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World-system

April 08, 2024

A world-system is a socioeconomic system, under systems theory, that encompasses part or all of the globe, detailing the aggregate structural result of the sum of the interactions between polities. World-systems are usually larger than single states, but do not have to be global. The Westphalian System is the preeminent world-system operating in the contemporary world, denoting the system of sovereign states and nation-states produced by the Westphalian Treaties in 1648. Several world-systems can coexist, provided that they have little or no interaction with one another. Where such interactions becomes significant, separate world-systems merge into a new, larger world-system. Through the process of globalization, the modern world has reached the state of one dominant world-system, but in human history there have been periods where separate world-systems existed simultaneously, according to Janet Abu-Lughod. The most well-known version of the world-system approach has been developed by Immanuel Wallerstein. A world-system is a crucial element of the world-system theory, a multidisciplinary, macro-scale approach to world history and social change.

Characteristics edit

World-systems are defined by the existence of a division of labor. The modern world-system has a multi-state political structure (the interstate system) and therefore its division of labor is international division of labor. In the modern world-system, the division of labor consists of three zones according to the prevalence of profitable industries or activities: core, semiperiphery, and periphery. Countries tend to fall into one or another of these interdependent zones core countries, semi-periphery countries and the periphery countries.[1][2] Resources are redistributed from the underdeveloped, typically raw materials-exporting, poor part of the world (the periphery) to developed, industrialized core.

World-systems, past world-systems and the modern world-system, have temporal features. Cyclical rhythms represent the short-term fluctuation of economy, while secular trends mean deeper long run tendencies, such as general economic growth or decline.[3] The term contradiction means a general controversy in the system, usually concerning some short term vs. long term trade-offs. For example, the problem of underconsumption, wherein the drive-down of wages increases the profit for the capitalists on the short-run, but considering the long run, the decreasing of wages may have a crucially harmful effect by reducing the demand for the product. The last temporal feature is the crisis: a crisis occurs, if a constellation of circumstances brings about the end of the system.

The world-systems theory stresses that world-systems (and not nation states) should be the basic unit of social analysis.[2][3] Thus we should focus not on individual states, but on the relations between their groupings (core, semi-periphery, and periphery).

Immanuel Wallerstein edit

The most well-known version of the world-system approach has been developed by Immanuel Wallerstein, who has provided several definitions of what a world-system is, twice in 1974, first

"...a system is defined as a unit with a single division of labor and multiple cultural systems."[4]

and second as

"…a social system, one that has boundaries, structures, member groups, rules of legitimation, and coherence."[5]

In 1987 he elaborated his definition:

"...not the system of the world, but a system that is a world and which can be, most often has been, located in an area less than the entire globe. World-systems analysis argues that the units of social reality within which we operate, whose rules constrain us, are for the most part such world-systems [...]. ...there have been thus far only two varieties of world-systems: world-economies and world empires. A world-empire (examples, the Roman Empire, Han China) are large bureaucratic structures with a single political center and an axial division of labor, but multiple cultures. A world-economy is a large axial division of labor with multiple political centers and multiple cultures."[3]

Thus, we can differentiate world-systems into politically unified (world-empires) and not unified (world-economies).[2] Small, non-state units such as tribes are micro-systems.[2]

World system vs. world-system(s) edit

World system refers to the entire world, whereas world-system is its fragment - the largest unit of analysis that makes sense.[2] Wallerstein stresses the importance of hyphen in the title:

"... In English, the hyphen is essential to indicate these concepts. "World system" without a hyphen suggests that there has been only one world-system in the history of the world."[3]

There is an ongoing debate among scholars whether we can talk about multiple world-systems. For those who support the multiple world-systems approach,[6] there have been many world-systems throughout worlds history, some replacing others, as was the case when a multipolar world-system of the 13th-14th centuries was replaced by a series of consecutive Europe- and the West-centered world-systems.[7] Others coexisted unknowingly with others, not linked to them directly or indirectly; in those cases the world-systems weren't worldwide (for example, prior to colonization of Americas, the Americas world-systems had no connection with the one encompassing Eurasia and Africa).[8] From around 19th century onward, due to the process of globalization, many scholars agree that there has been only one world-system, that of capitalism.[9][10] There are, however, dissenting voices, as some scholars do not support the contention that there is only one world-system in the modern day;[11] Janet Abu-Lughod states that multiple world-systems did exist in past epochs.[12]

The alternative approach insists that there was only one World System that originated in the Near East five[13] or even ten[14] thousand years ago, and gradually encompassed the whole world; thus, the present-day truly global World System can be regarded as its continuation.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Carlos A. Martínez-Vela, World Systems Theory, paper prepared for the Research Seminar in Engineering Systems, November 2003
  2. ^ a b c d e Thomas Barfield, The dictionary of anthropology, Wiley-Blackwell, 1997, ISBN 1-57718-057-7, is" hyphen&f=false Google Print, p.498-499
  3. ^ a b c d Immanuel Wallerstein, (2004), WORLD-SYSTEMS ANALYSIS, in World System History , [Ed. George Modelski, in Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), Developed under the Auspices of the UNESCO, Eolss Publishers, Oxford ,UK
  4. ^ Wallerstein. 1974. "The Rise and Future Demise of the World-Capitalist System: Concepts for Comparative Analysis." Comparative Studies in Society and History 16: p. 390. Cited after [1]
  5. ^ Immanuel Wallerstein (1974) the Modern World-System, New York, Academic Press, pp. 347-57.
  6. ^ E.g., Chase-Dunn Ch. K. and Hall Th. D. (1997), ‘Rise and Demise. Comparing World - Systems’ Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
  7. ^ Abu-Lughod, Janet (1989), "Before European Hegemony: The World System AD. 1250-1350"
  8. ^ André Gunder Frank, Barry K. Gills, The world system: five hundred years or five thousand?, Routledge, 1996, ISBN 0-415-15089-2, Google Print, p.3
  9. ^ J. Timmons Roberts; Amy Hite (4 January 2000). From modernization to globalization: perspectives on development and social change. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 192–. ISBN 978-0-631-21097-9. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
  10. ^ Robert Asen; Daniel C. Brouwer (2001). Counterpublics and the state. SUNY Press. pp. 235–. ISBN 978-0-7914-5161-8. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
  11. ^ Gerard Delanty (1999). Social theory in a changing world: conceptions of modernity. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 70–. ISBN 978-0-7456-1918-7. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
  12. ^ Janet Abu-Lughod. Discontinuities and persistence. One world system or a succession of systems?. In André Gunder Frank; Barry K. Gills (1996). The world system: five hundred years or five thousand?. Psychology Press. pp. 278–. ISBN 978-0-415-15089-7. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
  13. ^ André Gunder Frank, Barry K. Gills, The world system: five hundred years or five thousand?, Routledge, 1996, ISBN 0-415-15089-2
  14. ^ Korotayev A. A Compact Macromodel of World System Evolution // Journal of World-System Research 11 (2005): 79–93 2009-07-06 at the Wayback Machine; Korotayev A., Malkov A., Khaltourina D. (2006). Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth. Moscow: KomKniga. ISBN 5-484-00414-4; Korotayev A. The World System urbanization dynamics. History & Mathematics: Historical Dynamics and Development of Complex Societies. Edited by Peter Turchin, Leonid Grinin, Andrey Korotayev, and Victor C. de Munck. Moscow: KomKniga, 2006. ISBN 5-484-01002-0. P. 44-62

April 08, 2024
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A world system is a socioeconomic system under systems theory that encompasses part or all of the globe detailing the aggregate structural result of the sum of the interactions between polities World systems are usually larger than single states but do not have to be global The Westphalian System is the preeminent world system operating in the contemporary world denoting the system of sovereign states and nation states produced by the Westphalian Treaties in 1648 Several world systems can coexist provided that they have little or no interaction with one another Where such interactions becomes significant separate world systems merge into a new larger world system Through the process of globalization the modern world has reached the state of one dominant world system but in human history there have been periods where separate world systems existed simultaneously according to Janet Abu Lughod The most well known version of the world system approach has been developed by Immanuel Wallerstein A world system is a crucial element of the world system theory a multidisciplinary macro scale approach to world history and social change Contents 1 Characteristics 2 Immanuel Wallerstein 3 World system vs world system s 4 See also 5 ReferencesCharacteristics editWorld systems are defined by the existence of a division of labor The modern world system has a multi state political structure the interstate system and therefore its division of labor is international division of labor In the modern world system the division of labor consists of three zones according to the prevalence of profitable industries or activities core semiperiphery and periphery Countries tend to fall into one or another of these interdependent zones core countries semi periphery countries and the periphery countries 1 2 Resources are redistributed from the underdeveloped typically raw materials exporting poor part of the world the periphery to developed industrialized core World systems past world systems and the modern world system have temporal features Cyclical rhythms represent the short term fluctuation of economy while secular trends mean deeper long run tendencies such as general economic growth or decline 3 The term contradiction means a general controversy in the system usually concerning some short term vs long term trade offs For example the problem of underconsumption wherein the drive down of wages increases the profit for the capitalists on the short run but considering the long run the decreasing of wages may have a crucially harmful effect by reducing the demand for the product The last temporal feature is the crisis a crisis occurs if a constellation of circumstances brings about the end of the system The world systems theory stresses that world systems and not nation states should be the basic unit of social analysis 2 3 Thus we should focus not on individual states but on the relations between their groupings core semi periphery and periphery Immanuel Wallerstein editThe most well known version of the world system approach has been developed by Immanuel Wallerstein who has provided several definitions of what a world system is twice in 1974 first a system is defined as a unit with a single division of labor and multiple cultural systems 4 and second as a social system one that has boundaries structures member groups rules of legitimation and coherence 5 In 1987 he elaborated his definition not the system of the world but a system that is a world and which can be most often has been located in an area less than the entire globe World systems analysis argues that the units of social reality within which we operate whose rules constrain us are for the most part such world systems there have been thus far only two varieties of world systems world economies and world empires A world empire examples the Roman Empire Han China are large bureaucratic structures with a single political center and an axial division of labor but multiple cultures A world economy is a large axial division of labor with multiple political centers and multiple cultures 3 Thus we can differentiate world systems into politically unified world empires and not unified world economies 2 Small non state units such as tribes are micro systems 2 World system vs world system s editWorld system refers to the entire world whereas world system is its fragment the largest unit of analysis that makes sense 2 Wallerstein stresses the importance of hyphen in the title In English the hyphen is essential to indicate these concepts World system without a hyphen suggests that there has been only one world system in the history of the world 3 There is an ongoing debate among scholars whether we can talk about multiple world systems For those who support the multiple world systems approach 6 there have been many world systems throughout worlds history some replacing others as was the case when a multipolar world system of the 13th 14th centuries was replaced by a series of consecutive Europe and the West centered world systems 7 Others coexisted unknowingly with others not linked to them directly or indirectly in those cases the world systems weren t worldwide for example prior to colonization of Americas the Americas world systems had no connection with the one encompassing Eurasia and Africa 8 From around 19th century onward due to the process of globalization many scholars agree that there has been only one world system that of capitalism 9 10 There are however dissenting voices as some scholars do not support the contention that there is only one world system in the modern day 11 Janet Abu Lughod states that multiple world systems did exist in past epochs 12 The alternative approach insists that there was only one World System that originated in the Near East five 13 or even ten 14 thousand years ago and gradually encompassed the whole world thus the present day truly global World System can be regarded as its continuation See also edit nbsp Economics portal nbsp World portalScale analytical tool References edit Carlos A Martinez Vela World Systems Theory paper prepared for the Research Seminar in Engineering Systems November 2003 a b c d e Thomas Barfield The dictionary of anthropology Wiley Blackwell 1997 ISBN 1 57718 057 7 is hyphen amp f false Google Print p 498 499 a b c d Immanuel Wallerstein 2004 WORLD SYSTEMS ANALYSIS in World System History Ed George Modelski in Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems EOLSS Developed under the Auspices of the UNESCO Eolss Publishers Oxford UK Wallerstein 1974 The Rise and Future Demise of the World Capitalist System Concepts for Comparative Analysis Comparative Studies in Society and History 16 p 390 Cited after 1 Immanuel Wallerstein 1974 the Modern World System New York Academic Press pp 347 57 E g Chase Dunn Ch K and Hall Th D 1997 Rise and Demise Comparing World Systems Boulder Colorado Westview Press Abu Lughod Janet 1989 Before European Hegemony The World System AD 1250 1350 Andre Gunder Frank Barry K Gills The world system five hundred years or five thousand Routledge 1996 ISBN 0 415 15089 2 Google Print p 3 J Timmons Roberts Amy Hite 4 January 2000 From modernization to globalization perspectives on development and social change Wiley Blackwell pp 192 ISBN 978 0 631 21097 9 Retrieved 21 January 2011 Robert Asen Daniel C Brouwer 2001 Counterpublics and the state SUNY Press pp 235 ISBN 978 0 7914 5161 8 Retrieved 21 January 2011 Gerard Delanty 1999 Social theory in a changing world conceptions of modernity Wiley Blackwell pp 70 ISBN 978 0 7456 1918 7 Retrieved 21 January 2011 Janet Abu Lughod Discontinuities and persistence One world system or a succession of systems In Andre Gunder Frank Barry K Gills 1996 The world system five hundred years or five thousand Psychology Press pp 278 ISBN 978 0 415 15089 7 Retrieved 21 January 2011 Andre Gunder Frank Barry K Gills The world system five hundred years or five thousand Routledge 1996 ISBN 0 415 15089 2 Korotayev A A Compact Macromodel of World System Evolution Journal of World System Research 11 2005 79 93 Archived 2009 07 06 at the Wayback Machine Korotayev A Malkov A Khaltourina D 2006 Introduction to Social Macrodynamics Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth Moscow KomKniga ISBN 5 484 00414 4 Korotayev A The World System urbanization dynamics History amp Mathematics Historical Dynamics and Development of Complex Societies Edited by Peter Turchin Leonid Grinin Andrey Korotayev and Victor C de Munck Moscow KomKniga 2006 ISBN 5 484 01002 0 P 44 62 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title World system amp oldid 1194046623, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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