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Antikythera

February 15, 2024

Antikythera (/ˌæntɪkɪˈθɪərə/[2]) or Anticythera (Greek: Ἀντικύθηρα [andiˈciθira])[note 1] is a Greek island lying on the edge of the Aegean Sea, between Crete and Peloponnese. In antiquity the island was known as Aigilia (Αἰγιλία). Since the 2011 local government reform, it is part of the municipality of Kythira island.[3]

Antikythera
Αντικύθηρα
Antikythera's harbour Potamos
Antikythera
Coordinates: 35°52′N 23°18′E / 35.867°N 23.300°E / 35.867; 23.300
CountryGreece
Administrative regionAttica
Regional unitIslands
MunicipalityKythira
 • Municipal unit20.43 km2 (7.89 sq mi)
Population
 (2011)[1]
 • Municipal unit
68
 • Municipal unit density3.3/km2 (8.6/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code
801 00
Area code(s)27360
Vehicle registrationZ
Websitewww.antikythira.gr

Antikythera may also refer to the Kythira-Antikythira Strait, through which Mediterranean water enters the Sea of Crete.[4]

Its land area is 20.43 square kilometres (7.89 square miles),[5] and it lies 38 kilometres (24 miles) south-east of Kythira. It is the most distant part of the Attica region from its heart in the Athens metropolitan area. It is lozenge-shaped, 10.5 km (6.5 mi) NNW to SSE by 3.4 km (2.1 mi) ENE to WSW. It is notable for being the location of the discovery of the Antikythera mechanism and for the historical Roman-era Antikythera wreck.

Its main settlement and port is Potamós (pop. 34 inhabitants in the 2011 census). The only other settlements are Galanianá (pop. 15), and Charchalianá (pop. 19). Antikythera is periodically visited by the Ablemon Nautical Company ferry F/B Ionis on its route between Piraeus (Athens) and Kissamos-Kastelli on Crete.

History edit

 
Antikythera Ephebe; bronze c. 340–330 BC, National Archaeological Museum of Athens

The earliest known inhabitants (5th or 4th millennium BC) were likely seasonal hunters who traveled there to exploit the presence of migratory birds. The population of the island then changed frequently as it was settled and abandoned several times, including a period of significant influence by Cretan culture during the Bronze Age.[6] In antiquity, the island of Antikythera was known as Aegilia or Aigilia (Αἰγιλία), Aegila or Aigila (Αἴγιλα),[7] or Ogylos (Ὤγυλος).[8][9]

Between the 4th and 1st centuries BC, it was used as a base by a group of Cilician pirates until their destruction by Pompey the Great. Their fort can still be seen atop a cliff to the northeast of the island. The archaeology of the island has been thoroughly surveyed and the data made openly available for further study.[10]

Antikythera is one of the few islands in the Aegean which were never ruled by the Ottoman Empire, as the Ottomans did not consider the small island a worthwhile conquest. Nevertheless, it was noted on Ottoman maps as Küçük Çuha, a name that has persisted in modern Turkish.

Antikythera, known as Cerigotto in Italian, was administered by the Venetians as part of the Ionian Islands, despite being several hundred kilometres away from the main Ionian archipelago. The Venetians held out in Antikythera until 1800 while the rest of the Ionian Islands had fallen to Napoleonic France in 1797. It became a British protectorate in 1815 as part of the United States of the Ionian Islands. The island was then ceded to Greece under the Treaty of London (1864).

From 1864 to 1912, Antikythera was the southernmost point of Greece, as Crete and the surrounding islands including Gavdos were then part of the Ottoman Empire.

Antikythera is most famous for being the location of the 1900 discovery of the Antikythera wreck,[11] from which the Antikythera Ephebe and Antikythera mechanism were recovered. The Antikythera mechanism is an ancient mechanical calculator (sometimes described as the first mechanical computer) designed to calculate astronomical positions which has been dated to about 205 BC.[12][13] Technological artifacts of similar complexity did not reappear until a thousand years later.

Fauna edit

Antikythera is a very important stop-over site for migratory birds during their seasonal movements, due to its geographical position and certain features (a longitudinal island, with a north–south direction and very low human impact).[14] Furthermore, the island hosts the largest breeding colony of Eleonora's falcon (Falco eleonorae) in the world.[15] The importance of Antikythera for studying bird migration led to the creation of Antikythera Bird Observatory (A.B.O) by the Hellenic Ornithological Society. The island, along with its associated islets, has been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International.[16] The island also has a large population of wild goats.[17]

Climate Observation Center (PANGEA) edit

Following an agreement among European Investment Bank, the Kithira-Antikithira Commission of Inland Property, the National Observatory of Athens,[18] the Municipality and the Greek Public, a total fund of 25m euros will be used to install one of the largest Climate Observatory Centers in Europe. The project has also gained the support of Cosmote and Niarchos Foundation.[19]

Notable people edit

References edit

  1. ^ Romanization: Antikíthira
    Ancient Greek pronunciation: [antikýtʰɛːra]
    lit. 'opposite Kíthira'
  1. ^ a b "Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority.
  2. ^ "Antikythera". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d.
  3. ^ "ΦΕΚ B 1292/2010, Kallikratis reform municipalities" (in Greek). Government Gazette.
  4. ^ Peter Saundry, C. Michael Hogan & Steve Baum. 2011. Sea of Crete. Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds.M.Pidwirny & C.J.Cleveland. National Council for Science and Environment. Washington DC.
  5. ^ (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2015.
  6. ^ Bevan, A.; Conolly, J.; Tsaravopoulos, A. (2008). "The fragile communities of Antikythera". Archaeology International. 10: 32–36. doi:10.5334/ai.1007.
  7. ^   Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Aegilia". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.
  8. ^ Richard Talbert, ed. (2000). Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton University Press. p. 57, and directory notes accompanying.
  9. ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, O706.3
  10. ^ Bevan, A.; Conolly, J. (2012). "Intensive Survey Data from Antikythera, Greece". Journal of Open Archaeology Data. 1 (1): e3. doi:10.5334/4f3bcb3f7f21d.
  11. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cerigotto" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 761.
  12. ^ Carman, Christian; Evans, James (15 November 2014). "On the epoch of the Antikythera mechanism and its eclipse predictor". Archive for History of Exact Sciences. 68 (6): 693–774. doi:10.1007/s00407-014-0145-5. hdl:11336/98820. S2CID 120548493.
  13. ^ Sample, Ian (12 March 2021). "Scientists may have solved ancient mystery of 'first computer'". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  14. ^ The Importance of Antikythira
  15. ^ Dimalexis, A; Xirouchakis, S; Portolou, D; Latsoudis, P; Karris, G; Georgiakakis, P; Fric, J; Barboutis, C; Bourdakis, S; Ivovič, M; Kominos, T; Kakalis, E (2008). "Breeding distribution and population status of the Eleonora's falcon (Falco eleonorae) in Greece". Journal of Ornithology. 149: 23–30. doi:10.1007/s10336-007-0207-4. S2CID 42039520.
  16. ^ "Antikythira island and surrounding islets". BirdLife Data Zone. BirdLife International. 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  17. ^ . Archived from the original on 7 October 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  18. ^ "Press Release of NAO".
  19. ^ . Archived from the original on 3 September 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Antikythera.
  • Antikythera audio pronunciation
  • (in Greek and English)
  • The "Return to Antikythera" Dive Official Website (English)
  • (Website in Greek)
  • Antikythira Bird Observatory (Greek Text)

February 15, 2024
antikythera, ɪər, anticythera, greek, Ἀντικύθηρα, andiˈciθira, note, greek, island, lying, edge, aegean, between, crete, peloponnese, antiquity, island, known, aigilia, Αἰγιλία, since, 2011, local, government, reform, part, municipality, kythira, island, Αντικ. Antikythera ˌ ae n t ɪ k ɪ ˈ 8 ɪer e 2 or Anticythera Greek Ἀntiky8hra andiˈci8ira note 1 is a Greek island lying on the edge of the Aegean Sea between Crete and Peloponnese In antiquity the island was known as Aigilia Aἰgilia Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality of Kythira island 3 Antikythera Antiky8hraAntikythera s harbour PotamosAntikytheraCoordinates 35 52 N 23 18 E 35 867 N 23 300 E 35 867 23 300CountryGreeceAdministrative regionAtticaRegional unitIslandsMunicipalityKythira Municipal unit20 43 km2 7 89 sq mi Population 2011 1 Municipal unit68 Municipal unit density3 3 km2 8 6 sq mi Time zoneUTC 2 EET Summer DST UTC 3 EEST Postal code801 00Area code s 27360Vehicle registrationZWebsitewww antikythira grAntikythera may also refer to the Kythira Antikythira Strait through which Mediterranean water enters the Sea of Crete 4 Its land area is 20 43 square kilometres 7 89 square miles 5 and it lies 38 kilometres 24 miles south east of Kythira It is the most distant part of the Attica region from its heart in the Athens metropolitan area It is lozenge shaped 10 5 km 6 5 mi NNW to SSE by 3 4 km 2 1 mi ENE to WSW It is notable for being the location of the discovery of the Antikythera mechanism and for the historical Roman era Antikythera wreck Its main settlement and port is Potamos pop 34 inhabitants in the 2011 census The only other settlements are Galaniana pop 15 and Charchaliana pop 19 Antikythera is periodically visited by the Ablemon Nautical Company ferry F B Ionis on its route between Piraeus Athens and Kissamos Kastelli on Crete Contents 1 History 2 Fauna 3 Climate Observation Center PANGEA 4 Notable people 5 References 6 External linksHistory edit nbsp Antikythera Ephebe bronze c 340 330 BC National Archaeological Museum of AthensThe earliest known inhabitants 5th or 4th millennium BC were likely seasonal hunters who traveled there to exploit the presence of migratory birds The population of the island then changed frequently as it was settled and abandoned several times including a period of significant influence by Cretan culture during the Bronze Age 6 In antiquity the island of Antikythera was known as Aegilia or Aigilia Aἰgilia Aegila or Aigila Aἴgila 7 or Ogylos Ὤgylos 8 9 Between the 4th and 1st centuries BC it was used as a base by a group of Cilician pirates until their destruction by Pompey the Great Their fort can still be seen atop a cliff to the northeast of the island The archaeology of the island has been thoroughly surveyed and the data made openly available for further study 10 Antikythera is one of the few islands in the Aegean which were never ruled by the Ottoman Empire as the Ottomans did not consider the small island a worthwhile conquest Nevertheless it was noted on Ottoman maps as Kucuk Cuha a name that has persisted in modern Turkish Antikythera known as Cerigotto in Italian was administered by the Venetians as part of the Ionian Islands despite being several hundred kilometres away from the main Ionian archipelago The Venetians held out in Antikythera until 1800 while the rest of the Ionian Islands had fallen to Napoleonic France in 1797 It became a British protectorate in 1815 as part of the United States of the Ionian Islands The island was then ceded to Greece under the Treaty of London 1864 From 1864 to 1912 Antikythera was the southernmost point of Greece as Crete and the surrounding islands including Gavdos were then part of the Ottoman Empire Antikythera is most famous for being the location of the 1900 discovery of the Antikythera wreck 11 from which the Antikythera Ephebe and Antikythera mechanism were recovered The Antikythera mechanism is an ancient mechanical calculator sometimes described as the first mechanical computer designed to calculate astronomical positions which has been dated to about 205 BC 12 13 Technological artifacts of similar complexity did not reappear until a thousand years later Fauna editAntikythera is a very important stop over site for migratory birds during their seasonal movements due to its geographical position and certain features a longitudinal island with a north south direction and very low human impact 14 Furthermore the island hosts the largest breeding colony of Eleonora s falcon Falco eleonorae in the world 15 The importance of Antikythera for studying bird migration led to the creation of Antikythera Bird Observatory A B O by the Hellenic Ornithological Society The island along with its associated islets has been recognised as an Important Bird Area IBA by BirdLife International 16 The island also has a large population of wild goats 17 Climate Observation Center PANGEA editFollowing an agreement among European Investment Bank the Kithira Antikithira Commission of Inland Property the National Observatory of Athens 18 the Municipality and the Greek Public a total fund of 25m euros will be used to install one of the largest Climate Observatory Centers in Europe The project has also gained the support of Cosmote and Niarchos Foundation 19 Notable people editAndreas Anagnostakis 1826 1897 physicianReferences edit Romanization Antikithira Ancient Greek pronunciation antiky tʰɛːra lit opposite Kithira a b Apografh Plh8ysmoy Katoikiwn 2011 MONIMOS Plh8ysmos in Greek Hellenic Statistical Authority Antikythera Dictionary com Unabridged Online n d FEK B 1292 2010 Kallikratis reform municipalities in Greek Government Gazette Peter Saundry C Michael Hogan amp Steve Baum 2011 Sea of Crete Encyclopedia of Earth Eds M Pidwirny amp C J Cleveland National Council for Science and Environment Washington DC Population amp housing census 2001 incl area and average elevation PDF in Greek National Statistical Service of Greece Archived from the original PDF on 21 September 2015 Bevan A Conolly J Tsaravopoulos A 2008 The fragile communities of Antikythera Archaeology International 10 32 36 doi 10 5334 ai 1007 nbsp Smith William ed 1854 1857 Aegilia Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography London John Murray Richard Talbert ed 2000 Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World Princeton University Press p 57 and directory notes accompanying Stephanus of Byzantium Ethnica O706 3 Bevan A Conolly J 2012 Intensive Survey Data from Antikythera Greece Journal of Open Archaeology Data 1 1 e3 doi 10 5334 4f3bcb3f7f21d Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Cerigotto Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 5 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 761 Carman Christian Evans James 15 November 2014 On the epoch of the Antikythera mechanism and its eclipse predictor Archive for History of Exact Sciences 68 6 693 774 doi 10 1007 s00407 014 0145 5 hdl 11336 98820 S2CID 120548493 Sample Ian 12 March 2021 Scientists may have solved ancient mystery of first computer The Guardian Retrieved 13 March 2021 The Importance of Antikythira Dimalexis A Xirouchakis S Portolou D Latsoudis P Karris G Georgiakakis P Fric J Barboutis C Bourdakis S Ivovic M Kominos T Kakalis E 2008 Breeding distribution and population status of the Eleonora s falcon Falco eleonorae in Greece Journal of Ornithology 149 23 30 doi 10 1007 s10336 007 0207 4 S2CID 42039520 Antikythira island and surrounding islets BirdLife Data Zone BirdLife International 2022 Retrieved 27 December 2022 Koinothta Antiky8hrwn Archived from the original on 7 October 2015 Retrieved 7 March 2017 Press Release of NAO Published Article on European Research Council Archived from the original on 3 September 2020 Retrieved 7 September 2020 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Antikythera Antikythera audio pronunciation Official website of the Antikythira Community in Greek and English The Return to Antikythera Dive Official Website English The Antikythera Archaeological Survey Project Website in Greek Antikythira Bird Observatory Greek Text Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Antikythera amp oldid 1199062953, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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