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Surmic languages

January 01, 1970

The Surmic languages are a branch of the Eastern Sudanic language family.

Surmic
Geographic
distribution		southwestern Ethiopia and southeastern South Sudan
Linguistic classificationNilo-Saharan?
Glottologsurm1244

Today, the various peoples who speak Surmic languages make their living in a variety of ways, including nomadic herders, settled farmers, and slash and burn farmers. They live in a variety of terrain, from the lowlands of South Sudan and the banks of the Omo River to mountains over 2,300 meters.

Languages edit

According to the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, the Surmic languages are classified as follows:[1]

The Surmic languages are found in southwest Ethiopia and adjoining parts of southeast South Sudan. In the past, Surmic had been known as “Didinga-Murle” and “Surma”. The former name was too narrow by referring only to two closely related languages and the latter was a label also used to refer to a specific language (Unseth 1997b), so the label “Surmic” is now used. The relationships in the chart above are based on Fleming's work (1983).

Previous studies edit

Much foundational fieldwork and analysis of Surmic languages was done by Harold C. Fleming and M. L. Bender. The most complete descriptions of Ethiopian Surmic languages are of Murle (Arensen 1982) and Tirma (Bryant 1999). All Surmic languages are presumed to be tonal, have implosive consonants, and have distinctive vowel length. Some have as many as nine vowel qualities, and more detailed study may confirm this in other Surmic languages, also. Me'en and Kwegu (also spelled Koegu) have sets of ejective consonants.

The languages share a system of marking the number of both the possessed and the possessor in possessive pronouns (Unseth 1991). Number of nominals is typically marked on a number of morphemes, with t/k marking singular and plural (Bryan 1959). Adjectives are formed by stative relative clauses.

Majangir (also called Majang) and Southwest Surmic languages (Fleming 1983) share a number of traits, so they are therefore presumably reconstructable in Proto-Surmic: relative clauses (which include adjectives), demonstratives, adverbs, numerals, genitives, and possessive pronouns follow their heads, noun derivations and subject marking on verbs are marked by suffixes, VSO (verb–subject–object) order predominates in indicative main clauses. Some typologically exceptional points are discussed by Arensen, et al. (1997). However, Dimmendaal’s introduction proposes a different analysis (1998).

All Surmic languages have been documented as having case suffixes (Unseth 1989). None of them have a marked accusative, but at least Majang and Murle sometimes mark nominatives, part of a broader areal pattern (König 2006).

The original geographic home of the Surmic peoples is thought to be in Southwestern Ethiopia, somewhere near Maji, with the various groups dispersing from there: for example, the Majangir having moved north, the Murle having migrated clockwise around Lake Turkana (Arensen 1983:56-61, Tornay 1981), and the Mursi having moved into and out of the Omo River valley. Ethnolinguistic identities within the Surmic group have not been rigid, with ample evidence of people’s identities shifting from one ethnolinguistic group to another (Tornay 1981, Turton 1979, Unseth and Abbink 1998).

Abbink has published a pioneering work comparing the vocabulary and systems of kinship among Surmic languages, particularly from the South West node of Surmic (Abbink 2006).

The starting point for linguistic and anthropological research into Surmic studies is the book edited by Dimmendaal (1998), especially the bibliography article (Abbink and Unseth 1998).

Reconstruction edit

The sound systems of Proto-Southwest Surmic and Proto-Southeast Surmic have been reconstructed by Yigezu (2001).[2] Unseth has proposed a reconstruction of the case suffixes for Proto-Surmic.[3] Unseth has reconstructed the system of marking possession for Proto-Surmic.[4] Unseth has also reconstructed a causative prefix for Proto-Surmic.[5][6]

Numerals edit

Comparison of numerals in individual languages:[7] One of the shared innovations that separates Southeast Surmic languages from the rest of Surmic is that they have a base 10 system, rather than building to 10 from 5, such as five-plus-one, etc.[8]

Classification Language 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
North, Majang Majang (1) òmóŋ, òm pɛ́ɛ́jǃ * ɟíítǃ àŋàn tùùl tùùl à òm (5 + 1) tùùl à pɛ́ɛ́jǃ (5 +2) tùùl à ɟíítǃ (5 + 3) tùùl à àŋàn (5 + 4) áárŋǃ
North, Majang Majang (2) oˈmʊŋ pʰɛɛj d͡ʒiitʰ ˈaŋan tʰuul tʰuula ʔom (5 + 1) tʰuula pʰɛɛj (5 +2) tʰuula d͡ʒiitʰ (5 + 3) tʰuula aŋan (5 + 4) ˈaarin
South, Southeast, Kwegu Kwegu (Koegu) (1) kíum ɗáa jien áhur cuu la (borrowed from Kara) tsʼoba (borrowed from Kara) lunkáí (borrowed from Kara) sal (borrowed from Kara) tómon
South, Southeast, Kwegu Kwegu (2) kium ɗaa jien ahur cuu la tsʼoba lunkai sal tomon
South, Southeast, Pastoral, Me’en Me'en kɔ̂náŋ ramáŋ sizzí wut͡ʃ hat͡ʃʼánáŋ illè issabò isset sáal tɔ̂mmɔn
South, Southeast, Pastoral, Suri Mursi (1) ɗɔ́nɛ́j ràmàn sízzí wùʃ háánán íllɛ́ íssábài / also ~issábaj íssé / also ~ísséj sákkàl tɔ́mmɔ́n (maybe borrowed)
South, Southeast, Pastoral, Suri Mursi (2) ɗɔ́nɛ́j raman sízzi wuʃ háánán illɛ isaabaj isse sakal tɔmɔn
South, Southeast, Pastoral, Suri Suri ɗɔ́nɛ ràmmán sízzì wùʃ / wùy háyɛ́ná ìllɛ̀y ìsàbbày ìssèy sàkkàl tɔ̀mɔ̀n
South, Southwest, Didinga-Murle, Didinga-Longarim Didinga xɔ̀ɗɛ́ɪ ràmːá ìyyó ʊ̀wwétʃ t̺úɾ t̪ɔ̀ɾkɔ̀nɔ́n (5+ 1) t̪ʊ́ɾkɪ́ɾámːá (5+ 2) t̪úɾkɪ́yyó (5+ 3) t̪ʊ́ɾkʊ́wwétʃ (5+ 4) ɔmɔt̪ɔ
South, Southwest, Didinga-Murle, Didinga-Longarim Laarim (Narim) odoi, codoi ramma iyyio wẽẽc tur torkonom (5+ 1) turɡerem (5+ 2) turɡi (5+ 3) torkõwõc (5+ 4) õmmõtõ
South, Southwest, Didinga-Murle, Murle Murle codoi / aˈdoi rǎm iːˈyǔ oic /wec tǔːɾ tɔrkɔnǒm (5+ 1) turɡɛrɛ́m (5+ 2) turɡɛ (5+ 3) torkɔc (5+ 4) amɔ̌tɔ
South, Southwest, Didinga-Murle, Tennet Tennet (Tenet) tʃɔ́ɗɛ̂ rámːá íjó wétʃ túɾ̥ tɔ̀ɾ̥kónóm (5+ 1) tóɾ̥ɡéɾém (5+ 2) túɾɡè (5+ 3) tóɾ̥kôtʃ (5+ 4) òmòtò
South, Southwest, Kacipo-Balesi Kacipo-Balesi (1) óɗè rámmá íyó wèhé tűr tɔ̀rkɔ̀nɔ́ tʉ̀rɡɛ̀rɛ́ tùrɡè tɔ́rɡɔ̀ɡɔ̀ ɔ̀mɔ̀ðɔ̀
South, Southwest, Kacipo-Balesi Kacipo-Balesi (2) óóɗē rámmá íyyó wé ̀ túr tɔ̄rkɔ́hɔ̄ (5+ 1) tʊ̄rɡɛ́rɛ̄ (5+ 2) tūrɡē (5+ 3) tɔ̀rɡɔ́ɡɔ̄ (5+ 4) ɔ̄mɔ̄ðɔ́

See also edit

  • List of Proto-Surmic reconstructions (Wiktionary)

References edit

  1. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Surmic". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. from the original on 2023-11-08. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  2. ^ Yigezu, Moges. 2001. A comparative study of the phonetics and phonology of Surmic languages. Bruxelles: Univ. libre de Bruxelles. Doctoral dissertation, University of Bruxelles.
  3. ^ Unseth, Peter. 1989. "An Initial Comparison and Reconstruction of Case Suffixes in Surmic Languages," Journal of Ethiopian Studies 22:97–104.
  4. ^ Unseth, Peter. 1991. "Possessive Markers in Surmic Languages," Proceedings of the 4th Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium, ed. by M. L. Bender, pp. 91–104. (Nilo-Saharan: Linguistic Analyses and Documentation, vol. 7.) Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
  5. ^ Unseth, Peter. 1997a. "An Archaic Surmic Causative Prefix," Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages 7:41–48
  6. ^ Unseth, Peter. 1998. "Two Old Causative Affixes in Surmic," Surmic Languages and Cultures, ed. by Gerrit Dimmendaal, pp. 113–126. Cologne: Köppe.
  7. ^ Chan, Eugene (2019). "The Nilo-Saharan Language Phylum". Numeral Systems of the World's Languages.
  8. ^ p. 54. Unseth, Peter. 1988. "The Validity and Unity of the Southeast Surma Language Grouping," Northeast African Studies 10.2/3:151–163.

Relevant literature edit

  • Abbink, Jon. 2006. Kinship and society among Surmic-speakling people in Southwest Ethiopia: A brief comparison. Proceedings of the XVth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, edited by Siegbert Uhlig, pp. 9–14. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
  • Abbink, Jon and Peter Unseth. 1998. "Surmic Languages and Cultures: A Bibliography." Surmic Languages and Cultures, ed. by Gerrit Dimmendaal, pp. 127–142. Cologne: Köppe.
  • Arensen, Jonathan. 1983. Sticks and straw: Comparative house forms in southern Sudan. Dallas: International Museum of Cultures.
  • Arensen, Jon, Nicky de Jong, Scott Randal, Peter Unseth. 1997. "Interrogatives in Surmic Languages and Greenberg's Universals," Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages 7:71–90.
  • Bender, M. Lionel. "The Surma language group: a preliminary report". Studies in African Linguistics, Supplement 7, pp. 11–21.
  • Bryan, Margaret. 1959. The T/K Languages: A New Substratum. Africa 29:1–21.
  • Bryant, Michael. 1999. "Aspects of Tirmaga grammar." MA thesis, University of Texas at Arlington.
  • Dimmendaal, Gerrit. 1998. "A syntactic typology of the Surmic family from an areal and historical-comparative point of view," in Surmic Languages and Cultures, ed. by Gerrit Dimmendaal, pp. 35–82. Cologne: Köppe
  • Fleming, Harold. 1983. "Surmic etymologies," in Nilotic Studies: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Languages and History of the Nilotic Peoples, Rainer Vossen and Marianne Bechhaus-Gerst, 524–555. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
  • König, Christa. 2006. "Marked nominative in Africa," Studies in Language 30.4: 655–732.
  • Moges Yigezu, "A comparative study of the phonetics and phonology of Surmic languages". Ph.D dissertation. Université Libre de Bruxelles, 2002
  • Tornay, Serge. 1981. "The Omo Murle Enigma," in Peoples and cultures of the Ethio-Sudan Borderland, M.L. Bender (ed.), pp. 33–60. (Northeast African Studies, Monograph 10). East Lansing: Michigan State University.
  • Turton, David. 1979. "A Journey Made Them: Territorial Segmentation and Ethnic Identity Among the Mursi," in Segmentary Lineage Systems Reconsidered, Ladislav Holý (ed.), 19–143. (Queen's University Papers in Social Anthropology, vol. 4). Belfast.
  • Unseth, Peter. 1987. "A Typological Anomaly in Some Surma Languages," Studies in African Linguistics 18.357–361.
  • Unseth, Peter. 1988. "The Validity and Unity of the Southeast Surma Language Grouping," Northeast African Studies 10.2/3:151–163.
  • Unseth, Peter. 1997b. "Disentangling the Two Languages Called 'Suri'," Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages 7:49–69.
  • Unseth, Peter and Jon Abbink. 1998. "Cross-ethnic Clan Identities Among Surmic Groups," in Surmic Languages and Cultures, Gerrit Deimmendaal (ed.), pp. 103–112. Cologne: Koppe.

January 01, 1970
surmic, languages, branch, eastern, sudanic, language, family, surmicgeographicdistributionsouthwestern, ethiopia, southeastern, south, sudanlinguistic, classificationnilo, saharan, eastern, sudanic, southern, eastern, surmicglottologsurm1244, today, various, . The Surmic languages are a branch of the Eastern Sudanic language family SurmicGeographicdistributionsouthwestern Ethiopia and southeastern South SudanLinguistic classificationNilo Saharan Eastern Sudanic Southern Eastern SurmicGlottologsurm1244 Today the various peoples who speak Surmic languages make their living in a variety of ways including nomadic herders settled farmers and slash and burn farmers They live in a variety of terrain from the lowlands of South Sudan and the banks of the Omo River to mountains over 2 300 meters Contents 1 Languages 2 Previous studies 3 Reconstruction 4 Numerals 5 See also 6 References 7 Relevant literatureLanguages editAccording to the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology the Surmic languages are classified as follows 1 Surmic Majang South Surmic Southeast Surmic Kwegu Pastoral Surmic Me en Tirma Chai Mursi Mursi Tirma Chai Southwest Surmic Baale Olam Kacipo Balesi Ngaalam Didinga Murle Didinga Longarim Didinga Narim Murle Tennet The Surmic languages are found in southwest Ethiopia and adjoining parts of southeast South Sudan In the past Surmic had been known as Didinga Murle and Surma The former name was too narrow by referring only to two closely related languages and the latter was a label also used to refer to a specific language Unseth 1997b so the label Surmic is now used The relationships in the chart above are based on Fleming s work 1983 Previous studies editMuch foundational fieldwork and analysis of Surmic languages was done by Harold C Fleming and M L Bender The most complete descriptions of Ethiopian Surmic languages are of Murle Arensen 1982 and Tirma Bryant 1999 All Surmic languages are presumed to be tonal have implosive consonants and have distinctive vowel length Some have as many as nine vowel qualities and more detailed study may confirm this in other Surmic languages also Me en and Kwegu also spelled Koegu have sets of ejective consonants The languages share a system of marking the number of both the possessed and the possessor in possessive pronouns Unseth 1991 Number of nominals is typically marked on a number of morphemes with t k marking singular and plural Bryan 1959 Adjectives are formed by stative relative clauses Majangir also called Majang and Southwest Surmic languages Fleming 1983 share a number of traits so they are therefore presumably reconstructable in Proto Surmic relative clauses which include adjectives demonstratives adverbs numerals genitives and possessive pronouns follow their heads noun derivations and subject marking on verbs are marked by suffixes VSO verb subject object order predominates in indicative main clauses Some typologically exceptional points are discussed by Arensen et al 1997 However Dimmendaal s introduction proposes a different analysis 1998 All Surmic languages have been documented as having case suffixes Unseth 1989 None of them have a marked accusative but at least Majang and Murle sometimes mark nominatives part of a broader areal pattern Konig 2006 The original geographic home of the Surmic peoples is thought to be in Southwestern Ethiopia somewhere near Maji with the various groups dispersing from there for example the Majangir having moved north the Murle having migrated clockwise around Lake Turkana Arensen 1983 56 61 Tornay 1981 and the Mursi having moved into and out of the Omo River valley Ethnolinguistic identities within the Surmic group have not been rigid with ample evidence of people s identities shifting from one ethnolinguistic group to another Tornay 1981 Turton 1979 Unseth and Abbink 1998 Abbink has published a pioneering work comparing the vocabulary and systems of kinship among Surmic languages particularly from the South West node of Surmic Abbink 2006 The starting point for linguistic and anthropological research into Surmic studies is the book edited by Dimmendaal 1998 especially the bibliography article Abbink and Unseth 1998 Reconstruction editThe sound systems of Proto Southwest Surmic and Proto Southeast Surmic have been reconstructed by Yigezu 2001 2 Unseth has proposed a reconstruction of the case suffixes for Proto Surmic 3 Unseth has reconstructed the system of marking possession for Proto Surmic 4 Unseth has also reconstructed a causative prefix for Proto Surmic 5 6 Numerals editComparison of numerals in individual languages 7 One of the shared innovations that separates Southeast Surmic languages from the rest of Surmic is that they have a base 10 system rather than building to 10 from 5 such as five plus one etc 8 Classification Language 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 North Majang Majang 1 omoŋ om pɛ ɛ jǃ ɟiitǃ aŋan tuul tuul a om 5 1 tuul a pɛ ɛ jǃ 5 2 tuul a ɟiitǃ 5 3 tuul a aŋan 5 4 aarŋǃ North Majang Majang 2 oˈmʊŋ pʰɛɛj d ʒiitʰ ˈaŋan tʰuul tʰuula ʔom 5 1 tʰuula pʰɛɛj 5 2 tʰuula d ʒiitʰ 5 3 tʰuula aŋan 5 4 ˈaarin South Southeast Kwegu Kwegu Koegu 1 kium ɗaa jien ahur cuu la borrowed from Kara tsʼoba borrowed from Kara lunkai borrowed from Kara sal borrowed from Kara tomon South Southeast Kwegu Kwegu 2 kium ɗaa jien ahur cuu la tsʼoba lunkai sal tomon South Southeast Pastoral Me en Me en kɔ naŋ ramaŋ sizzi wut ʃ hat ʃʼanaŋ ille issabo isset saal tɔ mmɔn South Southeast Pastoral Suri Mursi 1 ɗɔ nɛ j raman sizzi wuʃ haanan illɛ issabai also issabaj isse also issej sakkal tɔ mmɔ n maybe borrowed South Southeast Pastoral Suri Mursi 2 ɗɔ nɛ j raman sizzi wuʃ haanan illɛ isaabaj isse sakal tɔmɔn South Southeast Pastoral Suri Suri ɗɔ nɛ ramman sizzi wuʃ wuy hayɛ na illɛ y isabbay issey sakkal tɔ mɔ n South Southwest Didinga Murle Didinga Longarim Didinga xɔ ɗɛ ɪ ramːa iyyo ʊ wwetʃ t uɾ t ɔ ɾkɔ nɔ n 5 1 t ʊ ɾkɪ ɾamːa 5 2 t uɾkɪ yyo 5 3 t ʊ ɾkʊ wwetʃ 5 4 ɔmɔt ɔ South Southwest Didinga Murle Didinga Longarim Laarim Narim odoi codoi ramma iyyio wẽẽc tur torkonom 5 1 turɡerem 5 2 turɡi 5 3 torkowoc 5 4 ommoto South Southwest Didinga Murle Murle Murle codoi aˈdoi rǎm iːˈyǔ oic wec tǔːɾ tɔrkɔnǒm 5 1 turɡɛrɛ m 5 2 turɡɛ 5 3 torkɔc 5 4 amɔ tɔ South Southwest Didinga Murle Tennet Tennet Tenet tʃɔ ɗɛ ramːa ijo wetʃ tuɾ tɔ ɾ konom 5 1 toɾ ɡeɾem 5 2 tuɾɡe 5 3 toɾ kotʃ 5 4 omoto South Southwest Kacipo Balesi Kacipo Balesi 1 oɗe ramma iyo wehe tur tɔ rkɔ nɔ tʉ rɡɛ rɛ turɡe tɔ rɡɔ ɡɔ ɔ mɔ dɔ South Southwest Kacipo Balesi Kacipo Balesi 2 ooɗe ramma iyyo we tur tɔ rkɔ hɔ 5 1 tʊ rɡɛ rɛ 5 2 turɡe 5 3 tɔ rɡɔ ɡɔ 5 4 ɔ mɔ dɔ See also editList of Proto Surmic reconstructions Wiktionary References edit Hammarstrom Harald Forkel Robert Haspelmath Martin Bank Sebastian 2023 07 10 Glottolog 4 8 Surmic Glottolog Leipzig Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology doi 10 5281 zenodo 7398962 Archived from the original on 2023 11 08 Retrieved 2023 11 07 Yigezu Moges 2001 A comparative study of the phonetics and phonology of Surmic languages Bruxelles Univ libre de Bruxelles Doctoral dissertation University of Bruxelles Unseth Peter 1989 An Initial Comparison and Reconstruction of Case Suffixes in Surmic Languages Journal of Ethiopian Studies 22 97 104 Unseth Peter 1991 Possessive Markers in Surmic Languages Proceedings of the 4th Nilo Saharan Linguistics Colloquium ed by M L Bender pp 91 104 Nilo Saharan Linguistic Analyses and Documentation vol 7 Hamburg Helmut Buske Verlag Unseth Peter 1997a An Archaic Surmic Causative Prefix Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages 7 41 48 Unseth Peter 1998 Two Old Causative Affixes in Surmic Surmic Languages and Cultures ed by Gerrit Dimmendaal pp 113 126 Cologne Koppe Chan Eugene 2019 The Nilo Saharan Language Phylum Numeral Systems of the World s Languages p 54 Unseth Peter 1988 The Validity and Unity of the Southeast Surma Language Grouping Northeast African Studies 10 2 3 151 163 Relevant literature edit Abbink Jon 2006 Kinship and society among Surmic speakling people in Southwest Ethiopia A brief comparison Proceedings of the XVth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies edited by Siegbert Uhlig pp 9 14 Wiesbaden Otto Harrassowitz Verlag Abbink Jon and Peter Unseth 1998 Surmic Languages and Cultures A Bibliography Surmic Languages and Cultures ed by Gerrit Dimmendaal pp 127 142 Cologne Koppe Arensen Jonathan 1983 Sticks and straw Comparative house forms in southern Sudan Dallas International Museum of Cultures Arensen Jon Nicky de Jong Scott Randal Peter Unseth 1997 Interrogatives in Surmic Languages and Greenberg s Universals Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages 7 71 90 Bender M Lionel The Surma language group a preliminary report Studies in African Linguistics Supplement 7 pp 11 21 Bryan Margaret 1959 The T K Languages A New Substratum Africa 29 1 21 Bryant Michael 1999 Aspects of Tirmaga grammar MA thesis University of Texas at Arlington Dimmendaal Gerrit 1998 A syntactic typology of the Surmic family from an areal and historical comparative point of view in Surmic Languages and Cultures ed by Gerrit Dimmendaal pp 35 82 Cologne Koppe Fleming Harold 1983 Surmic etymologies in Nilotic Studies Proceedings of the International Symposium on Languages and History of the Nilotic Peoples Rainer Vossen and Marianne Bechhaus Gerst 524 555 Berlin Dietrich Reimer Konig Christa 2006 Marked nominative in Africa Studies in Language 30 4 655 732 Moges Yigezu A comparative study of the phonetics and phonology of Surmic languages Ph D dissertation Universite Libre de Bruxelles 2002 Tornay Serge 1981 The Omo Murle Enigma in Peoples and cultures of the Ethio Sudan Borderland M L Bender ed pp 33 60 Northeast African Studies Monograph 10 East Lansing Michigan State University Turton David 1979 A Journey Made Them Territorial Segmentation and Ethnic Identity Among the Mursi in Segmentary Lineage Systems Reconsidered Ladislav Holy ed 19 143 Queen s University Papers in Social Anthropology vol 4 Belfast Unseth Peter 1987 A Typological Anomaly in Some Surma Languages Studies in African Linguistics 18 357 361 Unseth Peter 1988 The Validity and Unity of the Southeast Surma Language Grouping Northeast African Studies 10 2 3 151 163 Unseth Peter 1997b Disentangling the Two Languages Called Suri Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages 7 49 69 Unseth Peter and Jon Abbink 1998 Cross ethnic Clan Identities Among Surmic Groups in Surmic Languages and Cultures Gerrit Deimmendaal ed pp 103 112 Cologne Koppe Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Surmic languages amp oldid 1222719044, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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