house The altar room is considered sacred guests and women who have given birth are not allowed to sit on the bed in front of the altar Some Tay have adopted Mahayana Buddhism under the influence of Vietnamese and Chinese culture 3 Language edit nbsp Characters formerly used by the Tay people were added to Unicode in 2017 This one U 2B86F means wealthy and is romanized as giau It is a variant of 朝 the corresponding character in Vietnamese 8 The Tay people speak the Tay language among other Tai dialects of the Kra Dai languages Literacy in their own language is quite low among Tay people probably around 5 or less Dialects include Central Tay Eastern Tay Southern Tay Northern Tay Tay Trung Khanh Thu Lao and Tay Bao Lac Tay Binh Lieu There is a continuum of dialects to southern Zhuang in China Festival editLồng tồng literally Going down the rice paddy celebrated after the New Lunar Year Festival to pray for a good harvest Tăm khảu mảu literally Braying the young rice celebrated as the rice is ripening Cuisine editDishes in Slip Sli festival the monday of the 7th lunar month pẻng cuội banana cake pẻng nhứa cay pẻng nga peanut cake pẻng mịt pẻng tải literally carrying cake Pẻng ray ant s egg cake made from glutinous rice Tay language khảu ant s black egg Tay language ray and wrapped by leaves of a kind of fig Tay language bau ngỏa Pẻng đắng literally ash water cake for Double Fifth Festival Khảu thuy is the cake for offering God and the Earth in Lồng tồng festival Glutinous rice which is soaked in water of common water hyacinth and red flower sandbox tree ash is mixed with taro and a kind of wine Then it is boiled and brayed The next step is that it is cut into square shaped or canarium fruit shaped pieces and dried in the sun later When the festival is going to come it is fried until it is swelled At last it is soaked in molasses and then in fried rice powder Na Giang khảu sli the glutinous cake with peanuts made in Na Giang Phu Ngọc commune Ha Quảng district Cao Bằng Province Pẻng ho glutinous rice cake with pork and mung bean Coong phu Pẻng khạ God s cake for New Year festival Khảu nua nang to glutinous rice with grub for New Rice Festival on the moonday of 8th lunar month Pẻng phạ for Lồng Tồng Festival Ap chao Pẻng chi Khảu slec Pẻng khua smiling cake Cooc mo Ửng sệch phan Đăm đeng Khảu lang Pẻng tooc for New Year Festival Pẻng cao Mac lịch Trung Khanh chestnut Che khom Cao Bằng bitter tea Ilex kaushue synonym Ilex kudingcha Khau rả Ampelopsis cantoniensisHerbs edit Mac mật Clausena excavataMusic editĐan tinh is a string instrument with two or three strings In 2019 Practices of Then by Tay Nung and Thai ethnic groups in Viet Nam was recognized by UNESCO as a Intangible cultural heritage 9 Tay ized Vietnamese among the Tay editA part of the modern day Tay population encompasses Tay ized Vietnamese who live mainly in what is now Lang Son These Tay ized Vietnamese have their origins traced back to the Vietnamese living further south in the deltas of the Ca Ma and Red Rivers e g Nghe An Nam Dinh etc dispatched to the Sino Annamese border by Annamese imperial governments to serve as governmental officials and local leaders phien thần thổ ty 10 These people were then forbidden to return to their home areas 10 Eventually they got assimilated into the indigenous Tay surrounding population Their common surnames include Vi Nguyễn Đinh Nguyễn Khắc Nguyễn Cong Hoang Đức Hoang Đinh etc This practice started in the 15th century and ended in the early 20th century Vi Văn Định is an example of these Tay ized Vietnamese in the 20th century 11 Notable Tay people editHoang Văn Thụ General Secretary of the Indochina Communist Party Nong Đức Mạnh General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam from April 22 2001 to January 19 2011 Hoang Đức Triều pen name An Định a communist and poet who worked with Ho Chi Minh Hoang Thị Tuan representative in the Twelfth Việtnamese National Assembly Le Thế Khanh is likely the first Vietnamese poet writing in the Chinese language with his poem Cố Hương Từ Bế Văn Phụng Tư Thien Quản Nhạc Madarin of the Mạc reign who modified Theng music into a kind of imperial music author of lượn Tam Nguyen Nong Quỳnh Van author of lượn Hồng Nhan Tứ Quy Hoang Đức Hậu a famous poet composing the first of two parallel line of verse that nobody can t make the second one Nong Quốc Chấn a famous poet Nong Văn Phach alias Vũ Lập is one of beloved hero during the war against Cambodian He was one of the most successor to guard the north border of Vietnam to prevent china invade However with his skill in battles and diplomacy he didn t need to use force but he kept the Viet China border clear He died later because of illness The whole north region of Vietnam mourns his death La Văn Cầu a military hero in the war of resistance against French colonial rule Bế Văn Đan a military hero in the war of resistance against French colonial rule Phung Thanh Độ a famous streamer References edit Report on Results of the 2019 Census General Statistics Office of Vietnam Retrieved 1 May 2020 a b c d Nguyễn Thị Yen An Investigation into Objects of Worship in Then belief Religious Studies Review No 3 Vol 2 October 2008 a b VieTimes Thầy Tao va cau chuyện thần linh người Tay của A Sang Archived 2008 05 12 at the Wayback Machine The 2009 Vietnam Population and Housing Census Completed Results General Statistics Office of Vietnam Central Population and Housing Census Steering Committee June 2010 Retrieved 26 November 2013 a b c d Zhuang 07 mcel pacificu edu Archived from the original on 8 February 2007 Retrieved 30 June 2022 Tay people in Vietnam David Holm 1 February 2013 Mapping the Old Zhuang Character Script A Vernacular Writing System from Southern China BRILL pp 781 ISBN 978 90 04 24216 6 Hoang Triều An Tự điển chữ Nom Tay Nom of the Tay People 2003 p 178 Detailed information V 63830 Vietnamese Nom Preservation Foundation Father Trần Văn Kiệm Giup đọc Nom va Han Việt Help with Nom and Sino Vietnamese 2004 p 424 Entry giau Entry giau VDict com Practices of Then by Tay Nung and Thai ethnic groups in Viet Nam UNESCO Retrieved 21 June 2023 a b Nguyễn Quang Huynh 2011 Thổ ty Lạng Sơn trong lịch sử Văn hoa dan tộc publisher p 10 Văn nghệ Cong nhan KHANH THANH NHA THỜ TỔ HỌ VI 2017 External links editA research on Tay people written by Le Minh Giang filetype pdf permanent dead link Lồng tồng Festival Archived 2008 12 04 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tay people amp oldid 1179315827, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
