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Streptocarpus sect. Saintpaulia

January 01, 1970

"African Violet" redirects here. For the 2019 film, see African Violet (film). For the Blue Mitchell album, see African Violet (album).

Streptocarpus sect. Saintpaulia is a section within Streptocarpus subgenus Streptocarpella[1] consisting of about ten species of herbaceous perennial flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae, native to Tanzania and adjacent southeastern Kenya in eastern tropical Africa. The section was previously treated as a separate genus, Saintpaulia, but molecular phylogenetic studies showed that it was nested within the genus Streptocarpus.

Streptocarpus sect. Saintpaulia
Streptocarpus ionanthus in cultivation
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Gesneriaceae
Genus: Streptocarpus
Subgenus: S. subg. Streptocarpella
Section: S. sect. Saintpaulia
H.Wendl.
Species

See text.

Streptocarpus ionanthus flowers

Species and cultivars are commonly called African violets (although they are not closely related to true violets) or saintpaulias. They are commonly sold as house plants.

Several of the species and subspecies of the section are endangered, and many more are threatened, as their native cloud forest habitats are cleared for agriculture. The conservation status of Streptocarpus ionanthus has been classed as near-threatened.

Description edit

Saintpaulias, which grow from 6-15 cm tall, can be anywhere from 6-30 cm wide. The leaves are rounded to oval, 2.5-8.5 cm long with a 2-10 cm petiole, finely hairy, and have a fleshy texture. The flowers are 2-3 cm in diameter, with a five-lobed velvety corolla ("petals"), and grow in clusters of 3-10 or more on slender stalks called peduncles. Wild species can have violet, purple, pale blue, or white flowers.[2]

The plants get their common name "African violet" from their superficial resemblance to true violets (Viola, family Violaceae).

Taxonomy edit

This group of plants has lived in the biodiverse Eastern Arc Usambara Mountains in Tanga Province for millions of years. The name in the local Kisambaa language is Dughulushi. The Germans officially colonialized this area from about 1885, and shortly before this, Baron Walter von Saint Paul-Illaire (1860–1940) was made district commissioner of Tanga province, Tanganyika (now Tanzania) in Africa. He used to enjoy walking in the rainforest and they reminded him of the violets back home. He called them Usambaraveilchen (Usambara violets). In 1892 he sent seeds back to his father, who gave them to an amateur botanist, Hermann Wendland, in Germany. Wendland scientifically described the genus Saintpaulia, and original species S. ionantha in 1893,[3] naming the genus for Saint Paul-Illaire and his father.[4] Two British plant enthusiasts, Sir John Kirk and the Reverend W.E. Taylor, had earlier collected and submitted specimens to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in 1884 and 1887 respectively, but the quality of specimens was insufficient to permit scientific description at that time.

Revisions of the genus by B.L. Burtt expanded the genus to approximately 20 species. Following studies which showed most of the species to be very poorly differentiated, both genetically and morphologically, the number of species was reduced to six in a 2006 treatment, with the majority of former species reduced to subspecies under S. ionantha.[5] In 2009, 9 species, 8 subspecies, and 2 varieties were recognized.[6]

A molecular phylogenetic study in 2015 confirmed previous studies showing that species placed in Saintpaulia were deeply embedded within the genus Streptocarpus,[7] supporting the transfer of all Saintpaulia species to Streptocarpus in 2012.[8] Former Saintpaulia species did form a monophyletic group, and were placed in section Saintpaulia of Streptocarpus subgenus Streptocarpella.[7]

Species edit

All the species previously placed in the genus Saintpaulia are now placed in Streptocarpus section Saintpaulia. Ten species were recognized, as of March 2020.[7][9]

Formerly recognized Saintpaulia species and infraspecies are listed below with their accepted name in Streptocarpus.[9]

  • Saintpaulia alba E.A.Bruce = Streptocarpus albus (E.A.Bruce) I.Darbysh.
  • Saintpaulia amaniensis E.P.Roberts = Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp. grotei (Engl.) Christenh.
  • Saintpaulia brevipilosa B.L.Burtt = Streptocarpus brevipilosus (B.L.Burtt) Mich.Möller & Haston
  • Saintpaulia confusa B.L.Burtt = Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp. grotei (Engl.) Christenh.
  • Saintpaulia difficilis B.L.Burtt = Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp. grotei (Engl.) Christenh.
  • Saintpaulia diplotricha B.L.Burtt = Streptocarpus ionanthus var. diplotrichus (B.L.Burtt) Christenh.
  • Saintpaulia goetzeana Engl. = Streptocarpus goetzeanus (Engl.) Christenh.
  • Saintpaulia grandifolia B.L.Burtt = Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp. grandifolius (B.L.Burtt) Christenh.
  • Saintpaulia grotei Engl. = Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp. grotei (Engl.) Christenh.
  • Saintpaulia inconspicua B.L.Burtt = Streptocarpus inconspicuus (B.L.Burtt) Christenh.
  • Saintpaulia intermedia B.L.Burtt = Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp. pendulus (B.L.Burtt) Christenh.
  • Saintpaulia ionantha H.Wendl. = Streptocarpus ionanthus (H.Wendl.) Christenh.
    • Saintpaulia ionantha subsp. grandifolia (B.L.Burtt) I.Darbysh. = Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp. grandifolius (B.L.Burtt) Christenh.
    • Saintpaulia ionantha subsp. grotei (Engl.) I.Darbysh. = Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp. grotei (Engl.) Christenh.
    • Saintpaulia ionantha subsp. mafiensis I.Darbysh. & Pócs = Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp. mafiensis (I.Darbysh. & Pócs) Christenh.
    • Saintpaulia ionantha subsp. nitida (B.L.Burtt) I.Darbysh. = Streptocarpus nitidus (B.L.Burtt) Mich.Möller & Haston
    • Saintpaulia ionantha subsp. occidentalis (B.L.Burtt) I.Darbysh. = Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp. occidentalis (B.L.Burtt) Christenh.
    • Saintpaulia ionantha subsp. orbicularis (B.L.Burtt) I.Darbysh. = Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp. orbicularis (B.L.Burtt) Christenh.
    • Saintpaulia ionantha subsp. pendula (B.L.Burtt) I.Darbysh. = Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp. pendulus (B.L.Burtt) Christenh.
    • Saintpaulia ionantha subsp. rupicola (B.L.Burtt) I.Darbysh.. = Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp. rupicola (B.L.Burtt) Christenh.
    • Saintpaulia ionantha subsp. velutina (B.L.Burtt) I.Darbysh. = Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp. velutinus (B.L.Burtt) Christenh.
    • Saintpaulia ionantha var. diplotricha (B.L.Burtt) I.Darbysh. = Streptocarpus ionanthus var. diplotrichus (B.L.Burtt) Christenh.
  • Saintpaulia kewensis C.B.Clarke = Streptocarpus ionanthus (H.Wendl.) Christenh.
  • Saintpaulia magungensis E.P.Roberts = Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp. grotei (Engl.) Christenh.
    • Saintpaulia magungensis var. occidentalis B.L.Burtt = Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp. occidentalis (B.L.Burtt) Christenh.
  • Saintpaulia nitida B.L.Burtt = Streptocarpus nitidus (B.L.Burtt) Mich.Möller & Haston
  • Saintpaulia orbicularis B.L.Burtt = Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp. orbicularis (B.L.Burtt) Christenh.
  • Saintpaulia pendula B.L.Burtt = Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp. pendulus (B.L.Burtt) Christenh.
  • Saintpaulia pusilla Engl. = Streptocarpus afroviola Christenh.
  • Saintpaulia rupicola B.L.Burtt = Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp. rupicola (B.L.Burtt) Christenh.
  • Saintpaulia shumensis B.L.Burtt = Streptocarpus shumensis (B.L.Burtt) Christenh.
  • Saintpaulia teitensis B.L.Burtt = Streptocarpus teitensis (B.L.Burtt) Christenh.
  • Saintpaulia tongwensis B.L.Burtt = Streptocarpus ionanthus (H.Wendl.) Christenh.
  • Saintpaulia ulugurensis Haston = Streptocarpus ulugurensis (Haston) Haston
  • Saintpaulia velutina B.L.Burtt = Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp. velutinus (B.L.Burtt) Christenh.
  • Saintpaulia watkinsii Haston = Streptocarpus afroviola var. watkinsii (Haston) Christenh.

Distribution edit

Saintpaulias are native to eastern tropical Africa. There is a concentration of species in the Nguru mountains of Tanzania.

Cultivation edit

 
Cultivar 'Pink Amiss'
 
Cultivar 'Red Velvet'

Saintpaulias are widely cultivated as house plants. Until recently, only a few of the ten or so species that exist have been used in breeding programs for the hybrids available in the market; most of the cultivars available as house plants are derived from Streptocarpus ionanthus (syn. S. kewensis). A wider range of species is now being looked at as sources of genes to introduce into modern cultivars.

The African Violet Society of America is the International Cultivar Registration Authority for the section and its cultivars.

Sizes edit

Plants can be classified as one of several sizes based on their above-ground diameter. The size per category is not rigid, but a general guideline.[10][11]

  • Micro: less than 3 inches
  • Super-mini: 3 to 4 inches
     
    A variegated and double-flowered cultivar
  • Mini: between 4 and 6 inches
  • Semi-mini: between 6 and 8–10 inches
  • Standard: between 8–10 and 12–16 inches
  • Large/Giant: over 12–16 inches

Temperature edit

Saintpaulias are highly sensitive to temperature changes, especially rapid leaf cooling. Spilling cold water on African violet leaves causes discoloration. This is thought to be because rapid leaf cooling causes cell vacuole collapse in the palisade mesophyll cells.[12]

Propagation edit

African violets are commonly propagated asexually. Plants can be divided into smaller daughter plants or even grown from leaf cuttings.[13] Growing African violets from seed is rare, and most commercially available plants are produced from cuttings and tissue culture.[14]

Flowering edit

The African violet is a day-neutral plant regarding flower development.[15][16]

In culture edit

African violets have become a traditional gift in the developed world. They are often offered for sale at holidays.[14]

They are a popular house plant in many countries, as they can flower during most of the year and are fairly durable to neglect.[17][18]

References edit

  1. ^ "The Great Merger – Current Taxonomic Status | Gesneriad Reference Web". Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  2. ^ MacDonald, Elvin "The World Book of House Plants" Popular Books
  3. ^ Smithsonian World Checklist of the Gesneriaceae
  4. ^ Burkhardt, Lotte. Verzeichnis eponymischer Pflanzennamen. Erweiterte Edition. 2018.
  5. ^ Darbyshire (2006) Saintpaulia, pp. 50-72, in Beentjy & Ghazanfar (eds), Fl. Trop. East Africa
  6. ^ Pilon F (2012) Saintpaulia. The history and origin of the African Violet.
  7. ^ a b c Nishii, Kanae; Hughes, Mark; Briggs, Marie; Haston, Elspeth; Christie, Frieda; DeVilliers, Margaret J.; Hanekom, Thea; Roos, Wiets G.; Bellstedt, Dirk U. & Möller, Michael (2015). "Streptocarpus redefined to include all Afro-Malagasy Gesneriaceae: Molecular phylogenies prove congruent with geographical distribution and basic chromosome numbers and uncover remarkable morphological homoplasies" (PDF). Taxon. 64 (6): 1243–1274. doi:10.12705/646.8. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  8. ^ Christenhusz, Maarten J.M. (2012). "On African violets and Cape primroses—towards a monophyletic Streptocarpus (Gesneriaceae)". Phytotaxa. 46: 3–9. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.46.1.2. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  9. ^ a b "Search for Saintpaulia". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  10. ^ "Grow-African-Violets.com". Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  11. ^ "The Violet Barn". Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  12. ^ Kadohama, Noriaki; Tatsuaki Goh; Miwa Ohnishi; Hidehiro Fukaki; Tetsuro Mimura; Yoshihiro Suzuki (February 2013). "Sudden Collapse of Vacuoles in Saintpaulia sp. Palisade Cells Induced by a Rapid Temperature Decrease". PLOS ONE. 8 (2): e57259. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057259. PMC 3581458. PMID 23451194.
  13. ^ Thomas, Paul A. "Growing African Violets". CAES Publications. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  14. ^ a b Chen, J. "Cultural Guidelines for Commercial Production of African Violets (Saintpaulia ionantha)". University of Florida. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  15. ^ Modeling Inflorescence Development of the African Violet (Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl.). James E. Faust and Royal D. Heins, J. AMER. SOC. HORT. SCI. 119(4):727–734. 1994.
  16. ^ Saintpaulia ionantha, Stromme E, 1985, p. 48–49. In: A. Halevy (ed.). CRC handbook of flowering. vol. 3. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.
  17. ^ Honan, William H. (26 May 1999). "Lyndon Lyon Is Dead at 94; A Breeder of African Violets". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  18. ^ "African Violets: Why So Popular? | Gesneriad Reference Web". Retrieved 16 April 2022.

External links edit

  •   Media related to Saintpaulia at Wikimedia Commons
  •   Data related to Streptocarpus sect. Saintpaulia at Wikispecies
  • African Violet Society of America website
  • African Violet Society of Canada website
  • Baby Violets - African Violet Houseplants

January 01, 1970
streptocarpus, sect, saintpaulia, african, violet, redirects, here, 2019, film, african, violet, film, blue, mitchell, album, african, violet, album, section, within, streptocarpus, subgenus, streptocarpella, consisting, about, species, herbaceous, perennial, . African Violet redirects here For the 2019 film see African Violet film For the Blue Mitchell album see African Violet album Streptocarpus sect Saintpaulia is a section within Streptocarpus subgenus Streptocarpella 1 consisting of about ten species of herbaceous perennial flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae native to Tanzania and adjacent southeastern Kenya in eastern tropical Africa The section was previously treated as a separate genus Saintpaulia but molecular phylogenetic studies showed that it was nested within the genus Streptocarpus Streptocarpus sect Saintpaulia Streptocarpus ionanthus in cultivation Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Asterids Order Lamiales Family Gesneriaceae Genus Streptocarpus Subgenus S subg Streptocarpella Section S sect SaintpauliaH Wendl Species See text Streptocarpus ionanthus flowers Species and cultivars are commonly called African violets although they are not closely related to true violets or saintpaulias They are commonly sold as house plants Several of the species and subspecies of the section are endangered and many more are threatened as their native cloud forest habitats are cleared for agriculture The conservation status of Streptocarpus ionanthus has been classed as near threatened Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 2 1 Species 3 Distribution 4 Cultivation 4 1 Sizes 4 2 Temperature 4 3 Propagation 4 4 Flowering 5 In culture 6 References 7 External linksDescription editThis section needs expansion with plant structure You can help by adding to it August 2013 Saintpaulias which grow from 6 15 cm tall can be anywhere from 6 30 cm wide The leaves are rounded to oval 2 5 8 5 cm long with a 2 10 cm petiole finely hairy and have a fleshy texture The flowers are 2 3 cm in diameter with a five lobed velvety corolla petals and grow in clusters of 3 10 or more on slender stalks called peduncles Wild species can have violet purple pale blue or white flowers 2 The plants get their common name African violet from their superficial resemblance to true violets Viola family Violaceae Taxonomy editThis group of plants has lived in the biodiverse Eastern Arc Usambara Mountains in Tanga Province for millions of years The name in the local Kisambaa language is Dughulushi The Germans officially colonialized this area from about 1885 and shortly before this Baron Walter von Saint Paul Illaire 1860 1940 was made district commissioner of Tanga province Tanganyika now Tanzania in Africa He used to enjoy walking in the rainforest and they reminded him of the violets back home He called them Usambaraveilchen Usambara violets In 1892 he sent seeds back to his father who gave them to an amateur botanist Hermann Wendland in Germany Wendland scientifically described the genus Saintpaulia and original species S ionantha in 1893 3 naming the genus for Saint Paul Illaire and his father 4 Two British plant enthusiasts Sir John Kirk and the Reverend W E Taylor had earlier collected and submitted specimens to the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew in 1884 and 1887 respectively but the quality of specimens was insufficient to permit scientific description at that time Revisions of the genus by B L Burtt expanded the genus to approximately 20 species Following studies which showed most of the species to be very poorly differentiated both genetically and morphologically the number of species was reduced to six in a 2006 treatment with the majority of former species reduced to subspecies under S ionantha 5 In 2009 9 species 8 subspecies and 2 varieties were recognized 6 A molecular phylogenetic study in 2015 confirmed previous studies showing that species placed in Saintpaulia were deeply embedded within the genus Streptocarpus 7 supporting the transfer of all Saintpaulia species to Streptocarpus in 2012 8 Former Saintpaulia species did form a monophyletic group and were placed in section Saintpaulia of Streptocarpus subgenus Streptocarpella 7 Species edit All the species previously placed in the genus Saintpaulia are now placed in Streptocarpus section Saintpaulia Ten species were recognized as of March 2020 update 7 9 Streptocarpus afroviola Christenh Streptocarpus albus E A Bruce I Darbysh Streptocarpus brevipilosus B L Burtt Mich Moller amp Haston Streptocarpus goetzeanus Engl Christenh Streptocarpus inconspicuus B L Burtt Christenh Streptocarpus ionanthus H Wendl Christenh Streptocarpus nitidus B L Burtt Mich Moller amp Haston Streptocarpus shumensis B L Burtt Christenh Streptocarpus teitensis B L Burtt Christenh Streptocarpus ulugurensis Haston Haston Formerly recognized Saintpaulia species and infraspecies are listed below with their accepted name in Streptocarpus 9 Saintpaulia alba E A Bruce Streptocarpus albus E A Bruce I Darbysh Saintpaulia amaniensis E P Roberts Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp grotei Engl Christenh Saintpaulia brevipilosa B L Burtt Streptocarpus brevipilosus B L Burtt Mich Moller amp Haston Saintpaulia confusa B L Burtt Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp grotei Engl Christenh Saintpaulia difficilis B L Burtt Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp grotei Engl Christenh Saintpaulia diplotricha B L Burtt Streptocarpus ionanthus var diplotrichus B L Burtt Christenh Saintpaulia goetzeana Engl Streptocarpus goetzeanus Engl Christenh Saintpaulia grandifolia B L Burtt Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp grandifolius B L Burtt Christenh Saintpaulia grotei Engl Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp grotei Engl Christenh Saintpaulia inconspicua B L Burtt Streptocarpus inconspicuus B L Burtt Christenh Saintpaulia intermedia B L Burtt Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp pendulus B L Burtt Christenh Saintpaulia ionantha H Wendl Streptocarpus ionanthus H Wendl Christenh Saintpaulia ionantha subsp grandifolia B L Burtt I Darbysh Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp grandifolius B L Burtt Christenh Saintpaulia ionantha subsp grotei Engl I Darbysh Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp grotei Engl Christenh Saintpaulia ionantha subsp mafiensis I Darbysh amp Pocs Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp mafiensis I Darbysh amp Pocs Christenh Saintpaulia ionantha subsp nitida B L Burtt I Darbysh Streptocarpus nitidus B L Burtt Mich Moller amp Haston Saintpaulia ionantha subsp occidentalis B L Burtt I Darbysh Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp occidentalis B L Burtt Christenh Saintpaulia ionantha subsp orbicularis B L Burtt I Darbysh Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp orbicularis B L Burtt Christenh Saintpaulia ionantha subsp pendula B L Burtt I Darbysh Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp pendulus B L Burtt Christenh Saintpaulia ionantha subsp rupicola B L Burtt I Darbysh Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp rupicola B L Burtt Christenh Saintpaulia ionantha subsp velutina B L Burtt I Darbysh Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp velutinus B L Burtt Christenh Saintpaulia ionantha var diplotricha B L Burtt I Darbysh Streptocarpus ionanthus var diplotrichus B L Burtt Christenh Saintpaulia kewensis C B Clarke Streptocarpus ionanthus H Wendl Christenh Saintpaulia magungensis E P Roberts Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp grotei Engl Christenh Saintpaulia magungensis var occidentalis B L Burtt Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp occidentalis B L Burtt Christenh Saintpaulia nitida B L Burtt Streptocarpus nitidus B L Burtt Mich Moller amp Haston Saintpaulia orbicularis B L Burtt Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp orbicularis B L Burtt Christenh Saintpaulia pendula B L Burtt Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp pendulus B L Burtt Christenh Saintpaulia pusilla Engl Streptocarpus afroviola Christenh Saintpaulia rupicola B L Burtt Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp rupicola B L Burtt Christenh Saintpaulia shumensis B L Burtt Streptocarpus shumensis B L Burtt Christenh Saintpaulia teitensis B L Burtt Streptocarpus teitensis B L Burtt Christenh Saintpaulia tongwensis B L Burtt Streptocarpus ionanthus H Wendl Christenh Saintpaulia ulugurensis Haston Streptocarpus ulugurensis Haston Haston Saintpaulia velutina B L Burtt Streptocarpus ionanthus subsp velutinus B L Burtt Christenh Saintpaulia watkinsii Haston Streptocarpus afroviola var watkinsii Haston Christenh Distribution editSaintpaulias are native to eastern tropical Africa There is a concentration of species in the Nguru mountains of Tanzania Cultivation edit nbsp Cultivar Pink Amiss nbsp Cultivar Red Velvet Saintpaulias are widely cultivated as house plants Until recently only a few of the ten or so species that exist have been used in breeding programs for the hybrids available in the market most of the cultivars available as house plants are derived from Streptocarpus ionanthus syn S kewensis A wider range of species is now being looked at as sources of genes to introduce into modern cultivars The African Violet Society of America is the International Cultivar Registration Authority for the section and its cultivars Sizes edit Plants can be classified as one of several sizes based on their above ground diameter The size per category is not rigid but a general guideline 10 11 Micro less than 3 inches Super mini 3 to 4 inches nbsp A variegated and double flowered cultivar Mini between 4 and 6 inches Semi mini between 6 and 8 10 inches Standard between 8 10 and 12 16 inches Large Giant over 12 16 inches Temperature edit Saintpaulias are highly sensitive to temperature changes especially rapid leaf cooling Spilling cold water on African violet leaves causes discoloration This is thought to be because rapid leaf cooling causes cell vacuole collapse in the palisade mesophyll cells 12 Propagation edit African violets are commonly propagated asexually Plants can be divided into smaller daughter plants or even grown from leaf cuttings 13 Growing African violets from seed is rare and most commercially available plants are produced from cuttings and tissue culture 14 Flowering edit The African violet is a day neutral plant regarding flower development 15 16 In culture editAfrican violets have become a traditional gift in the developed world They are often offered for sale at holidays 14 They are a popular house plant in many countries as they can flower during most of the year and are fairly durable to neglect 17 18 References edit The Great Merger Current Taxonomic Status Gesneriad Reference Web Retrieved 11 March 2020 MacDonald Elvin The World Book of House Plants Popular Books Smithsonian World Checklist of the Gesneriaceae Burkhardt Lotte Verzeichnis eponymischer Pflanzennamen Erweiterte Edition 2018 Darbyshire 2006 Saintpaulia pp 50 72 in Beentjy amp Ghazanfar eds Fl Trop East Africa Pilon F 2012 Saintpaulia The history and origin of the African Violet a b c Nishii Kanae Hughes Mark Briggs Marie Haston Elspeth Christie Frieda DeVilliers Margaret J Hanekom Thea Roos Wiets G Bellstedt Dirk U amp Moller Michael 2015 Streptocarpus redefined to include all Afro Malagasy Gesneriaceae Molecular phylogenies prove congruent with geographical distribution and basic chromosome numbers and uncover remarkable morphological homoplasies PDF Taxon 64 6 1243 1274 doi 10 12705 646 8 Retrieved 12 March 2020 Christenhusz Maarten J M 2012 On African violets and Cape primroses towards a monophyletic Streptocarpus Gesneriaceae Phytotaxa 46 3 9 doi 10 11646 phytotaxa 46 1 2 Retrieved 12 March 2020 a b Search for Saintpaulia Plants of the World Online Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 11 March 2020 Grow African Violets com Retrieved 30 May 2013 The Violet Barn Retrieved 30 May 2013 Kadohama Noriaki Tatsuaki Goh Miwa Ohnishi Hidehiro Fukaki Tetsuro Mimura Yoshihiro Suzuki February 2013 Sudden Collapse of Vacuoles in Saintpaulia sp Palisade Cells Induced by a Rapid Temperature Decrease PLOS ONE 8 2 e57259 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0057259 PMC 3581458 PMID 23451194 Thomas Paul A Growing African Violets CAES Publications Retrieved 11 August 2013 a b Chen J Cultural Guidelines for Commercial Production of African Violets Saintpaulia ionantha University of Florida Retrieved 13 August 2013 Modeling Inflorescence Development of the African Violet Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl James E Faust and Royal D Heins J AMER SOC HORT SCI 119 4 727 734 1994 Saintpaulia ionantha Stromme E 1985 p 48 49 In A Halevy ed CRC handbook of flowering vol 3 CRC Press Boca Raton Fla Honan William H 26 May 1999 Lyndon Lyon Is Dead at 94 A Breeder of African Violets The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 15 April 2022 African Violets Why So Popular Gesneriad Reference Web Retrieved 16 April 2022 External links edit nbsp Media related to Saintpaulia at Wikimedia Commons nbsp Data related to Streptocarpus sect Saintpaulia at Wikispecies African Violet Society of America website African Violet Society of Canada website Gesneriad Reference Web Saintpaulia article Baby Violets African Violet Houseplants Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Streptocarpus sect Saintpaulia amp oldid 1175442831, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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