Surface anatomy (also called superficial anatomy and visual anatomy) is the study of the external features of the body of an animal.[1] In birds, this is termed topography. Surface anatomy deals with anatomical features that can be studied by sight, without dissection. As such, it is a branch of gross anatomy, along with endoscopic and radiological anatomy.[2] Surface anatomy is a descriptive science.[3] In particular, in the case of human surface anatomy, these are the form and proportions of the human body and the surface landmarks which correspond to deeper structures hidden from view, both in static pose and in motion.
Surface projections of the major organs of the trunk, using the vertebral column and rib cage as main reference points of surface anatomy.
In addition, the science of surface anatomy includes the theories and systems of body proportions and related artistic canons.[citation needed] The study of surface anatomy is the basis for depicting the human body in classical art.
Front of thorax, showing surface relations of bones, lungs (purple), pleura (blue), and heart (red outline). Heart valves are labeled with "B", "T", "A", and "P".
Knowledge of the surface anatomy of the thorax (chest) is particularly important because it is one of the areas most frequently subjected to physical examination, like auscultation and percussion.[4] In cardiology, Erb's point refers to the third intercostal space on the left sternal border where S2 heart sound is best auscultated.[5][6] Some sources include the fourth left interspace.[7]
Human female breasts are located on the chest wall, most frequently between the second and sixth rib.[4]
Anatomical landmarksedit
On the trunk of the body in the thoracic area, the shoulder in general is the acromial, while the curve of the shoulder is the deltoid.
The back as a general area is the dorsum or dorsal area, and the lower back as the limbus or lumbar region.
The shoulderblades are the scapular area and the breastbone is the sternal region.
The breast is called the mamma or mammary, the armpit as the axilla and axillary, and the navel as the umbilicus and umbilical.
The pelvis is the lower torso, between the abdomen and the thighs.
The groin, where the thigh joins the trunk, are the inguen and inguinal area.
The entire arm is referred to as the brachium and brachial, the front of the elbow as the antecubitis and antecubital, the back of the elbow as the olecranon or olecranal, the forearm as the antebrachium and antebrachial, the wrist as the carpus and carpal area, the hand as the manus and manual, the palm as the palma and palmar, the thumb as the pollex, and the fingers as the digits, phalanges, and phalangeal.
The buttocks are the gluteus or gluteal region and the pubic area is the pubis.
Anatomists divide the lower limb into the thigh (the part of the limb between the hip and the knee) and the leg (which refers only to the area of the limb between the knee and the ankle).
The kneecap is the patella and patellar while the back of the knee is the popliteus and popliteal area.
The leg (between the knee and the ankle) is the crus and crural area, the lateral aspect of the leg is the peroneal area, and the calf is the sura and sural region.
The ankle is the tarsus and tarsal, and the heel is the calcaneus or calcaneal. The foot is the pes and pedal region, and the sole of the foot the planta and plantar.
As with the fingers, the toes are also called the digits, phalanges, and phalangeal area.
The big toe is referred to as the hallux.
List of featuresedit
Following are lists of surface anatomical features in humans and other animals. Sorted roughly from head to tail, cranial to caudal. Homologues share a bullet point and are separated by commas. Subcomponents are nested. Class in which component occurs in italic.
^"Journal of Morphology and Anatomy Surface Anatomy". Hilaris. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
^ abDrake (2009) Ch.3 Thorax - Thorax surface anatomy, pp. 224-6 and Fig. 3.96 A
^. Archived from the original on 2008-01-29. Retrieved 2007-10-11.
^Gavaghan, Mary (1998). "Cardiac anatomy and physiology: a review - includes examination questions AORN Journal - Find Articles". AORN Journal. Archived from the original on 2012-07-10. Retrieved 2007-10-11.
^Constant, Jules (1999). Bedside cardiology. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 228. ISBN0-7817-2168-7.
Referencesedit
Drake, Richard; Vogl, A. Wayne; Mitchell, Adam W. M. (2009). Gray's Anatomy for Students (2nd ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 157–164, 311–320, 538–547, 686–694, 882–892, 1097–1110, 1514–1524. ISBN9781437720556. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
Seeley, Rod R.; Stephens, Trent D.; Tate, Philip (2002). Anatomy & physiology (6th ed.). McGraw & Hill. ISBN978-0-07-235113-2.
Standring, Susan (2008) Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice, 39th Edition. ISBN978-0-443-07168-3. Human surface anatomy photos at pp. 947, 1406-1410 Figs. 56.3, 110.12, 110.13, 110.15, 110.22
Further readingedit
Frederick, Roland Becker; Wilson, James Walter; Gehweiler, John A. (1971). The anatomical basis of medical practice (illustrated ed.). Williams and Wilkins.
Lumley, John S. P. (2008). Surface Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Examination (4th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN978-0-7020-4776-3. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
Rohen, Johannes Wilhelm; Yokochi, Chihiro; Lütjen-Drecoll, Elke (2011). Color Atlas of Anatomy – A Photographic Study of the Human Body (7th ed.). Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 204–5, 476–7. ISBN978-1-58255-856-1.
Sheppard, Joseph (1991). Drawing the Living Figure. Dover Publications, Incorporated. ISBN0-486-26723-7.
January 01, 1970
surface, anatomy, also, called, superficial, anatomy, visual, anatomy, study, external, features, body, animal, birds, this, termed, topography, deals, with, anatomical, features, that, studied, sight, without, dissection, such, branch, gross, anatomy, along, . Surface anatomy also called superficial anatomy and visual anatomy is the study of the external features of the body of an animal 1 In birds this is termed topography Surface anatomy deals with anatomical features that can be studied by sight without dissection As such it is a branch of gross anatomy along with endoscopic and radiological anatomy 2 Surface anatomy is a descriptive science 3 In particular in the case of human surface anatomy these are the form and proportions of the human body and the surface landmarks which correspond to deeper structures hidden from view both in static pose and in motion Surface projections of the major organs of the trunk using the vertebral column and rib cage as main reference points of surface anatomy In addition the science of surface anatomy includes the theories and systems of body proportions and related artistic canons citation needed The study of surface anatomy is the basis for depicting the human body in classical art Some pseudo sciences such as physiognomy phrenology and palmistry rely on surface anatomy Contents 1 Human surface anatomy 1 1 Surface anatomy of the thorax 1 2 Anatomical landmarks 2 List of features 2 1 In humans 2 2 In other animals 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further readingHuman surface anatomy editSurface anatomy of the thorax edit nbsp Front of thorax showing surface relations of bones lungs purple pleura blue and heart red outline Heart valves are labeled with B T A and P First heart sound caused by atrioventricular valves Bicuspid Mitral B and Tricuspid T Second heart sound caused by semilunar valves Aortic A and Pulmonary Pulmonic P Knowledge of the surface anatomy of the thorax chest is particularly important because it is one of the areas most frequently subjected to physical examination like auscultation and percussion 4 In cardiology Erb s point refers to the third intercostal space on the left sternal border where S2 heart sound is best auscultated 5 6 Some sources include the fourth left interspace 7 Human female breasts are located on the chest wall most frequently between the second and sixth rib 4 Anatomical landmarks edit On the trunk of the body in the thoracic area the shoulder in general is the acromial while the curve of the shoulder is the deltoid The back as a general area is the dorsum or dorsal area and the lower back as the limbus or lumbar region The shoulderblades are the scapular area and the breastbone is the sternal region The abdominal area is the region between the chest and the pelvis The breast is called the mamma or mammary the armpit as the axilla and axillary and the navel as the umbilicus and umbilical The pelvis is the lower torso between the abdomen and the thighs The groin where the thigh joins the trunk are the inguen and inguinal area The entire arm is referred to as the brachium and brachial the front of the elbow as the antecubitis and antecubital the back of the elbow as the olecranon or olecranal the forearm as the antebrachium and antebrachial the wrist as the carpus and carpal area the hand as the manus and manual the palm as the palma and palmar the thumb as the pollex and the fingers as the digits phalanges and phalangeal The buttocks are the gluteus or gluteal region and the pubic area is the pubis Anatomists divide the lower limb into the thigh the part of the limb between the hip and the knee and the leg which refers only to the area of the limb between the knee and the ankle The thigh is the femur and the femoral region The kneecap is the patella and patellar while the back of the knee is the popliteus and popliteal area The leg between the knee and the ankle is the crus and crural area the lateral aspect of the leg is the peroneal area and the calf is the sura and sural region The ankle is the tarsus and tarsal and the heel is the calcaneus or calcaneal The foot is the pes and pedal region and the sole of the foot the planta and plantar As with the fingers the toes are also called the digits phalanges and phalangeal area The big toe is referred to as the hallux List of features editFollowing are lists of surface anatomical features in humans and other animals Sorted roughly from head to tail cranial to caudal Homologues share a bullet point and are separated by commas Subcomponents are nested Class in which component occurs in italic In humans edit Main article List of human anatomical features In other animals edit Head Tentacle Cephalopoda Antler Crest Hood Horn Mane Eye Ear Snout Nose Trunk Nostril Whiskers Beak Aves only Mouth Lip not in Aves Philtrum Jaw not in Aves Gums not in Aves Teeth not in Aves Tusk Tongue Throat Vocal sac Ranidae Vertebral column extends dorsally Thorax Udder Mammary gland Gills Arm Mammalia Amphibia Fin Fish Wing Aves Elbow Hand Fingers Thumb Primate Knee Leg Foot Toe Hoof Claw Nail anatomy Nail beak Webbing Abdomen Pouch Marsupialia Gastro genitourinary system Vulva female Placentalia Penis male Mammalia Aves Reptilia Invertebrates Scrotum male Boreoeutheria Cloaca Aves Fish Reptilia Amphibia Monotremata Marsupialia Anus Mammalia Fish Invertebrates Skin Vertebrata Feather Aves Scale Hair Mammalia Fur Mammalia Shell TailSee also edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Surface anatomy Anatomy Inspection medicine List of images in Gray s Anatomy XII Surface anatomy and Surface Markings PalpationNotes edit Seeley 2003 chap 1 p 2 Standring 2008 Introduction Anatomical nomenclature p 2 Journal of Morphology and Anatomy Surface Anatomy Hilaris Retrieved 1 June 2021 a b Drake 2009 Ch 3 Thorax Thorax surface anatomy pp 224 6 and Fig 3 96 A Week 4 Archived from the original on 2008 01 29 Retrieved 2007 10 11 Gavaghan Mary 1998 Cardiac anatomy and physiology a review includes examination questions AORN Journal Find Articles AORN Journal Archived from the original on 2012 07 10 Retrieved 2007 10 11 Constant Jules 1999 Bedside cardiology Hagerstwon MD Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins p 228 ISBN 0 7817 2168 7 References editDrake Richard Vogl A Wayne Mitchell Adam W M 2009 Gray s Anatomy for Students 2nd ed Elsevier Health Sciences pp 157 164 311 320 538 547 686 694 882 892 1097 1110 1514 1524 ISBN 9781437720556 Retrieved 28 February 2014 Seeley Rod R Stephens Trent D Tate Philip 2002 Anatomy amp physiology 6th ed McGraw amp Hill ISBN 978 0 07 235113 2 Standring Susan 2008 Gray s Anatomy The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice 39th Edition ISBN 978 0 443 07168 3 Human surface anatomy photos at pp 947 1406 1410 Figs 56 3 110 12 110 13 110 15 110 22Further reading editFrederick Roland Becker Wilson James Walter Gehweiler John A 1971 The anatomical basis of medical practice illustrated ed Williams and Wilkins Lumley John S P 2008 Surface Anatomy The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Examination 4th ed Elsevier Health Sciences ISBN 978 0 7020 4776 3 Retrieved 28 February 2014 Rohen Johannes Wilhelm Yokochi Chihiro Lutjen Drecoll Elke 2011 Color Atlas of Anatomy A Photographic Study of the Human Body 7th ed Wolters Kluwer Health Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins pp 204 5 476 7 ISBN 978 1 58255 856 1 Sheppard Joseph 1991 Drawing the Living Figure Dover Publications Incorporated ISBN 0 486 26723 7 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Surface anatomy amp oldid 1216512525, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
