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Tin(II) fluoride

January 29, 2023

Tin(II) fluoride, commonly referred to commercially as stannous fluoride[1][2] (from Latin stannum, 'tin'), is a chemical compound with the formula SnF2. It is a colourless solid used as an ingredient in toothpastes.

Tin(II) fluoride

  Sn2+;   F−
Names
IUPAC name
Tin(II) fluoride
Other names
Stannous fluoride
Identifiers
  • 7783-47-3 Y
3D model (JSmol)
  • Interactive image
ECHA InfoCard 100.029.090
  • 24550
RTECS number
  • XQ3450000
UNII
  • 3FTR44B32Q Y
UN number 3288
  • DTXSID6064822
  • InChI=1S/2FH.Sn/h2*1H;/q;;+2/p-2
  • F[Sn]F
Properties
SnF2
Molar mass 156.69 g/mol
Appearance colorless solid
Density 4.57 g/cm3
Melting point 213 °C (415 °F; 486 K)
Boiling point 850 °C (1,560 °F; 1,120 K)
31 g/100 mL (0 °C);
35 g/100 mL (20 °C);
78.5 g.100 mL (106 °C)
Solubility soluble in KOH, KF;
negligible in ethanol, ether, chloroform
Structure
Monoclinic, mS48
C2/c, No. 15
Pharmacology
A01AA04 (WHO)
Hazards
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
2
0
0
Flash point Non-flammable
Safety data sheet (SDS) ICSC 0860
Related compounds
Other anions
 Tin(II) chloride,
Tin(II) bromide,
Tin(II) iodide
Other cations
 Germanium tetrafluoride,
Tin tetrafluoride,
Lead(II) fluoride
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YN ?)

Oral health benefits

Stannous fluoride was introduced as an alternative to sodium fluoride for the prevention of cavities (tooth decay). It was introduced for this purpose by Joseph Muhler and William Nebergall. In recognition for their innovation, these two individuals were inducted into the Inventor's Hall of Fame.[1]

The fluoride in stannous fluoride helps to convert the calcium mineral apatite in teeth into fluorapatite, which makes tooth enamel more resistant to bacteria-generated acid attacks.[3] The calcium present in plaque and saliva reacts with fluoride to form calcium fluoride on the tooth surface; over time, this calcium fluoride dissolves to allow calcium and fluoride ions to interact with the tooth and form fluoride-containing apatite within the tooth structure.[4] This chemical reaction inhibits demineralisation and can promote remineralisation of tooth decay. The resulting fluoride-containing apatite is more insoluble, and more resistant to acid and tooth decay.[4]

In addition to fluoride, the stannous ion has benefits for oral health when incorporated in a toothpaste. At similar fluoride concentrations, toothpastes containing stannous fluoride have been shown to be more effective than toothpastes containing sodium fluoride for reducing the incidence of dental caries and dental erosion,[5][6][7][8][9] as well as reducing gingivitis.[10][11][12][13][14] Some stannous fluoride-containing toothpastes also contain ingredients that allow for better stain removal.[15][16] Stabilised stannous fluoride formulations allow for greater bioavailability of the stannous and fluoride ion, increasing their oral health benefits.[17][18] A systematic review revealed stabilised stannous fluoride-containing toothpastes had a positive effect on the reduction of plaque, gingivitis and staining, with a significant reduction in calculus and halitosis (bad breath) compared to other toothpastes.[16] A specific formulation of stabilised stannous fluoride toothpastes has shown superior protection against dental erosion and dentine hypersensitivity compared to other fluoride-containing and fluoride-free toothpastes.[19]

Stannous fluoride was once used under the trade name Fluoristan in the original formulation of the toothpaste brand Crest, though it was later replaced with sodium monofluorophosphate under the trade name Fluoristat. Stabilised stannous fluoride is now the active ingredient in Crest/Oral B Pro-Health brand toothpaste. Although concerns have been previously raised that stannous fluoride may cause tooth staining, this can be avoided by proper brushing and by using a stabilised stannous fluoride toothpaste.[15][16] Any stannous fluoride staining that occurs due to improper brushing is not permanent, and Crest/Oral B Pro-Health states that its particular formulation is resistant to staining.

Production

SnF2 can be prepared by evaporating a solution of SnO in 40% HF.[20]

SnO + 2 HF → SnF2 + H2O

Aqueous solutions

Readily soluble in water, SnF2 is hydrolysed. At low concentration, it forms species such as SnOH+, Sn(OH)2 and Sn(OH)3−. At higher concentrations, predominantly polynuclear species are formed, including Sn2(OH)22+ and Sn3(OH)42+.[21] Aqueous solutions readily oxidise to form insoluble precipitates of SnIV, which are ineffective as a dental prophylactic.[22] Studies of the oxidation using Mössbauer spectroscopy on frozen samples suggests that O2 is the oxidizing species.[23]

Lewis acidity

SnF2 acts as a Lewis acid. For example, it forms a 1:1 complex (CH3)3NSnF2 and 2:1 complex [(CH3)3N]2SnF2 with trimethylamine,[24] and a 1:1 complex with dimethylsulfoxide, (CH3)2SO·SnF2.[25]
In solutions containing the fluoride ion, F−, it forms the fluoride complexes SnF3−, Sn2F5−, and SnF2(OH2).[26] Crystallization from an aqueous solution containing NaF produces compounds containing polynuclear anions, e.g. NaSn2F5 or Na4Sn3F10 depending on the reaction conditions, rather than NaSnF3.[20] The compound NaSnF3, containing the pyramidal SnF3− anion, can be produced from a pyridine–water solution.[27] Other compounds containing the pyramidal SnF3− anion are known, such as Ca(SnF3)2.[28]

Reducing properties

SnF2 is a reducing agent, with a standard reduction potential of Eo (SnIV/ SnII) = +0.15 V.[29] Solutions in HF are readily oxidised by a range of oxidizing agents (O2, SO2 or F2) to form the mixed-valence compound Sn3F8 (containing SnII and SnIV and no Sn–Sn bonds).[20]

Structure

The monoclinic form contains tetramers, Sn4F8, where there are two distinct coordination environments for the Sn atoms. In each case, there are three nearest neighbours, with Sn at the apex of a trigonal pyramid, and the lone pair of electrons sterically active.[30] Other forms reported have the GeF2 and paratellurite structures.[30]

Molecular SnF2

In the vapour phase, SnF2 forms monomers, dimers, and trimers.[26] Monomeric SnF2 is a non-linear molecule with an Sn−F bond length of 206 pm.[26] Complexes of SnF2, sometimes called difluorostannylene, with an alkyne and aromatic compounds deposited in an argon matrix at 12 K have been reported.[31][32]

Safety

Stannous fluoride can cause redness and irritation if it is inhaled or comes into contact with the eyes. If ingested, it can cause abdominal pains and shock.[33] Rare but serious allergic reactions are possible; symptoms include itching, swelling, and difficulty breathing. Certain formulations of stannous fluoride in dental products may cause mild tooth discoloration; this is not permanent and can be removed by brushing, or can be prevented by using a stabilised stannous fluoride toothpaste.[15][16][34]

References

  1. ^ a b "National Inventors Hall of Fame Announces 2019 Inductees at CES". National Inventors Hall of Fame. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  2. ^ "Latin Names Variable Charge Metals". Nobel.SCAS.BCIT.ca/. British Columbia Institute of Technology Chemistry Department. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
  3. ^ Groeneveld, A.; Purdell-Lewis, D. J.; Arends, J. (1976). "Remineralization of artificial caries lesions by stannous fluoride". Caries Research. 10 (3): 189–200. doi:10.1159/000260201. ISSN 0008-6568. PMID 1063601.
  4. ^ a b Lussi, Adrian; Hellwig, Elmar; Klimek, Joachim (2012). "Fluorides - mode of action and recommendations for use". Schweizer Monatsschrift für Zahnmedizin = Revue Mensuelle Suisse d'Odonto-Stomatologie = Rivista Mensile Svizzera di Odontologia e Stomatologia. 122 (11): 1030–1042. ISSN 0256-2855. PMID 23192605.
  5. ^ West, N. X.; He, T.; Macdonald, E. L.; Seong, J.; Hellin, N.; Barker, M. L.; Eversole, S. L. (March 2017). "Erosion protection benefits of stabilized SnF2 dentifrice versus an arginine–sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice: results from in vitro and in situ clinical studies". Clinical Oral Investigations. 21 (2): 533–540. doi:10.1007/s00784-016-1905-1. ISSN 1432-6981. PMC 5318474. PMID 27477786.
  6. ^ Ganss, C.; Lussi, A.; Grunau, O.; Klimek, J.; Schlueter, N. (2011). "Conventional and Anti-Erosion Fluoride Toothpastes: Effect on Enamel Erosion and Erosion-Abrasion". Caries Research. 45 (6): 581–589. doi:10.1159/000334318. ISSN 0008-6568. PMID 22156703. S2CID 45156274.
  7. ^ West, Nicola X.; He, Tao; Hellin, Nikki; Claydon, Nicholas; Seong, Joon; Macdonald, Emma; Farrell, Svetlana; Eusebio, Rachelle; Wilberg, Aneta (August 2019). "Randomized in situ clinical trial evaluating erosion protection efficacy of a 0.454% stannous fluoride dentifrice". International Journal of Dental Hygiene. 17 (3): 261–267. doi:10.1111/idh.12379. ISSN 1601-5029. PMC 6850309. PMID 30556372.
  8. ^ Zhao, X.; He, T.; He, Y.; Chen, H. (2020-02-12). "Efficacy of a Stannous-containing Dentifrice for Protecting Against Combined Erosive and Abrasive Tooth Wear In Situ". Oral Health and Preventive Dentistry. 18 (1): 619–624. doi:10.3290/j.ohpd.a44926. PMID 32700515.
  9. ^ Stookey, G.K.; Mau, M.S.; Isaacs, R.L.; Gonzalez-Gierbolini, C.; Bartizek, R.D.; Biesbrock, A.R. (2004). "The Relative Anticaries Effectiveness of Three Fluoride-Containing Dentifrices in Puerto Rico". Caries Research. 38 (6): 542–550. doi:10.1159/000080584. ISSN 0008-6568. PMID 15528909. S2CID 489634.
  10. ^ Parkinson, C. R.; Milleman, K. R.; Milleman, J. L. (2020-03-26). "Gingivitis efficacy of a 0.454% w/w stannous fluoride dentifrice: a 24-week randomized controlled trial". BMC Oral Health. 20 (1): 89. doi:10.1186/s12903-020-01079-6. ISSN 1472-6831. PMC 7098169. PMID 32216778.
  11. ^ Hu, Deyu; Li, Xue; Liu, Hongchun; Mateo, Luis R.; Sabharwal, Amarpreet; Xu, Guofeng; Szewczyk, Gregory; Ryan, Maria; Zhang, Yun-Po (April 2019). "Evaluation of a stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice on dental plaque and gingivitis in a randomized controlled trial with 6-month follow-up". The Journal of the American Dental Association. 150 (4): S32–S37. doi:10.1016/j.adaj.2019.01.005. ISSN 0002-8177. PMID 30797257. S2CID 73488958.
  12. ^ Mankodi, Suru; Bartizek, Robert D.; Winston, J. Leslie; Biesbrock, Aaron R.; McClanahan, Stephen F.; He, Tao (2005). "Anti-gingivitis efficacy of a stabilized 0.454% stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice". Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 32 (1): 75–80. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2004.00639.x. ISSN 1600-051X. PMID 15642062.
  13. ^ Archila, Luis; Bartizek, Robert D.; Winston, J. Leslie; Biesbrock, Aaron R.; McClanahan, Stephen F.; He, Tao (2004). "The Comparative Efficacy of Stabilized Stannous Fluoride/Sodium Hexametaphosphate Dentifrice and Sodium Fluoride/Triclosan/Copolymer Dentifrice for the Control of Gingivitis: A 6-Month Randomized Clinical Study". Journal of Periodontology. 75 (12): 1592–1599. doi:10.1902/jop.2004.75.12.1592. ISSN 1943-3670. PMID 15732859.
  14. ^ Clark-Perry, Danielle; Levin, Liran (December 2020). "Comparison of new formulas of stannous fluoride toothpastes with other commercially available fluoridated toothpastes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". International Dental Journal. 70 (6): 418–426. doi:10.1111/idj.12588. PMID 32621315. S2CID 220336087.
  15. ^ a b c He, Tao; Baker, Robert; Bartizek, Robert D.; Biesbrock, Aaron R.; Chaves, Eros; Terézhalmy, Geza (2007). "Extrinsic stain removal efficacy of a stannous fluoride dentifrice with sodium hexametaphosphate". The Journal of Clinical Dentistry. 18 (1): 7–11. ISSN 0895-8831. PMID 17410949.
  16. ^ a b c d Johannsen, A.; Emilson, C.-G.; Johannsen, G.; Konradsson, K.; Lingström, P.; Ramberg, P. (December 2019). "Effects of stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice on dental calculus, dental plaque, gingivitis, halitosis and stain: A systematic review". Heliyon. 5 (12): e02850. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02850. ISSN 2405-8440. PMC 6909063. PMID 31872105.
  17. ^ White, D. J. (1995). "A "return" to stannous fluoride dentifrices". The Journal of Clinical Dentistry. 6 Spec No: 29–36. ISSN 0895-8831. PMID 8593190.
  18. ^ Tinanoff, N. (1995). "Progress regarding the use of stannous fluoride in clinical dentistry". The Journal of Clinical Dentistry. 6 Spec No: 37–40. ISSN 0895-8831. PMID 8593191.
  19. ^ West, Nicola X.; He, Tao; Zou, Yuanshu; DiGennaro, Joe; Biesbrock, Aaron; Davies, Maria (February 2021). "Bioavailable gluconate chelated stannous fluoride toothpaste meta-analyses: Effects on dentine hypersensitivity and enamel erosion". Journal of Dentistry. 105: 103566. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103566. ISSN 1879-176X. PMID 33383100. S2CID 229940161.
  20. ^ a b c Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
  21. ^ Séby F., Potin-Gautier M., Giffaut E., Donard O. F. X.; Potin-Gautier; Giffaut; Donard (2001). "A critical review of thermodynamic data for inorganic tin species". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 65 (18): 3041–3053. Bibcode:2001GeCoA..65.3041S. doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00645-7.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ David B. Troy, 2005, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN 0-7817-4673-6, ISBN 978-0-7817-4673-1
  23. ^ Denes G; Lazanas G.; Lazanas (1994). "Oxidation of SnF2 stannous fluoride in aqueous solutions". Hyperfine Interactions. 90 (1): 435–439. Bibcode:1994HyInt..90..435D. doi:10.1007/BF02069152. S2CID 96184099.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ Chung Chun Hsu & R. A. Geanangel (1977). "Synthesis and studies of trimethylamine adducts with tin(II) halides". Inorg. Chem. 16 (1): 2529–2534. doi:10.1021/ic50176a022.
  25. ^ Chung Chun Hsu & R. A. Geanangel (1980). "Donor and acceptor behavior of divalent tin compounds". Inorg. Chem. 19 (1): 110–119. doi:10.1021/ic50203a024.
  26. ^ a b c Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001) Inorganic Chemistry, Elsevier ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
  27. ^ Salami T. O., Zavalij P. Y. and Oliver S. R. J. (2004). "Synthesis and crystal structure of two tin fluoride materials: NaSnF3 (BING-12) and Sn3F3PO4". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 177 (3): 800–805. Bibcode:2004JSSCh.177..800S. doi:10.1016/j.jssc.2003.09.013.
  28. ^ Kokunov Y. V.; Detkov D. G.; Gorbunova Yu. E.; Ershova M. M.; Mikhailov Yu. N. (2001). "Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Calcium Trifluorostannate(II)". Doklady Chemistry. 376 (4–6): 52–54. doi:10.1023/A:1018855109716. S2CID 91430538.
  29. ^ Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2004). Inorganic Chemistry (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-039913-7.
  30. ^ a b Wells A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry 5th edition Oxford Science Publications ISBN 0-19-855370-6
  31. ^ S. E. Boganov, V. I. Faustov, M. P. Egorov and O. M. Nefedov (1994). "Matrix IR spectra and quantum chemical studies of the reaction between difluorostannylene and hept-1-yne. The first direct observation of a carbene analog π-complex with alkyne". Russian Chemical Bulletin. 43 (1): 47–49. doi:10.1007/BF00699133. S2CID 97064510.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  32. ^ S. E. Boganov, M. P. Egorov and O. M. Nefedov (1999). "Study of complexation between difluorostannylene and aromatics by matrix IR spectroscopy". Russian Chemical Bulletin. 48 (1): 98–103. doi:10.1007/BF02494408. S2CID 94004320.
  33. ^ "Stannous fluoride (International Chemical Safety Cards: 0860)". International Labour Organization. Retrieved June 21, 2021.
  34. ^ "Stannous Fluoride-Dental". WebMD. Retrieved March 11, 2014.

January 29, 2023
fluoride, commonly, referred, commercially, stannous, fluoride, from, latin, stannum, chemical, compound, with, formula, snf2, colourless, solid, used, ingredient, toothpastes, namesiupac, name, other, names, stannous, fluorideidentifierscas, number, 7783, mod. Tin II fluoride commonly referred to commercially as stannous fluoride 1 2 from Latin stannum tin is a chemical compound with the formula SnF2 It is a colourless solid used as an ingredient in toothpastes Tin II fluoride Sn2 F NamesIUPAC name Tin II fluorideOther names Stannous fluorideIdentifiersCAS Number 7783 47 3 Y3D model JSmol Interactive imageECHA InfoCard 100 029 090PubChem CID 24550RTECS number XQ3450000UNII 3FTR44B32Q YUN number 3288CompTox Dashboard EPA DTXSID6064822InChI InChI 1S 2FH Sn h2 1H q 2 p 2SMILES F Sn FPropertiesChemical formula SnF2Molar mass 156 69 g molAppearance colorless solidDensity 4 57 g cm3Melting point 213 C 415 F 486 K Boiling point 850 C 1 560 F 1 120 K Solubility in water 31 g 100 mL 0 C 35 g 100 mL 20 C 78 5 g 100 mL 106 C Solubility soluble in KOH KF negligible in ethanol ether chloroformStructureCrystal structure Monoclinic mS48Space group C2 c No 15PharmacologyATC code A01AA04 WHO HazardsNFPA 704 fire diamond 200Flash point Non flammableSafety data sheet SDS ICSC 0860Related compoundsOther anions Tin II chloride Tin II bromide Tin II iodideOther cations Germanium tetrafluoride Tin tetrafluoride Lead II fluorideExcept where otherwise noted data are given for materials in their standard state at 25 C 77 F 100 kPa N verify what is Y N Infobox references Contents 1 Oral health benefits 2 Production 3 Aqueous solutions 4 Lewis acidity 5 Reducing properties 6 Structure 7 Molecular SnF2 8 Safety 9 ReferencesOral health benefits EditStannous fluoride was introduced as an alternative to sodium fluoride for the prevention of cavities tooth decay It was introduced for this purpose by Joseph Muhler and William Nebergall In recognition for their innovation these two individuals were inducted into the Inventor s Hall of Fame 1 The fluoride in stannous fluoride helps to convert the calcium mineral apatite in teeth into fluorapatite which makes tooth enamel more resistant to bacteria generated acid attacks 3 The calcium present in plaque and saliva reacts with fluoride to form calcium fluoride on the tooth surface over time this calcium fluoride dissolves to allow calcium and fluoride ions to interact with the tooth and form fluoride containing apatite within the tooth structure 4 This chemical reaction inhibits demineralisation and can promote remineralisation of tooth decay The resulting fluoride containing apatite is more insoluble and more resistant to acid and tooth decay 4 In addition to fluoride the stannous ion has benefits for oral health when incorporated in a toothpaste At similar fluoride concentrations toothpastes containing stannous fluoride have been shown to be more effective than toothpastes containing sodium fluoride for reducing the incidence of dental caries and dental erosion 5 6 7 8 9 as well as reducing gingivitis 10 11 12 13 14 Some stannous fluoride containing toothpastes also contain ingredients that allow for better stain removal 15 16 Stabilised stannous fluoride formulations allow for greater bioavailability of the stannous and fluoride ion increasing their oral health benefits 17 18 A systematic review revealed stabilised stannous fluoride containing toothpastes had a positive effect on the reduction of plaque gingivitis and staining with a significant reduction in calculus and halitosis bad breath compared to other toothpastes 16 A specific formulation of stabilised stannous fluoride toothpastes has shown superior protection against dental erosion and dentine hypersensitivity compared to other fluoride containing and fluoride free toothpastes 19 Stannous fluoride was once used under the trade name Fluoristan in the original formulation of the toothpaste brand Crest though it was later replaced with sodium monofluorophosphate under the trade name Fluoristat Stabilised stannous fluoride is now the active ingredient in Crest Oral B Pro Health brand toothpaste Although concerns have been previously raised that stannous fluoride may cause tooth staining this can be avoided by proper brushing and by using a stabilised stannous fluoride toothpaste 15 16 Any stannous fluoride staining that occurs due to improper brushing is not permanent and Crest Oral B Pro Health states that its particular formulation is resistant to staining Production EditSnF2 can be prepared by evaporating a solution of SnO in 40 HF 20 SnO 2 HF SnF2 H2OAqueous solutions EditReadily soluble in water SnF2 is hydrolysed At low concentration it forms species such as SnOH Sn OH 2 and Sn OH 3 At higher concentrations predominantly polynuclear species are formed including Sn2 OH 22 and Sn3 OH 42 21 Aqueous solutions readily oxidise to form insoluble precipitates of SnIV which are ineffective as a dental prophylactic 22 Studies of the oxidation using Mossbauer spectroscopy on frozen samples suggests that O2 is the oxidizing species 23 Lewis acidity EditSnF2 acts as a Lewis acid For example it forms a 1 1 complex CH3 3NSnF2 and 2 1 complex CH3 3N 2SnF2 with trimethylamine 24 and a 1 1 complex with dimethylsulfoxide CH3 2SO SnF2 25 In solutions containing the fluoride ion F it forms the fluoride complexes SnF3 Sn2F5 and SnF2 OH2 26 Crystallization from an aqueous solution containing NaF produces compounds containing polynuclear anions e g NaSn2F5 or Na4Sn3F10 depending on the reaction conditions rather than NaSnF3 20 The compound NaSnF3 containing the pyramidal SnF3 anion can be produced from a pyridine water solution 27 Other compounds containing the pyramidal SnF3 anion are known such as Ca SnF3 2 28 Reducing properties EditSnF2 is a reducing agent with a standard reduction potential of Eo SnIV SnII 0 15 V 29 Solutions in HF are readily oxidised by a range of oxidizing agents O2 SO2 or F2 to form the mixed valence compound Sn3F8 containing SnII and SnIV and no Sn Sn bonds 20 Structure EditThe monoclinic form contains tetramers Sn4F8 where there are two distinct coordination environments for the Sn atoms In each case there are three nearest neighbours with Sn at the apex of a trigonal pyramid and the lone pair of electrons sterically active 30 Other forms reported have the GeF2 and paratellurite structures 30 Molecular SnF2 EditIn the vapour phase SnF2 forms monomers dimers and trimers 26 Monomeric SnF2 is a non linear molecule with an Sn F bond length of 206 pm 26 Complexes of SnF2 sometimes called difluorostannylene with an alkyne and aromatic compounds deposited in an argon matrix at 12 K have been reported 31 32 Safety EditStannous fluoride can cause redness and irritation if it is inhaled or comes into contact with the eyes If ingested it can cause abdominal pains and shock 33 Rare but serious allergic reactions are possible symptoms include itching swelling and difficulty breathing Certain formulations of stannous fluoride in dental products may cause mild tooth discoloration this is not permanent and can be removed by brushing or can be prevented by using a stabilised stannous fluoride toothpaste 15 16 34 References Edit a b National Inventors Hall of Fame Announces 2019 Inductees at CES National Inventors Hall of Fame Retrieved 6 February 2019 Latin Names Variable Charge Metals Nobel SCAS BCIT ca British Columbia Institute of Technology Chemistry Department Retrieved 16 June 2013 Groeneveld A Purdell Lewis D J Arends J 1976 Remineralization of artificial caries lesions by stannous fluoride Caries Research 10 3 189 200 doi 10 1159 000260201 ISSN 0008 6568 PMID 1063601 a b Lussi Adrian Hellwig Elmar Klimek Joachim 2012 Fluorides mode of action and recommendations for use Schweizer Monatsschrift fur Zahnmedizin Revue Mensuelle Suisse d Odonto Stomatologie Rivista Mensile Svizzera di Odontologia e Stomatologia 122 11 1030 1042 ISSN 0256 2855 PMID 23192605 West N X He T Macdonald E L Seong J Hellin N Barker M L Eversole S L March 2017 Erosion protection benefits of stabilized SnF2 dentifrice versus an arginine sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice results from in vitro and in situ clinical studies Clinical Oral Investigations 21 2 533 540 doi 10 1007 s00784 016 1905 1 ISSN 1432 6981 PMC 5318474 PMID 27477786 Ganss C Lussi A Grunau O Klimek J Schlueter N 2011 Conventional and Anti Erosion Fluoride Toothpastes Effect on Enamel Erosion and Erosion Abrasion Caries Research 45 6 581 589 doi 10 1159 000334318 ISSN 0008 6568 PMID 22156703 S2CID 45156274 West Nicola X He Tao Hellin Nikki Claydon Nicholas Seong Joon Macdonald Emma Farrell Svetlana Eusebio Rachelle Wilberg Aneta August 2019 Randomized in situ clinical trial evaluating erosion protection efficacy of a 0 454 stannous fluoride dentifrice International Journal of Dental Hygiene 17 3 261 267 doi 10 1111 idh 12379 ISSN 1601 5029 PMC 6850309 PMID 30556372 Zhao X He T He Y Chen H 2020 02 12 Efficacy of a Stannous containing Dentifrice for Protecting Against Combined Erosive and Abrasive Tooth Wear In Situ Oral Health and Preventive Dentistry 18 1 619 624 doi 10 3290 j ohpd a44926 PMID 32700515 Stookey G K Mau M S Isaacs R L Gonzalez Gierbolini C Bartizek R D Biesbrock A R 2004 The Relative Anticaries Effectiveness of Three Fluoride Containing Dentifrices in Puerto Rico Caries Research 38 6 542 550 doi 10 1159 000080584 ISSN 0008 6568 PMID 15528909 S2CID 489634 Parkinson C R Milleman K R Milleman J L 2020 03 26 Gingivitis efficacy of a 0 454 w w stannous fluoride dentifrice a 24 week randomized controlled trial BMC Oral Health 20 1 89 doi 10 1186 s12903 020 01079 6 ISSN 1472 6831 PMC 7098169 PMID 32216778 Hu Deyu Li Xue Liu Hongchun Mateo Luis R Sabharwal Amarpreet Xu Guofeng Szewczyk Gregory Ryan Maria Zhang Yun Po April 2019 Evaluation of a stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice on dental plaque and gingivitis in a randomized controlled trial with 6 month follow up The Journal of the American Dental Association 150 4 S32 S37 doi 10 1016 j adaj 2019 01 005 ISSN 0002 8177 PMID 30797257 S2CID 73488958 Mankodi Suru Bartizek Robert D Winston J Leslie Biesbrock Aaron R McClanahan Stephen F He Tao 2005 Anti gingivitis efficacy of a stabilized 0 454 stannous fluoride sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice Journal of Clinical Periodontology 32 1 75 80 doi 10 1111 j 1600 051X 2004 00639 x ISSN 1600 051X PMID 15642062 Archila Luis Bartizek Robert D Winston J Leslie Biesbrock Aaron R McClanahan Stephen F He Tao 2004 The Comparative Efficacy of Stabilized Stannous Fluoride Sodium Hexametaphosphate Dentifrice and Sodium Fluoride Triclosan Copolymer Dentifrice for the Control of Gingivitis A 6 Month Randomized Clinical Study Journal of Periodontology 75 12 1592 1599 doi 10 1902 jop 2004 75 12 1592 ISSN 1943 3670 PMID 15732859 Clark Perry Danielle Levin Liran December 2020 Comparison of new formulas of stannous fluoride toothpastes with other commercially available fluoridated toothpastes A systematic review and meta analysis of randomised controlled trials International Dental Journal 70 6 418 426 doi 10 1111 idj 12588 PMID 32621315 S2CID 220336087 a b c He Tao Baker Robert Bartizek Robert D Biesbrock Aaron R Chaves Eros Terezhalmy Geza 2007 Extrinsic stain removal efficacy of a stannous fluoride dentifrice with sodium hexametaphosphate The Journal of Clinical Dentistry 18 1 7 11 ISSN 0895 8831 PMID 17410949 a b c d Johannsen A Emilson C G Johannsen G Konradsson K Lingstrom P Ramberg P December 2019 Effects of stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice on dental calculus dental plaque gingivitis halitosis and stain A systematic review Heliyon 5 12 e02850 doi 10 1016 j heliyon 2019 e02850 ISSN 2405 8440 PMC 6909063 PMID 31872105 White D J 1995 A return to stannous fluoride dentifrices The Journal of Clinical Dentistry 6 Spec No 29 36 ISSN 0895 8831 PMID 8593190 Tinanoff N 1995 Progress regarding the use of stannous fluoride in clinical dentistry The Journal of Clinical Dentistry 6 Spec No 37 40 ISSN 0895 8831 PMID 8593191 West Nicola X He Tao Zou Yuanshu DiGennaro Joe Biesbrock Aaron Davies Maria February 2021 Bioavailable gluconate chelated stannous fluoride toothpaste meta analyses Effects on dentine 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Tin II fluoride amp oldid 1094511469, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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