Sultan bin Abdulaziz
Sultan bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (c. 5 January 1928 – 22 October 2011) (Arabic: سلطان بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود, Sulṭān ibn ʿAbdulʿazīz Āl Suʿūd), called Sultan the Good (سلطان الخير, Sulṭan al Khair) in Saudi Arabia,[1] was the Saudi defense minister from 1963 to 2011 and the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia from 2005 to 2011.
| Sultan bin Abdulaziz | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia First Deputy Prime Minister | |||||
| Tenure | 1 August 2005 – 22 October 2011 | ||||
Monarch | |||||
Prime Minister | King Abdullah | ||||
| Predecessor | Abdullah bin Abdulaziz | ||||
| Successor | Nayef bin Abdulaziz | ||||
| Second Deputy Prime Minister | |||||
| Tenure | 13 June 1982 – 1 August 2005 | ||||
Monarch | |||||
Prime Minister | King Fahd | ||||
| Predecessor | Abdullah bin Abdulaziz | ||||
| Successor | Nayef bin Abdulaziz | ||||
| Minister of Defense and Aviation | |||||
| Tenure | 22 October 1963 – 22 October 2011 | ||||
Deputy | |||||
Prime Minister | |||||
| Predecessor | Muhammed bin Saud Al Saud | ||||
| Successor | Salman of Saudi Arabia | ||||
| Governor of Riyadh Province | |||||
| Tenure | 22 February 1947 – 24 December 1953 | ||||
Appointed by | King Abdulaziz | ||||
| Predecessor | Nasser bin Abdulaziz Al Saud | ||||
| Successor | Nayef bin Abdulaziz | ||||
| Born | c. 5 January 1928 Riyadh, Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd | ||||
| Died | 22 October 2011 (aged 83) New York City, New York, U.S. | ||||
| Burial | 25 October 2011 Al Oud cemetery, Riyadh | ||||
| Spouse | See list | ||||
| Issue | |||||
| |||||
| House | Al Saud | ||||
| Father | King Abdulaziz | ||||
| Mother | Hussa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi | ||||
Early life and education edit
Sultan was born in Riyadh sometime between the mid to late 1920s to early 1930s, with the year being given as 1925, 1928, 1930, and 1931.[2] He was the 15th son of Ibn Saud[3] and his mother was Hussa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi.[4] He was the second of the Sudairi Seven, who also included Fahd, Nayef and Salman.[5][6] Prince Sultan, along with many of his brothers, received his early education in religion, modern culture, and diplomacy at the royal court.[6]
Early experience edit
His career in public service began in 1940 when he was made a deputy to Riyadh governor or emir, Prince Nasser.[6] In 1947, Prince Sultan replaced Prince Nasser as governor of Riyadh.[7][8][9] Prince Sultan also assisted King Abdulaziz's attempts to establish a national administrative system based on the Islamic Sharia law during this period.[7] In 1947, Prince Sultan oversaw ARAMCO's construction of the Kingdom's rail link between Dammam and Riyadh. He was appointed as the kingdom's first minister of agriculture in 1953[7] and minister of transport in 1955.[10]
Following the assassination of Lebanese prime minister, Riad Al Solh, in 1951 King Abdulaziz sent Prince Sultan to Beirut to offer condolences to late prime minister's family.[11]
Although the direct military experience of Prince Sultan was brief, heading the Royal Guard in Riyadh in the early 1950s, he felt a lifelong connection to the military and the cause of Saudi independence from an early age.[12] Major General Carl von Horn, Swedish commander of the UN observer mission during the Yemeni civil war, described the Prince Sultan as "a volatile and emotional young man" in the early days.[12]
Minister of defense and aviation edit
In 1963, Crown Prince Faisal appointed Prince Sultan as minister of defense and aviation.[8] He presided over the development of the Saudi armed forces. During the reign of King Faisal, Prince Sultan was particularly interested in Yemen.[13]
At the beginning of King Faisal's reign in 1964 Prince Sultan became a member of the council which had been established by the king to guide the succession issues.[14] In the late 1966 Prince Sultan survived an assassination attempt by the revolutionary Yemenites who were assisted by Egyptian intelligence.[15] His influence declined under the reign of King Khalid[13] due to the fact that in 1977 Prince Sultan unsuccessfully tried to prevent Prince Abdullah bin Abdulaziz from becoming heir apparent when the king died.[16]
Sultan purchased U.S. tanks, fighter planes, missiles, and AWACS (airborne warning and control systems). However, as a result of problems assimilating technology within its armed forces, a relatively high proportion of the military equipment is stored or under maintenance, despite a large portion of Saudi's $34 billion defense budget being spent on maintaining military equipment. Sultan allegedly became extraordinarily wealthy from kickbacks by Western businesses that handled multibillion-dollar defense contracts.[17] He was involved in many scandals, including the Al Yamamah deal.[18] However, his influence remained unhindered until his health began to deteriorate.[18] During his tenure, Saudi Arabia became the largest importer of U.S. arms, and he was a strong proponent of the U.S.-Saudi partnership.[19]
As well, Sultan authorized a deal with the British Aircraft Corporation (BAC) in 1965. His program, called Operation Magic Carpet, traded £16 million for six second-hand Lightnings, six Hawker Hunters, and a set of missile launchers going to Royal Saudi Air Force. Geoffrey Edwards served as the official intermediary. British pilots also came over, privately contracted.[12] Prince Sultan was an expert on the Yemen civil war and Soviet involvement in the Horn of Africa in 1985.[20]
In 1996, Prince Sultan opposed Pentagon plans to relocate U.S. troops to safer locations after the Dhahran complex bombings.[21] He visited Iran in May 1999 - his visit was the first official visit of a Saudi minister since 1979.[22]
Second deputy prime minister edit
On 13 June 1982, after the death of King Khalid and Crown Prince Fahd became the King, Prince Sultan was appointed second deputy prime minister.[8][23] Opposition to his appointment as second deputy prime minister came in particular from his elder half-brothers Musaid and Bandar. The objection of Prince Musaid was easily ignored since his son, Faisal bin Musaid, had assassinated King Faisal. However, the interests of Bandar bin Abdulaziz were much harder to ignore. Thus, he was compensated and the dispute was resolved.[24]
Prince Sultan, in December 1995, attempted to seize power through the support of the Ulema when Crown Prince Abdullah was in Oman for a summit of the Gulf Cooperation Council.[25] However, his attempted coup failed.[25]
Prince Sultan was one of the members of the Al Saud Family Council established by Crown Prince Abdullah in June 2000 to discuss private issues such as business activities of princes and marriages of princess to individuals who were not members of the House of Saud.[24]
Crown prince edit
On 1 August 2005, Sultan bin Abdulaziz was designated heir apparent despite having a discord with King Abdullah.[26] During the same period he led the group called Sudairi Seven, being the eldest of the group after King Fahd's demise.[27]
Various positions edit
During the 1970s Prince Sultan was one of the members of the inner family council which was led by King Khalid and included Sultan's brothers Prince Mohammed, Crown Prince Fahd, Prince Abdullah, and Prince Abdul Muhsin and his uncles Prince Ahmed and Prince Musaid.[28]
Prince Sultan was Saudi Arabia's inspector general. He was chairman of the board of Saudi Arabia's national airline, Saudi Arabian Airlines. As chairman, he approved a ban on smoking inside all Saudi airports.[29] In 1986, he founded the Saudi National Commission for Wildlife Conservation.[30] He was chairman of the Higher Council for Islamic Affairs, which financially supports Muslim communities around the world.[8][31]
Scientific prizes sponsored by Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz edit
- Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz prize for water. He was the founder and patron of the Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz International Prize for Water, a bi-annual international scientific award for water research created in 2002.[32][33]
- Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz Chair for environmental engineering, department of civil engineering, King Fahd University for Petroleum and Minerals. It is the first chair in the university.
- The scientific agreement between Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz and Oxford University for academic and cultural co-operation, which enables Saudi students for bachelor's, master and PhD degrees in the field of human sciences.[34]
Charity works edit
Prince Sultan was known as "Sultan the Good" (Arabic:سلطان الخير Sulṭan al-Khair) in Saudi Arabia for his generosity. He played a role in many charitable works, including providing for the poor and people with special needs. He set up and funded the Sultan bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Foundation on 21 January 1995, with the aim of providing humanitarian services and medical services to people unable to afford the expenses. With the exception of his private residence and important necessities, he donated his possessions to the foundation.[35]
The foundation includes the following centers in different countries:
- Sultan bin Abdulaziz Humanitarian City[36][37]
- Sultan bin Abdulaziz Science and Technology Center
- Charity housing projects
- Sultan bin Abdulaziz Special Education Program at the Arabian Gulf University in Bahrain
- Prince Sultan Center for Speech and Hearing in Bahrain
- King Abdulaziz Center for Islamic Studies at Bologna University
- Sultan bin Abdulaziz Arab and Islamic Studies Program at the University of California, Berkeley
- Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz Private: Committee for Relief.
This private committee organizes relief and medical convoys and sets up camps to combat diseases like Malaria and blindness. It has carried out several developmental, social and medical projects, like, digging wells, building schools, public libraries, mosques, hospitals, establishing dialysis centers. It also sponsors Muslim preachers in Ethiopia, Chad, Niger, Malawi, Mali, Comoro Islands, Djibouti and Indonesia.
He inaugurated and served as the patron of Prince Sultan University in Riyadh. It was named in his honor by the university's parent institution, Al-Riyadh Philanthropic Society, which was founded by the prince's brother, Salman of Saudi Arabia, who would later become king. This is the first private/non-profit university established in the kingdom. In 2007, Prince Sultan was awarded the Medal of Human Honor for his charitable works.[38]
In April 2005, Sultan donated £2 million to the Ashmolean Museum. A year after his donations to establish an art museum, Oxford University agreed to 'expedite' the scholarship application process for Saudi students, and identify colleges for ten Saudi students from Prince Sultan University. When this arrangement became public, it led to criticism due to the donations bypassing Oxford's governing council, and breaching the admissions process for prospective students.[39]
A press release issued by Oxford University on 20 April 2005 said that:
HRH Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz Al Saud has given the Ashmolean Museum a substantial donation to provide a fitting home for the Museum's internationally renowned collection of Islamic art. The total value of the gift is £2 million, which will also provide for ten scholarships at the University of Oxford for Saudi Arabian students.
The press release added further that ‘the new gallery, part of the ambitious redevelopment of one of the world’s oldest museums, will be named the “Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz al Saud Gallery”’. Arab News on 21 April 2005 reported that Sultan’s donation was a ‘move to promote understanding between Islam and the West’, adding that ‘Saudi and British officials’ had said that the new gallery ‘will help to portray Islamic culture and civilization in right perspectives.’[39]
Controversy edit
In 2002, families of the victims of the September 11 attacks in the United States sued Prince Sultan and other senior Saudi officials for their alleged contributions to al-Qaeda linked charities.[40] The lawsuits were thrown out by a US federal judge due to insufficient evidence submitted.[40]
Personal life edit
Prince Sultan mostly married women who had a tribal background.[41] He had thirty-two children by his multiple wives. His son Khalid bin Sultan, after Prince Sultan's death, was appointed deputy minister of defense and served in the post until 20 April 2013.[42][43] Bandar bin Sultan was the former ambassador to the United States, the former secretary general of the national security council and the former head of the general intelligence directorate. Fahd bin Sultan is the governor of the Tabuk province. Salman bin Sultan, another son, is the former deputy defense minister.[44] Faisal bin Sultan (born 1951) is the secretary general of Sultan bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Foundation.[45][46]
His other sons are Turki (1959–2012), Nayef (born 1979), Badr (born 1980), Saud, Ahmad (born 1983), Nawwaf, Abdullah, Mishaal (born 1988), Mansour, Fawwaz, Abdulmajid and Abdul Ilah.[46]
Prince Sultan had fifteen daughters, the oldest of whom is Nawf bint Sultan.[47] One of his daughters, Reema, is the spouse of Muhammad bin Nayef, former Crown Prince.[48] His other daughter, Noura bint Sultan, married Turki bin Nasser. Another daughter, Munira bint Sultan, who was Faisal bin Fahd's spouse, died in June 2011 at age 59.[49][50]
Wives edit
- Khiziran, a concubine from Ethiopia, was the mother of his eldest son Bandar
- Munira bint Abdulaziz bin Musaed bin Jalawi (deceased), mother of Khalid, Fahd, Faisal and Turki[51]
- Huda bint Abdullah Al Sheikh, mother of Saud, Nayef, Nawwaf, Badr, Abdullah and Mansour
- Areej bint Salem Al Maree, mother of his youngest two sons, Abdulmajid and Abdul Ilah
- Hussa bint Muhammed bin Abdulaziz bin Turki (divorced), mother of Princess Daad[46]
- Tarfah bint Abdullah bin Abdulrahman Aldakhil
- Jowaher bint Mohammed bin Saud bin Nasser Al Farhan Al Saud (divorced)
- Mouda bint Saud Al Kabeer Al Saud (divorced)
- Mounira bint Mishaal bin Saud Al Rashid (deceased)
- Leila Al Thunayan (divorced)[52]
- Mouda bint Salman Al Mandeel Al Khaldi (divorced)
- Dina bint Abdulhamid Alsahhaf (divorced)
- Maha bint Abdullah Albanyan (divorced)
- Abir bint Fahd Al Farhan Al Saud (divorced), mother of Fawwaz
- Ghadir bint Shawaan Al Shibani (divorced)
- Mashail bint Mamdouh Al Ali[53]
Characteristics edit
Prince Sultan was regarded by the House of Saud as a workaholic. He doled out money at banquets in keeping with tribal customs. A conservative, it was expected that he would have put a brake on King Abdullah's timid reforms. Sultan was considered to be pro-American.[54]
Views edit
Sultan took a lifetime anti-communist and anti-Soviet view, based on his dislike of Soviet state atheism as well as Soviet interest in Gulf oil and access to ports that he felt risked Saudi independence. He rebuked U.S. President Jimmy Carter for what he saw as "pusillanimity" in the face of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.[12]
In a 23 October 2001 interview in Kuwaiti newspaper As Seyassa, concerning 9/11 attacks, Sultan stated “Who stands behind this terrorism and who carried out this complicated and carefully planned terrorist operation? Osama bin Laden and those with him have said what indicates that they stand behind this carefully planned act. We, in turn, ask: Are bin Laden and his supporters the only ones behind what happened or is there another power with advanced technical expertise that acted with them?”.[55]
Wealth and property edit
Prince Sultan's wealth in 1990 was reported to be $1.2 billion.[56] In 1993 Fortune magazine cited him as the 34th rich person in the world with $4.0 billion wealth.[57] Later, his fortune was estimated at $270 billion, which he distributed between his sons prior to his death in October 2011 in order to support their political position in the competitive princely arena.[58][59] Prince Sultan owned 2–8a Rutland Gate, the former London residence of the Lebanese politician and businessman Rafic Hariri. Prince Sultan had been given the property after Hariri's assassination in 2005.[60]
Documents in the Paradise Papers release show Prince Sultan used the law firm Appleby at the center of the use of offshore businesses and trusts by world leaders.[61]
Health issues edit
Prince Sultan was rumored to have had colon cancer in 2003. A foreign correspondent was forced to leave the country after reporting his health problems.[62]
In 2004, Prince Sultan was diagnosed with colon cancer and underwent several corrective surgeries. He underwent an operation to remove an intestinal polyp in Jeddah in 2005.[7][63] Prince Sultan visited a Swiss clinic in late April 2008.[63] In April 2009, he began to suffer from Alzheimer's disease.[64][65]
He was reported to be suffering dementia, specifically Alzheimer's disease.[66]
Morocco vacation edit
In February 2009, Sultan spent several months in New York City at New York–Presbyterian Hospital and underwent surgery in New York. He then convalesced at Agadir, Morocco. He went back to Saudi Arabia, but soon returned to Morocco in August 2009. During his vacation, the Saudi cabinet increased officer salaries, a traditional domain of Sultan.[67]
In 2009, King Abdullah took charge of all defense purchases and reduced the power of the Defense Ministry. In October 2010, Abdullah personally conducted much of the negotiations for the U.S. arms package worth over $60 billion.[68]
In November 2010, Sultan received in Agadir Lebanese Prime Minister Saad Al-Hariri to discuss the future of Lebanon's government.[69] He had been receiving treatment since 2009 for what analysts and diplomats believed to be cancer.[70] At the end of November 2010, he returned to Saudi Arabia because King Abdullah had left for the United States for surgery. His return was seen as a legal formality necessary under Saudi law, which stipulates that only one of the kingdom's top two officials can be abroad at a given time.[71]
Death and funeral edit
The Saudi Royal court announced on 22 October 2011 that Prince Sultan died at dawn of an unspecified illness.[72][73] According to media reports, Prince Sultan had been battling cancer and had been seeking medical treatment in the United States since mid-June 2011.[74][75] He had a surgical operation in New York in July 2011.[76] Unnamed U.S. officials cited by The New York Times stated that he died at New York-Presbyterian Hospital in Manhattan, New York City.[77]
His body was taken from New York City to Riyadh on 24 October 2011.[76] His funeral was held at the Imam Turki bin Abdullah mosque in Riyadh on 25 October 2011 in the presence of King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz.[74] He was buried in Al Oud cemetery in Riyadh.[78]
Various leaders, including the president of Afghanistan, Farouk Al Sharaa, the vice-president of Syria, the Iranian foreign minister and the head of Egypt's ruling military council, participated in the funeral.[76] Additionally, other statesmen went to Riyadh to offer their condolences, such as the US Vice President Joe Biden, Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari and Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak.[79]
Honours edit
Among others, Prince Sultan was the recipient of the following honours and medals:
- Order of St Michael and St George (May 1967)[80]
- National Order of Chad, First Class (1972)
- Order of the Lion of Senegal (1972)
- Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, First Class (19 July 1997)[81]
- Order of King Abdulaziz (1973; First Class).[82]
- National Order of Merit (1973; Grand Class)[82]
- Order of the Liberator, First Class (Venezuela, 1975)[82]
- Honorary Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (P.M.N.) (Malaysia; 1982)[83]
- Honorary Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (Malaysia; 2000)[84]
He was also posthumously given the King Khalid award in 2011.[82]
Ancestry edit
| Ancestors of Sultan bin Abdulaziz | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
References edit
- ^ "The Dream of Gerontocracy". The Weekly Middle East Reporter. 29 October 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
- ^ "وفاة ولي العهد السعودي الأمير سلطان بن عبد العزيز عن عمر يناهز 80 عاماً" [Saudi Crown Prince, Sultan bin Abdulaziz dies at 80]]. Al Arabiya (in Arabic). 22 October 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
- ^ Nabil Mouline (April–June 2012). "Power and generational transition in Saudi Arabia". Critique Internationale. 46: 1–22. doi:10.3917/crii.046.0125.
- ^ Winberg Chai, ed. (2005). Saudi Arabia: A Modern Reader. Indianapolis, IN: University of Indianapolis Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-88093-859-4.
- ^ Mark Shenk (1 August 2005). "Oil Surges to Record as King Fahd's Death Raises Supply Concern". Bloomberg. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
- ^ a b c "The Political Leadership - King Fahd". APS Review Gas Market Trends. 29 November 1999. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- ^ a b c d "Saudi heir to throne dies in hospital". CBC. AP. 22 October 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
- ^ a b c d "Profile: Saudi Prince Sultan". BBC. 1 August 2005. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
- ^ George Kheirallah (1952). Arabia Reborn. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. p. 254. ISBN 9781258502010.
- ^ Glen Carey; Vivian Salama (1 November 2011). . Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on 3 November 2011. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
- ^ "Trinkets from Tola!". Time. Vol. 64, no. 12. 20 September 1954.
- ^ a b c d "Crown Prince Sultan Ibn Abdul-Aziz al Saud". The Daily Telegraph. London. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
- ^ a b Halim Barakat (1979). "The Social Context". In P. Edward Haley; Lewis W. Snider (eds.). Lebanon in Crisis: Participants and Issues. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-8156-2210-9.
- ^ David Rundell (2020). Vision or Mirage: Saudi Arabia at the Crossroads. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-83860-594-0.
- ^ Joseph Mann (2012). "King Faisal and the Challenge of Nasser's Revolutionary Ideology". Middle Eastern Studies. 48 (5): 753. doi:10.1080/00263206.2012.706220. JSTOR 41721173. S2CID 144629072.
- ^ "Succession in Saudi Arabia. Chronology" (PDF). Springer. p. 164. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
- ^ "The way we live now". The New York Times. 22 December 2002. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
- ^ a b "Saudi king to US for treatment of back ailment". Yahoo! News. 21 November 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
- ^ Nawaf Obaid (12 August 2002). "Backlash in Saudi Arabia". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
- ^ "Briefing for the Prime Minister's meeting with Prince Sultan" (PDF). The Guardian. London. 25 September 1985. (PDF) from the original on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
- ^ "Saudi Arabia – Defense Minister opposes U.S. plans to move soldiers". The Vindicator. 15 July 1996. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
- ^ Anthony H. Cordesman (2003). Saudi Arabia Enters the Twenty-First Century: The Political, Foreign Policy, Economic, and Energy Dimensions. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-275-97998-0.
- ^ "Crown Prince Fahd takes control of largest oil-exporting nation". Herald Journal. 14 June 1982. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
- ^ a b Simon Henderson (August 2009). (PDF). Policy Focus. 96. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
- ^ a b Paul Michael Wihbey (July 1997). . IASPS Research Papers in Strategy (4). Archived from the original on 23 May 2012.
- ^ Jon Leyne. (1 August 2005). Tensions remain among Saudi royals, BBC News, Retrieved 7 December 2008.
- ^ William Safire (12 September 2002). "The Split in the Saudi Royal Family". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
- ^ Gulshan Dhahani (1980). "Political Institutions in Saudi Arabia". International Studies. 19 (1): 59–69. doi:10.1177/002088178001900104. S2CID 153974203.
- ^ Fatima Sidiya (19 October 2010). . Arab News. Archived from the original on 20 October 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
- ^ Gerald Butt (3 June 2004). "Profile: Saudi Prince Sultan". BBC. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
- ^ "Who's who: Senior Saudis". BBC. 30 October 2007. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
- ^ . PSIPW. Archived from the original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2008.
- ^ . Oasis Magazine. Winter 2009–2010. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014.
- ^ "Biography. Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz bin Abdulrahman bin Faisal Al Saud". iTTaleem. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
- ^ "سلطان بن عبد العزيز .. أمير العطاء" (in Arabic). Al Moslim. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 20 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
- ^ . Euro Synapses. Archived from the original on 28 September 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
- ^ . Sultan bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Foundation. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
- ^ a b Robin Simcox (1 March 2009). "A Degree of Influence". Henry Jackson Society. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
- ^ a b . Lebanonwire. Riyadh. AFP. 1 August 2005. Archived from the original on 23 March 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
- ^ Rayed Khalid Krymli (1993). The political economy of rentier states: A case study of Saudi Arabia in the oil era, 1950-1990 (PhD thesis). George Washington University. p. 125. ProQuest 304080655.
- ^ "His Royal Highness Prince Bandar bin Sultan | The Embassy of The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia". www.saudiembassy.net. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
- ^ . Gulf News. Reuters. 20 April 2013. Archived from the original on 24 April 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
- ^ "Son of former Saudi crown prince named deputy defence minister". Reuters. 6 August 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ . AMEINFO. Archived from the original on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
- ^ a b c Sabri Sharif (2001). The House of Saud in Commerce: A Study of Royal Entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia. New Delhi: I. S. Publication. ISBN 81-901254-0-0.
- ^ Abdullah Al Oreifij (12 December 2009). . Saudi Gazette. Riyadh. Archived from the original on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
- ^ "Time, surely, for a much younger one". The Economist. 29 October 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
- ^ . Emirates News Agency. 11 June 2011. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
- ^ "Prince Sattam performs funerary prayers over the deceased". Ain al-Yaqeen. 17 June 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
- ^ . The Daily Star Lebanon. 25 August 2011. Archived from the original on 29 August 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
- ^ As'ad AbuKhalil (2004). The Battle for Saudi Arabia. Royalty, fundamentalism and global power. New York City: Seven Stories Press. ISBN 1-58322-610-9.
- ^ "Saudi King, Crown Prince Receive al-Faghm Family Members". Sada Elbalad English. 30 September 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
- ^ Anne Penketh (17 June 2008). "Succession at House of Saud: The men who would be king". The Independent. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
- ^ Robert S. Dudney (December 2001). (PDF). Air Force Magazine: 40–48. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
- ^ . CNN/Fortune. 10 September 1990. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
- ^ "The Billionaires". Fortune. 127 (13). 28 June 1993.
- ^ Mai Yamani (25 October 2011). "Saudi Arabia's Old Regime Grows Older". Project Syndicate. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
- ^ Bruce Riedel (1 November 2011). "What to Expect from the New Saudi Crown Prince". National Interest. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
- ^ Ed Hammond and Sally Gainsbury (12 September 2012). "Hyde Park mansion on sale for £300 million". The Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
- ^ "Prince Khaled bin Sultan bin Abdulaziz Al Saud". Offshore Leaks Database. ICIJ.
- ^ Simon Henderson (11 December 2009). "Saudi Royals Reunited? Crown Prince Sultan Returns Home". The Washington Institute. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
- ^ a b Andrew Hammond (7 May 2008). . Middle East Online. Riyadh. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
- ^ "Crown Prince Sultan Suffers from Alzheimers". Arabia Today. 1 February 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- ^ "The royal house is rattled too". The Economist. 3 March 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- ^ Simon Henderson (7 January 2011). "Saudi Arabia's Oil Policy Vacancies". The Washington Institute. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
- ^ . Khaleej Times. Reuters. 27 October 2010. Archived from the original on 6 May 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
- ^ . iWireNews. 26 October 2010. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
- ^ . Arab News. 4 November 2010. Archived from the original on 7 December 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
- ^ "Saudi king to US for treatment of back ailment". Yahoo! News. 21 November 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
- ^ Summer Said; Margaret Coker (22 November 2010). "Saudi King to Seek Medical Care in U.S." The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
- ^ MacFarquhar, Neil (22 October 2011). "Prince Sultan bin Abdel Aziz of Saudi Arabia Dies". The New York Times. New York. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
- ^ "Saudi Arabia's Crown Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Dies". Fox News. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
- ^ a b Angus McDowall (22 October 2011). "Saudi Crown Prince dies: royal court". Reuters. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
- ^ "Saudi Arabian Crown Prince Sultan dies". BBC. 22 October 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
- ^ a b c "Funeral held for Crown Prince Sultan". BBC. 25 October 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
- ^ Neil MacFarquhar (22 October 2011). "Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
- ^ Abdul Nabi Shaheen (23 October 2011). "Sultan will have simple burial at Al Oud cemetery". Gulf News. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
- ^ "Saudi Arabia holds funeral of Crown Prince Sultan". Al Arabiya. 25 October 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
- ^ "Visit of Roy Mason, Secretary of State for Defence, to Oman and Saudi Arabia, 19-28 April 1975". Arabian Gulf Digital Archive. p. 163. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
British intelligence document, number FCO 8/2401
- ^ "Le onorificenze della Repubblica Italiana". www.quirinale.it (in Italian).
- ^ a b c d . Ain Al Yaqeen. 25 November 2011. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
- ^ "Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat". istiadat.gov.my.
- ^ "Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan". istiadat.gov.my.
External links edit
- Media related to Sultan bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud at Wikimedia Commons