It was one of the three subdivisions of the Republic of Venice's possessions, the other two being the Dogado, i.e. Venice proper, and the Domini di Terraferma in northern Italy.
The overseas possessions, particularly islands such as Corfu, Crete and Cyprus, played a critical role in Venice's commercial and military leadership. In his landmark study on the Mediterranean world in the 16th century, historian Fernand Braudel described these islands as "Venice's motionless fleet".[2]
The creation of Venice's overseas empire began around the year 1000 with the defeat of the Narentines by Doge Pietro II Orseolo and recognition of Venetian rule by Dalmatian city-states, allowing the Doge to call itself "Duke of Dalmatia" for the next few decades. Control over the latter, however, would not be stabilized until the early 15th century.
In the 12th and 13th centuries, Venice gradually established its rule over Istria, which lasted until the end of the Republic.
Venice's overseas domains reached its greatest nominal extent at the conclusion of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, with declaration of the acquisition of three octaves of the Byzantine Empire. However, most of this territory was never controlled by Venice, being held by the Greek Byzantine successor states, namely the Despotate of Epirus and especially the Empire of Nicaea. Venice remained an important player in Constantinople, holding the key position of Podestà until its Byzantine reconquest in 1261, and more broadly in the region during the politically complex period known as the Frankokratia. Of its Fourth Crusade acquisitions, it kept Euboea until the 15th century, the Cyclades until the 16th, and Crete until the 17th.
In 1489, Venice also acquired Cyprus, which it kept until Ottoman conquest in 1570–1571.
The Venetian hold over navigation in the Adriatic sea was maintained for centuries, to the extent that it was labeled "Mare di Venezia" (sea of Venice) on maps of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.[citation needed]
From the 15th century onwards, the history of Venice's overseas empire is dominated by successive Ottoman–Venetian wars. Venice lost many territories but also occasionally gained some, most notably the Peloponnese from the late 1680s to 1715 and the Dalmatian Hinterland also in the 1680s. After that date, the remaining overseas domains, kept until the Fall of the Republic of Venice to Napoleon I in 1797, were all in Istria, Dalmatia, and the Ionian Islands, with none left east of Kythira and Antikythera.
Domains
The locations are listed broadly from closest to farthest from Venice. Where there is a difference between the name in Venetian language and standard Italian, the Venetian version is indicated first. Feudal lordships held by Venetians, such as Andrea Ghisi in Tinos and Mykonos, are included.
In today's northeastern Italy, Slovenia and Croatia
The Eastern Mediterranean ca.1450 (before the Cyprus purchase), with Venetian domains in green and the Venice-controlled Duchy of Naxos (or of the Archipelago) in orange
Peloponnese (Morea): various outposts until Ottoman conquest in the 15th-16th centuries, then region–wide Venetian rule 1688–1715 as Realm of the Morea
^Map of venetian forts & presence in the Stato da Mar of southern Balkans
^"Sur le grand axe de sa puissance, ces îles sont la flotte immobile de Venise." Fernand Braudel (1949). La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l'époque de Philippe II, 1 : La part du milieu. Paris: Armand Colin. p. 149.
^Gullino 1996, § La conquista della Dalmazia (1409–1420).
Bibliography
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stato da Màr.
Arbel, Benjamin (1996). "Colonie d'oltremare". In Alberto Tenenti; Ugo Tucci (eds.). Storia di Venezia. Dalle origini alla caduta della Serenissima (in Italian). Vol. V: Il Rinascimento. Società ed economia. Rome: Enciclopedia Italiana. pp. 947–985. OCLC 644711009.
Crowley, Roger (2011). City of Fortune - How Venice Won and lost a Naval Empire. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN978-0-571-24594-9.
Da Mosto, Andrea (1937). L'Archivio di Stato di Venezia. Rome: Biblioteca d'Arte editrice.
Gullino, Giuseppe (1996). "Le frontiere navali". In Alberto Tenenti; Ugo Tucci (eds.). Storia di Venezia. Dalle origini alla caduta della Serenissima (in Italian). Vol. IV: Il Rinascimento. Politica e cultura. Rome: Enciclopedia Italiana. pp. 13–111. OCLC 644711024.
stato, màr, domini, state, domains, name, given, republic, venice, maritime, overseas, possessions, from, around, 1000, 1797, including, various, times, parts, what, istria, dalmatia, montenegro, albania, greece, notably, ionian, islands, peloponnese, crete, c. The Stato da Mar or Domini da Mar lit State of the Sea or Domains of the Sea was the name given to the Republic of Venice s maritime and overseas possessions from around 1000 to 1797 including at various times parts of what are now Istria Dalmatia Montenegro Albania Greece and notably the Ionian Islands Peloponnese Crete Cyclades Euboea as well as Cyprus 1 State of the SeaStato da Mar vec Overseas colonies of the Republic of Veniceca 992 1797Map of the Venetian overseas domainsHistoryHistorical eraMiddle Ages Pietro II Orseolo s expeditionLate 10th century Fourth Crusade1202 04 First Ottoman Venetian War1463 79 Cretan War1645 69 Morean War1684 99 Last Ottoman Venetian War1714 18 Fall of the Republic of Venice12 May 1797Preceded by Succeeded byDalmatian city statesByzantine EmpireKingdom of Cyprus Ottoman EmpireHabsburg MonarchyFrench rule in the Ionian Islands 1797 1799 It was one of the three subdivisions of the Republic of Venice s possessions the other two being the Dogado i e Venice proper and the Domini di Terraferma in northern Italy The overseas possessions particularly islands such as Corfu Crete and Cyprus played a critical role in Venice s commercial and military leadership In his landmark study on the Mediterranean world in the 16th century historian Fernand Braudel described these islands as Venice s motionless fleet 2 Contents 1 History 2 Domains 2 1 In today s northeastern Italy Slovenia and Croatia 2 2 In today s Montenegro and Albania 2 3 In today s Southern Italy Venetian Apulian ports 2 4 In modern Greece Cyprus or Turkish Aegean islands 2 5 In today s Russia 3 See also 4 Notes 5 BibliographyHistory EditThe creation of Venice s overseas empire began around the year 1000 with the defeat of the Narentines by Doge Pietro II Orseolo and recognition of Venetian rule by Dalmatian city states allowing the Doge to call itself Duke of Dalmatia for the next few decades Control over the latter however would not be stabilized until the early 15th century In the 12th and 13th centuries Venice gradually established its rule over Istria which lasted until the end of the Republic Venice s overseas domains reached its greatest nominal extent at the conclusion of the Fourth Crusade in 1204 with declaration of the acquisition of three octaves of the Byzantine Empire However most of this territory was never controlled by Venice being held by the Greek Byzantine successor states namely the Despotate of Epirus and especially the Empire of Nicaea Venice remained an important player in Constantinople holding the key position of Podesta until its Byzantine reconquest in 1261 and more broadly in the region during the politically complex period known as the Frankokratia Of its Fourth Crusade acquisitions it kept Euboea until the 15th century the Cyclades until the 16th and Crete until the 17th The aftermath of the War of Chioggia in the late 14th century saw another period of rapid growth of the Venetian empire Corfu came under permanent Venetian rule in 1386 Argos and Nauplia in 1388 1394 the Adriatic ports of Durazzo and Alessio on the Albanian coast in 1392 followed by Scutari in 1396 and Drivasto in 1397 3 In 1402 the Battle of Ankara temporarily reversed the rise of the Ottoman Empire in the east and the death of Duke of Milan Giangaleazzo Visconti created a power vacuum in northern Italy that enabled expansion of the Domini di Terraferma The changed climate created by the Ottoman Interregnum and the ensuing Treaty of Gallipoli in 1403 led to a growth of commerce and the acquisition of a new string of fortresses in Greece Lepanto in 1407 Patras in 1408 Navarino in 1410 and temporarily Thessalonica in 1423 3 In Dalmatia where Venice had been forced to cede its possessions to the Kingdom of Hungary by the Treaty of Zadar 1358 it took advantage of the conflict between Ladislaus of Naples and Sigismund over the Hungarian Crown and in 1409 secured the cession by Ladislaus of several of his Dalmatian domains Cres Rab Pag Zadar Vrana and Novigrad for 100 000 ducats 4 In 1489 Venice also acquired Cyprus which it kept until Ottoman conquest in 1570 1571 The Venetian hold over navigation in the Adriatic sea was maintained for centuries to the extent that it was labeled Mare di Venezia sea of Venice on maps of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries citation needed From the 15th century onwards the history of Venice s overseas empire is dominated by successive Ottoman Venetian wars Venice lost many territories but also occasionally gained some most notably the Peloponnese from the late 1680s to 1715 and the Dalmatian Hinterland also in the 1680s After that date the remaining overseas domains kept until the Fall of the Republic of Venice to Napoleon I in 1797 were all in Istria Dalmatia and the Ionian Islands with none left east of Kythira and Antikythera Domains EditThe locations are listed broadly from closest to farthest from Venice Where there is a difference between the name in Venetian language and standard Italian the Venetian version is indicated first Feudal lordships held by Venetians such as Andrea Ghisi in Tinos and Mykonos are included In today s northeastern Italy Slovenia and Croatia Edit See also History of Istria and Venetian Dalmatia Map of the North Adriatic region including the Republic of Venice s possessions in Istria and Dalmatia mid 18th century 1636 map of Istria Kingdom of Hungary Kingdom of Croatia Banate of Bosnia Habsburg lands Patriarchate of Aquileia Venetian Republic Republic of Ragusa Serbian Empire Following the Treaty of Zadar in 1358 Venice lost its presence in Dalmatia for half a century Venetian Istria Trieste 1283 1287 1368 1372 and 1508 1509 Muja Muggia 1420 1797 Koper Capodistria 1145 1797 Izola Isola 1145 1797 Piran Piran Pirano 1283 1797 Umag Umago 1269 1797 Motovun Montona d Istria 1278 1797 Novigrad Cittanova d Istria 1270 1797 Porec Parenzo 1267 1797 Rovinj Rovigno 1283 1797 Sveti Lovrec San Lorenso del Paxenadego San Lorenzo del Pasenatico 1271 1797 Bale Vale Valle d Istria 1331 1797 Vodnjan Dignano 1330 1797 Pula Pola 1145 1291 and 1331 1797 Labin Albona and Plomin Fianona 1420 1797 Plomin Fianona 1797 Pazin Pisino 1508 1509Kvarner Gulf Quarnaro Rijeka Fiume 1508 1509 Cres Island Cherso and Losinj Islands Lusin Lussino 15C 1797 except brief Ottoman occupation of Cres during the Cretan War 1645 1669 Krk Island Vegia Veglia 1480 1797 except brief Ottoman occupation during the Cretan War 1645 1669 Rab Island Arbe 1409 1797 Pag Island Pago 1420 1797 except brief Ottoman occupation during the Cretan War 1645 1669 Novigrad Novegradi 1409 1797 except Ottoman occupation in 1646 1647 Nin Nona 1328 1358 and 1409 1797 Zadar Zara 998 1186 1202 1358 and 1409 1797 Biograd Zaravecia Zaravecchia after 1204 early 11C 1115 1124 1125 1409 1797 Vrana Aurana or Laurana Arauzona 1409 1538 1647 and 1683 1797 Ugljan Island Ugliano and Dugi Island Isola Lunga or Isola Grossa 13C 1358 and 1409 1797 Sibenik Sebenego Sebenico 1116 1133 1322 1358 and 1412 1797 Trogir Trau 1125 1133 and 1420 1797 Split Spalato 998 1019 1116 1117 1118 1124 1127 1141 and 1420 1797Fortress of Klis Clissa 1648 1797Omis Almissa 1444 1797 Vis Island Lissa ca 1409 1797 Brac Island Braza Brazza 1268 1358 and 1420 1797 Makarska Macarsca 13C 1326 and 1646 1797 Hvar Island Lexina Lesina 1331 1358 and 1409 1797 Korcula Island Curzola 1255 1358 and 1409 1797 Dalmatian Hinterland mostly conquered during the Morean War Obrovac Obrovazzo Benkovac Bencovazzo Skradin Scardona Vrlika Verlicca and Sinj Signo 1686 1797 Knin Tenin 1647 and 1688 1797 Imotski Imoschi 1717 1797 Vrgorac Vergoraz Vergorazzo 1690 1797 Metkovic Porto Narenta 1685 1797Dubrovnik Raguxa Ragusa 1000 1030 and 1205 1358In today s Montenegro and Albania Edit See also Venetian Albania Venetian possessions in northern Albania and southern Montenegro in 1448 Herceg Novi Castelnuovo 1687 1797 See also Siege of Castelnuovo Risan Risano 1688 1797 Kotor Cataro Cattaro and Perast Perasto 1420 1797 See also Battle of Perast Sveti Stefan Santo Stefano 1423 1797 Budva Budua and Sutomore Spizza 1420 1797 Bar Antivari 1443 1571 Ulcinj Dulcigno 1405 1571 Shkoder Scutari 1396 1479 See also Siege of Shkodra 1474 and Siege of Shkodra Drisht Drivasto 1393 1423 and 1442 1478 Lezhe Alessio 1386 1478 and 1501 1506 Durres Durazo Durazzo 1205 1213 and 1392 1501 See also Duchy of Durazzo Republic of Venice Vlore Valona and Kanine Castle Canina 1690 1691 Butrint Butrinto 1350 and 1386 1797In today s Southern Italy Venetian Apulian ports Edit Map of Venetian domains showing the Apulian ports Trani 1496 1509 Mola di Bari and Polignano a Mare 1495 1509 and 1528 1530 Monopoli 1484 1509 and 1528 1530 Brindisi and Otranto 1496 1509 Gallipoli 1484In modern Greece Cyprus or Turkish Aegean islands Edit See also Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands and Venetian Cyprus The Eastern Mediterranean ca 1450 before the Cyprus purchase with Venetian domains in green and the Venice controlled Duchy of Naxos or of the Archipelago in orange The late 17th century Realm of the Morea divided into Achaea Messenia Laconia and Romania 17th century map of the Venetian Realm of Candia Crete with its four provinces from West to East of La Canea Retimo Candia and Sitia Destruction of the Parthenon in Athens by Venetian commander Francesco Morosini in 1687 early 18th century depiction Map by Giovanni Francesco Camocio 1501 1575 Contemporary map16th century depiction of the Venetian Walls of Nicosia and their footprint in today s urban landscape Kerkyra Corfu and Paxi Island Passo 1207 1214 and 1386 1797 See also Bailo of Corfu Siege of Corfu 1537 and Siege of Corfu 1716 Parga Parga 1401 1797 with several brief Ottoman occupations Preveza Prevesa 1401 1463 1684 1699 1717 1797 Arta Arta 1717 1797 Vonitsa Vonizza 1684 1797 Lefkada Island Santa Maura 1684 1797 See also Jacopo Pesaro being presented by Pope Alexander VI to Saint Peter Cephalonia Cefalonia 1500 1797 See also Siege of the Castle of Saint George Ithaca Itaca 1503 1797 Zakynthos Zante 1479 1797 Nafpaktos Lepanto 1390 and 1407 1499 Amfissa Salona 1687 1697 Peloponnese Morea various outposts until Ottoman conquest in the 15th 16th centuries then region wide Venetian rule 1688 1715 as Realm of the Morea See also Morean War Ottoman reconquest of the Morea Siege of Nauplia 1715 and The Siege of Corinth poem Patras Patraso Patrasso 1408 1430 and 1687 1715 Pylos Navarino 1417 1501 and 1686 1715 Methoni Modon Modone 1207 1500 and 1686 1715 Koroni Coron Corone 1207 1500 and 1685 1715 Mani Peninsula Braccio della Maina 1487 1499 Monemvasia Malvasia 1464 1540 and 1690 1715 Argos Argo 1394 1462 and 1687 1715 Nafplio Napoli di Romania 1388 1540 and 1686 1715Kythira Cerigo and Antikythera Island Cerigotto 1238 1715 and 1718 1797 Crete known to Venice as the Realm of Candia Chania La Canea ca 1210 1263 and 1285 1645 Rethymno Retimo ca 1210 1646 Sitia Sitia ca 1210 1651 Heraklion Candia ca 1210 1669 See also Siege of Candia Gramvousa Grabusa ca 1210 1691 Souda Islet Suda and Spinalonga Island Spinalonga ca 1210 1715In the Dodecanese Karpathos Scarpanto and Kasos Caso 1306 1538 Halki Calchi 1204 Tilos Piscopi Kalymnos Calimno 1207 1310 Leros Lero 13th century 1309 Patmos Patmo 1659 1669 Astypalaia Stampalia 1207 1522 and 1648 1668the Cyclades most of which Venice held as the Duchy of the Archipelago Syros Siro 1207 1522 Paros Paro Antiparos Antiparo and Mykonos Micono 1207 1537 Naxos Nasso Milos Milo Folegandros Policandro Andros Andro Ios Io Amorgos Amorgo Kimolos Argentiera Sikinos Sicandro 1207 1566 Santorini Santorini 1207 ca 1280 and 1301 1576 Kythnos Citno and Sifnos Sifanto 1207 1617 Tinos Tino 1207 1715Saronic Islands Spetses Velvina or Spezia 1220 1460 Hydra Idra 1204 1566 Poros together with on the mainland Methana Troezen Damala and Epidaurus Epidauro 1484 1715 Aegina Egina 1451 1537Athens Atene 1394 1403 and 1687 1688 See also Piraeus Lion Euboea Negroponte 1211 1470 See also Triarchy of Negroponte Bailo of Negroponte and Siege of Negroponte 1470 Pteleos 1322 1470the Sporades including Skiathos Sciato Skopelos Scopelo Alonnisos Alonneso and Skyros Sciro 1207 1270s and 1453 1538 Lemnos Lemno 1464 1479 and 1656 1657 Samothrace Samotracia 1204 1355 Thessaloniki Salonico Salonicco 1423 1430 See also Siege of Thessalonica 1422 1430 Gelibolu Peninsula Gallipoli and Tekirdag Rodosto 1204 1235 Beyoglu Pera neighborhood in Constantinople 1204 1261 See also Byzantine Venetian treaty of 1082 Podesta of Constantinople Byzantine Venetian treaty of 1268 and Bailo of Constantinople Gokceada Imbro 1377 1462 Bozcaada Tenedo 1377 1381 1455 and 1656 1657 See also War of Chioggia Cyprus Sipro Cipro 1489 1570Famagusta Famagosta 1489 1571 See also Siege of FamagustaIn today s Russia Edit Tanais Tana 13C 1332See also EditVenetian navy Savi agli Ordini Provveditore Generale da Mar Captain General of the Sea Venetian Works of Defence between the 16th and 17th centuries Stato da Terra western Stato da Mar Genoese coloniesNotes Edit Map of venetian forts amp presence in the Stato da Mar of southern Balkans Sur le grand axe de sa puissance ces iles sont la flotte immobile de Venise Fernand Braudel 1949 La Mediterranee et le monde mediterraneen a l epoque de Philippe II 1 La part du milieu Paris Armand Colin p 149 a b Gullino 1996 La politica delle annessioni Gullino 1996 La conquista della Dalmazia 1409 1420 Bibliography Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stato da Mar Arbel Benjamin 1996 Colonie d oltremare In Alberto Tenenti Ugo Tucci eds Storia di Venezia Dalle origini alla caduta della Serenissima in Italian Vol V Il Rinascimento Societa ed economia Rome Enciclopedia Italiana pp 947 985 OCLC 644711009 Crowley Roger 2011 City of Fortune How Venice Won and lost a Naval Empire London Faber and Faber ISBN 978 0 571 24594 9 Da Mosto Andrea 1937 L Archivio di Stato di Venezia Rome Biblioteca d Arte editrice Gullino Giuseppe 1996 Le frontiere navali In Alberto Tenenti Ugo Tucci eds Storia di Venezia Dalle origini alla caduta della Serenissima in Italian Vol IV Il Rinascimento Politica e cultura Rome Enciclopedia Italiana pp 13 111 OCLC 644711024 Mutinelli Fabio 1851 Lessico Veneto Venice tipografia Giambattista Andreola Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Stato da Mar amp oldid 1121986583, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
