fbpx
Wikipedia

Storax balsam

January 01, 1970

For the storax tree, see Styrax.

Storax (Latin: storax; Greek: στύραξ, stúrax),[1][2][3][4][5] often commercially sold as styrax, is a natural resin isolated from the wounded bark of Liquidambar orientalis Mill. (Asia Minor) and Liquidambar styraciflua L. (Central America) (Hamamelidaceae).[6] It is distinct from benzoin (also called "storax"), a similar resin obtained from the Styracaceae plant family.

Dry storax

Composition edit

Purified storax contains circa 33 to 50% storesin, an alcoholic resin, both free and as cinnamic esters. Contains 5 to 15% cinnamic acid, 5 to 15% cinnamyl cinnamate, circa 10% phenylpropyl cinnamate; small amounts of ethyl cinnamate, benzyl cinnamate, and styrene, Some may contain traces of vanillin. Some sources report a resin containing triterpenic acids (oleanolic and 3-epioleanolic acids).[7]

Uses edit

Storax has a pleasant, floral/lilac, leathery, balsamic smell. Storax and its derivatives (resinoid, essential oil, absolute) are used as flavors, fragrances, and in pharmaceuticals (Friar's Balsam).[6][8][9]

American storax resin (Liquidambar styraciflua) is chewed like gum to freshen breath and clean teeth.[10]

History edit

In the Bible, Hosea 3:13 speaks of the Storax trees. Mnesimachus, Aristotle, Theophrastus (Historia Plantarum), Herodotus, and Strabo also mention the storax tree and its balsam. In ancient Greece, storax also denoted the spike at the lower end of a spearshaft.[11]

Pliny (Historia Naturalis 12.98, 15.26; 24.24) notes the use of storax as a perfume, while Scribonius Largus drank wine flavored with storax.[12] Ciris mentions storax as a fragrant hair dye.[13] Dioscorides (De materia medica 1.79) reports its use as incense, similar to frankincense, having expectorant and soothing properties.[14]

The 10th century Arab historian al-Masudi listed storax gum (mayʿa) as a spice in his book Murūdj al-dhahab (Meadows of Gold).[15]

Chao Ju-Kuan, a 13th century trade commissioner in Fukien province, described liquid storax gum as a product of Ta-shï (the Arabs).[16]

Linnaeus, who determined the scientific names of plants, thought that storax was extracted from the tree called in modern Hebrew livneh refu'i which he termed Styrax officinalis. However in the light of tests made in Israel it is very doubtful if a sap with medicinal or aromatic qualities can be extracted from this tree. The storax of the ancients was probably extracted from a different tree, seemingly from the Liquidambar orientalis which grows wild in northern Syria, and may even have been grown in Israel; from it is extracted an aromatic sap with healing qualities called storax liquidis. This may possibly be the biblical balm, though other sources conclude that the biblical balm is Balsam (opobalsamum).[17]

This species originated in the Southern regions of Mesopotamia, present day Iraq and in particular Babylon. Babylonians used it for respiratory related diseases. 8

In the nineteenth century, styrene was isolated by distillation of storax balsam.[18]

In North Africa, for mystical purposes, women burn benzoin and storax in potsherds.[19]

Safety edit

Storax resin is "generally regarded as safe" (GRAS), but at low levels, for example, circa 15 ppm in candy and 25 ppm in baked goods.[7]

References edit

  1. ^ Company, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing. "The American Heritage Dictionary entry: storax". www.ahdictionary.com. Retrieved 2018-09-20.
  2. ^ "Definition of STORAX". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2018-09-20.
  3. ^ . Oxford Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on September 25, 2016. Retrieved 2018-09-20.
  4. ^ "Storax dictionary definition | storax defined". www.yourdictionary.com. Retrieved 2018-09-20.
  5. ^ "Storax definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary". www.collinsdictionary.com. Retrieved 2018-09-20.
  6. ^ a b Karl-Georg Fahlbusch; et al. (2007), "Flavors and Fragrances", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (7th ed.), Wiley, p. 115
  7. ^ a b James A. Duke (2008), "Storax (Liquidambar orientalis Mill. and L., Styraciflua L.)", Duke's Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible, Taylor & Francis, pp. 258–259
  8. ^ George A. Burdock (2010), "Styrax", Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients (6th ed.), Taylor & Francis, pp. 1853–1854
  9. ^ "Compound Benzoin Tincture", British Pharmacopoeia, vol. 3, 2009
  10. ^ James A. Duke (2008), "Benzoin (Styrax benzoin Dryander.)", Duke's Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible, Taylor & Francis, p. 445
  11. ^ Henry George Liddell; Robert Scott, eds. (1897), "στύραξ", Greek-English Lexicon (8th ed.), Harper & Brothers, p. 1442
  12. ^ "styrax", Oxford Latin Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 1968, p. 1832
  13. ^ "storax", Oxford Latin Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 1968, p. 1825
  14. ^ Dioscorides (1902), "Styrax", in Julius Berendes (ed.), (PDF), PharmaWiki.ch, p. 89, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24, retrieved 2014-10-10
  15. ^ A. Dietrich (2004), "AFĀWĪH", The Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. 12 (supplement) (2nd ed.), Brill, pp. 42–43
  16. ^ Hirth, F.; Rockhill, W. W. (1911). Chau Ju-Kua: His Work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries, entitled Chu Fan Chï. Saint Petersburg: Printing Office of Imperial Academy of Sciences. p. 200.
  17. ^ Jehuda Feliks (2007), "Storax", Encyclopaedia Judaica, vol. 19 (2nd ed.), Thomson Gale, p. 238
  18. ^ Denis H. James; William M. Castor (2007), "Styrene", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (7th ed.), Wiley, p. 1
  19. ^ D. S. Margoliouth (1997), "ḲĀDIRIYYA", The Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. 4 (2nd ed.), Brill, pp. 380–383

January 01, 1970
storax, balsam, storax, tree, styrax, storax, latin, storax, greek, στύραξ, stúrax, often, commercially, sold, styrax, natural, resin, isolated, from, wounded, bark, liquidambar, orientalis, mill, asia, minor, liquidambar, styraciflua, central, america, hamame. For the storax tree see Styrax Storax Latin storax Greek styra3 sturax 1 2 3 4 5 often commercially sold as styrax is a natural resin isolated from the wounded bark of Liquidambar orientalis Mill Asia Minor and Liquidambar styraciflua L Central America Hamamelidaceae 6 It is distinct from benzoin also called storax a similar resin obtained from the Styracaceae plant family Dry storax Contents 1 Composition 2 Uses 3 History 4 Safety 5 ReferencesComposition editPurified storax contains circa 33 to 50 storesin an alcoholic resin both free and as cinnamic esters Contains 5 to 15 cinnamic acid 5 to 15 cinnamyl cinnamate circa 10 phenylpropyl cinnamate small amounts of ethyl cinnamate benzyl cinnamate and styrene Some may contain traces of vanillin Some sources report a resin containing triterpenic acids oleanolic and 3 epioleanolic acids 7 Uses editStorax has a pleasant floral lilac leathery balsamic smell Storax and its derivatives resinoid essential oil absolute are used as flavors fragrances and in pharmaceuticals Friar s Balsam 6 8 9 American storax resin Liquidambar styraciflua is chewed like gum to freshen breath and clean teeth 10 History editIn the Bible Hosea 3 13 speaks of the Storax trees Mnesimachus Aristotle Theophrastus Historia Plantarum Herodotus and Strabo also mention the storax tree and its balsam In ancient Greece storax also denoted the spike at the lower end of a spearshaft 11 Pliny Historia Naturalis 12 98 15 26 24 24 notes the use of storax as a perfume while Scribonius Largus drank wine flavored with storax 12 Ciris mentions storax as a fragrant hair dye 13 Dioscorides De materia medica 1 79 reports its use as incense similar to frankincense having expectorant and soothing properties 14 The 10th century Arab historian al Masudi listed storax gum mayʿa as a spice in his book Murudj al dhahab Meadows of Gold 15 Chao Ju Kuan a 13th century trade commissioner in Fukien province described liquid storax gum as a product of Ta shi the Arabs 16 Linnaeus who determined the scientific names of plants thought that storax was extracted from the tree called in modern Hebrew livneh refu i which he termed Styrax officinalis However in the light of tests made in Israel it is very doubtful if a sap with medicinal or aromatic qualities can be extracted from this tree The storax of the ancients was probably extracted from a different tree seemingly from the Liquidambar orientalis which grows wild in northern Syria and may even have been grown in Israel from it is extracted an aromatic sap with healing qualities called storax liquidis This may possibly be the biblical balm though other sources conclude that the biblical balm is Balsam opobalsamum 17 This species originated in the Southern regions of Mesopotamia present day Iraq and in particular Babylon Babylonians used it for respiratory related diseases 8In the nineteenth century styrene was isolated by distillation of storax balsam 18 In North Africa for mystical purposes women burn benzoin and storax in potsherds 19 Safety editStorax resin is generally regarded as safe GRAS but at low levels for example circa 15 ppm in candy and 25 ppm in baked goods 7 References edit Company Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing The American Heritage Dictionary entry storax www ahdictionary com Retrieved 2018 09 20 Definition of STORAX www merriam webster com Retrieved 2018 09 20 storax Definition of storax in English by Oxford Dictionaries Oxford Dictionaries English Archived from the original on September 25 2016 Retrieved 2018 09 20 Storax dictionary definition storax defined www yourdictionary com Retrieved 2018 09 20 Storax definition and meaning Collins English Dictionary www collinsdictionary com Retrieved 2018 09 20 a b Karl Georg Fahlbusch et al 2007 Flavors and Fragrances Ullmann s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed Wiley p 115 a b James A Duke 2008 Storax Liquidambar orientalis Mill and L Styraciflua L Duke s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible Taylor amp Francis pp 258 259 George A Burdock 2010 Styrax Fenaroli s Handbook of Flavor Ingredients 6th ed Taylor amp Francis pp 1853 1854 Compound Benzoin Tincture British Pharmacopoeia vol 3 2009 James A Duke 2008 Benzoin Styrax benzoin Dryander Duke s Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible Taylor amp Francis p 445 Henry George Liddell Robert Scott eds 1897 styra3 Greek English Lexicon 8th ed Harper amp Brothers p 1442 styrax Oxford Latin Dictionary Oxford University Press 1968 p 1832 storax Oxford Latin Dictionary Oxford University Press 1968 p 1825 Dioscorides 1902 Styrax in Julius Berendes ed De materia medica PDF PharmaWiki ch p 89 archived from the original PDF on 2015 09 24 retrieved 2014 10 10 A Dietrich 2004 AFAWiH The Encyclopaedia of Islam vol 12 supplement 2nd ed Brill pp 42 43 Hirth F Rockhill W W 1911 Chau Ju Kua His Work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries entitled Chu Fan Chi Saint Petersburg Printing Office of Imperial Academy of Sciences p 200 Jehuda Feliks 2007 Storax Encyclopaedia Judaica vol 19 2nd ed Thomson Gale p 238 Denis H James William M Castor 2007 Styrene Ullmann s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 7th ed Wiley p 1 D S Margoliouth 1997 ḲADIRIYYA The Encyclopaedia of Islam vol 4 2nd ed Brill pp 380 383 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Storax balsam amp oldid 1194496719, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.