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Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin

January 01, 1970

"Death of Stalin" redirects here. For the 2017 film, see The Death of Stalin. For other uses, see Death of Stalin (disambiguation).

Joseph Stalin, second leader of the Soviet Union, died on 5 March 1953 at his Kuntsevo Dacha after suffering a stroke, at age 74. He was given a state funeral in Moscow on 9 March, with four days of national mourning declared. On the day of the funeral, hundreds or thousands of Soviet citizens visiting the capital to pay their respects died in a human crush.[1][2]

Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin
Stalin's funeral procession on Okhotny Ryad
Date5–9 March 1953
LocationRed Square, Moscow, Russian SFSR, USSR
Organized bySoviet state
ParticipantsNikita Khrushchev, Georgy Malenkov, Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria, Patriarch Alexy I, Nicholas (Yarushevich) and other Soviet, Church and foreign dignitaries

Stalin's body was embalmed and interred in Lenin's Mausoleum until 1961, when it was moved to the Kremlin Wall Necropolis. The members of Stalin's inner circle in charge of organizing his funeral were Nikita Khrushchev, then-head of the Moscow branch of the Communist Party; Lavrentiy Beria, head of the NKVD; Georgy Malenkov, the chairman of the Presidium; and Vyacheslav Molotov, previously the Soviet Union's Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Illness and death

Joseph Stalin's health had begun to deteriorate towards the end of the Second World War. He had atherosclerosis as a result of heavy smoking, a mild stroke around the time of the Victory Parade in May 1945, and a severe heart attack in October 1945.[3]

The last three days of Stalin's life have been described in detail, first in the official Soviet announcements in Pravda, and then in a complete English translation which followed shortly thereafter in The Current Digest of the Soviet Press.[4] Decades later, former senior officer and historian Dmitry Volkogonov[5] described how, on 28 February 1953, Stalin and a small number of his inner circle, consisting of Lavrentiy Beria, Nikita Khrushchev, Georgy Malenkov, Vyacheslav Molotov and a few others, gathered together for an evening of entertainment and drinking. After the guests dispersed at approximately 4:00 a.m. on 1 March, Stalin retired to his private quarters with strict instructions that he was not to be disturbed until sounds were heard indicating that he had awakened. Time passed and no sounds were heard throughout the day. At approximately 11:00 p.m. on 1 March, Stalin's housekeeper cautiously entered his room and found him lying on the floor, wearing his pajama trousers and a shirt. He was unconscious, breathing heavily, incontinent and unresponsive to attempts to rouse him.

At 7:00 a.m. on 2 March, Beria and a group of medical experts were summoned to examine Stalin. Based on their examination, which revealed blood pressure of 190/110 and right-sided hemiplegia, they concluded that Stalin, who had a known history of uncontrolled hypertension, had sustained a hemorrhagic stroke involving the left middle cerebral artery. Over the next two days he received a variety of treatments. In an attempt to decrease his blood pressure, which had risen to 210/120, two separate applications of eight leeches each were applied to his neck and face over the next two days. However, Stalin's condition continued to deteriorate and he died at 9:50 p.m. on 5 March 1953. His death was announced the next day on Radio Moscow by Yuri Levitan.[6]

Stalin's body was then taken to an unspecified location and an autopsy performed, after which it was embalmed for public viewing. Attempts to locate and access the original autopsy report were unsuccessful until the 2010s,[7][8] but the most important findings were reported in a special bulletin in Pravda on 7 March 1953, as follows:

"Pathological-Anatomical Examination of the Body of J. V. Stalin"

Pathologic examination revealed a large hemorrhage, localized to the area of subcortical centers of the left cerebral hemisphere. This hemorrhage destroyed important areas of the brain and resulted in irreversible changes in the respiration and circulation. In addition to the brain hemorrhage, there were found significant hypertrophy of the left ventricle (of the heart), numerous hemorrhages in the myocardium, in the stomach and intestinal mucosa; atherosclerotic changes in the vessels, more prominent in the cerebral arteries. These are the result of hypertension. The results of the pathologic examination revealed the irreversible character of J.V. Stalin's disease from the moment of brain hemorrhage. Therefore, all treatment attempts could not have led to a favorable outcome and prevent a fatal end."[9]

As summarized above, rather than suggesting a plot by Beria, on whom suspicion fell for his purportedly telling Molotov that he "took him out"[10] at one point, and his seemingly willful delay in obtaining medical treatment for Stalin, the physical changes seen during autopsy were consistent with extracranial changes that often occur in stroke victims.

Beria's son, Sergo Beria, later recounted that after Stalin's death, his mother Nina told her husband that, "Your position now is even more precarious than when Stalin was alive."[11] This turned out to be correct; several months later, in June 1953, Beria was arrested and charged with a variety of crimes but, significantly, none relating to Stalin's death.[12] He was subsequently found guilty of treason, terrorism and counter-revolutionary activity by the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union on 23 December 1953,[13][14] and executed the same day, shot by General Pavel Batitsky.[15]

Funeral service

External videos
  Official Soviet documentary on Stalin's funeral
  Part of Soviet footage of Stalin's funeral

On 6 March, the coffin containing Stalin's body was put on display at the Hall of Columns in the House of the Unions, remaining there for three days.[16] On 9 March, the body was delivered to Red Square[17] prior to interment in Lenin's Mausoleum.[18][19] Speeches were delivered by Khrushchev, Malenkov, Molotov and Beria, after which pallbearers carried the coffin to the mausoleum. As Stalin's body was being interred, a moment of silence was observed nationwide at noon Moscow time. As the bells of the Kremlin Clock chimed the hour, sirens and horns wailed nationwide, along with a 21-gun salute fired from within the precincts of the Kremlin. Similar observances were also held in other Eastern Bloc countries including Mongolia, China and North Korea. Immediately after the silence ended, a military band played the Soviet State Anthem, and then a military parade of the Moscow Garrison was held in Stalin's honor.

In their efforts to pay their respects to Stalin, a number of Soviet citizens, many of whom had travelled from across the country to attend the funeral, were crushed and trampled to death in a crowd crush.[20] They were crushed against building walls and Soviet Army trucks, which had been deployed to block off side streets. Mourners, along with mounted police and their horses, were trampled to death in Trubnaya Square [ru].[21] The Soviets did not initially report the event, and the exact number of casualties is unknown.[2] Khrushchev later provided an estimate that 109 people died in the crowd, although the real number of deaths may have been in the thousands.[1]

Foreign dignitaries in attendance

According to Ogoniok, the mourners included the following foreign dignitaries (listed alphabetically by last name):[22]

Czechoslovak leader Gottwald died shortly after attending Stalin's funeral, on 14 March 1953, after one of his arteries burst.[24]

Other tributes

Fearing their departure might encourage rivals within the ranks of the Party of Labour of Albania, neither Prime Minister Enver Hoxha nor Deputy Prime Minister Mehmet Shehu risked traveling to Moscow to attend the funeral, with Hoxha instead pledging eternal allegiance to the late Soviet leader.[25]

Guatemalan officials in the government of Jacobo Árbenz eulogized Stalin as a "great statesman and leader ... whose passing is mourned by all progressive men".[26] The Guatemalan Congress paid tribute to Stalin with a "minute of silence".[27] At the request of President Eisenhower, Secretary of State John Foster Dulles transmitted a message of condolence through the American Embassy to the Soviet Foreign Ministry.[28]

Church tributes

After Stalin's death, Patriarch Alexy I composed a personal statement of condolence to the Soviet Council of Ministers:

"His death is a heavy grief for our Fatherland and for all the people who inhabit it. The whole Russian Orthodox Church, which will never forget his benevolent attitude to Church needs, feels great sorrow at his death. The bright memory of him will live ineradicably in our hearts. Our Church proclaims eternal memory to him with a special feeling of abiding love."[29]

Alexy I also gave a eulogy on the day of Stalin's funeral.[30]

Other Orthodox officials, including Nicholas (Yarushevich), attended the funeral and mourned for Stalin.[31]

Gallery

  •  
    Stalin's funeral procession
  •  
    Floristry at the funeral procession
  •  
    Aircraft (Ilyushin Il-28) of the Soviet Air Force during the military parade
  •  
    BTR-152 APCs en route to Red Square
  •  
    The first report about Stalin's illness appeared in Pravda three days after the stroke (1 March) and one day before he died. Pravda issue 63 (12631), dated 4 March 1953.
  •  
    Another report on Stalin's medical condition was published four days after the stroke (1 March) and 7 hours before he died. Pravda issue 64 (12632), dated 5 March 1953.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Khlevniuk, Oleg (2017). Stalin: New Biography of a Dictator. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-21978-4.
  2. ^ a b Langewiesche, William (9 January 2018). "The 10-Minute Mecca Stampede That Made History". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
  3. ^ Medvedev, Zhores A. (2006). The Unknown Stalin. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-85043-980-6.
  4. ^ "Announcement of Stalin's Illness and Death". The Current Digest of the Soviet Press. V (6): 24. 1953.
  5. ^ Volkogonov, D. (1999). Autopsy for an Empire. The Free Press.
  6. ^ Victor Zorza (7 March 1953). "How Moscow broke the news of Stalin's death". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 April 2024.
  7. ^ Chigirin, I (2018). Stalin, Illness and Death. Moscow: Publisher Veche. ISBN 978-5-4484-0279-1.
  8. ^ Barth, Rolf F.; Brodsky, Sergey V.; Ruzic, Miroljub (2019). "What did Joseph Stalin really die of? A reappraisal of his illness, death, and autopsy findings". Cardiovascular Pathology. 40: 55–58. doi:10.1016/j.carpath.2019.02.003. PMID 30870795. S2CID 78094148.
  9. ^ Pravda, vol. 66, no. 1264, p. 2, March 7, 1953 (translated by S. Brodsky and M. Ruzic)
  10. ^ Radzinsky, E (1997). Stalin. Anchor Books.
  11. ^ Beria, S (2001). My Father: Inside Stalin's Kremlin. Gerald Duckworth, and Co. Ltd.
  12. ^ Knight, A (1993). Beria: Stalin's First Lieutenant. Princeton University Press.
  13. ^ Kramer, Mark (1999). "The Early Post-Stalin Succession Struggle and Upheavals in East-Central Europe: Internal-External Linkages in Soviet Policy Making (Part 2)". Journal of Cold War Studies. 1 (2): 3–38. ISSN 1520-3972. JSTOR 26925014.
  14. ^ Schwartz, Harry (24 December 1953). "Beria Trial Shows Army's Rising Role; Beria Trial Shows Army's Rising Role". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  15. ^ "Лаврентия Берию в 1953 году расстрелял лично советский маршал" (in Russian). 24 June 2010.
  16. ^ Ganjushin, Alexander (6 March 2013). "Joseph Stalin's funeral: how it happened". Rossiyskaya Gazeta. Retrieved 17 January 2018 – via Russia Beyond. On 6 March, the coffin with Stalin's body was displayed at the Hall of Columns in the House of Trade Unions.
  17. ^ "The Manhoff Archive: Stalin's Funeral - Part One". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
  18. ^ Ganjushin, Alexander (5 March 2013). "Russia on the day of Stalin's funeral: A photo look back". Rossiyskaya Gazeta. Retrieved 17 January 2018 – via Russia Beyond. On 9 March, Stalin's embalmed body was interred in the Lenin Mausoleum, which was renamed the Lenin–Stalin Mausoleum from 1953 to 1961.
  19. ^ Rosenberg, Jennifer. "Why Did Russia Move Stalin's Body?". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
  20. ^ Evtushenko, Evgenii (1963). "Mourners Crushed at Stalin's Funeral". Seventeen Moments in Soviet History. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
  21. ^ Pozner, Vladimir (1990). Parting with illusions. Atlantic Monthly Press. pp. 77–78. ISBN 0-87113-287-7.
  22. ^ "Mourning of millions". Ogoniok. Vol. 11, no. 1344. 15 March 1953.
  23. ^ Tikka, Juha-Pekka (18 October 2017). "Kun Josif Stalin kuoli – näin Urho Kekkonen ryntäsi tilaisuuteen" [When Josef Stalin died - Urho Kekkonen rushed to the event]. Verkkouutiset (in Finnish). Retrieved 10 December 2017.
  24. ^ "Czechoslovakia: Death No. 2". Time. 23 March 1953. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
  25. ^ Pearson, Owen (8 September 2006). Albania as Dictatorship and Democracy. I.B. Tauris. p. 454. ISBN 978-1-84511-105-2.
  26. ^ Gleijeses 1992, pp. 141–181.
  27. ^ Gleijeses 1992, pp. 181–379.
  28. ^ "Message Conveying the Government' s Official Condolences on the Death of Joseph Stalin | The American Presidency Project". www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  29. ^ Religion in the Soviet Union. Walter Kolarz. 1966. p. 65.
  30. ^ "Патриарх Алексий. Речь перед панихидой по И. В. Сталине".
  31. ^ Generalissimo Stalin Funeral, retrieved 14 November 2022

Sources

January 01, 1970
death, state, funeral, joseph, stalin, death, stalin, redirects, here, 2017, film, death, stalin, other, uses, death, stalin, disambiguation, joseph, stalin, second, leader, soviet, union, died, march, 1953, kuntsevo, dacha, after, suffering, stroke, given, st. Death of Stalin redirects here For the 2017 film see The Death of Stalin For other uses see Death of Stalin disambiguation Joseph Stalin second leader of the Soviet Union died on 5 March 1953 at his Kuntsevo Dacha after suffering a stroke at age 74 He was given a state funeral in Moscow on 9 March with four days of national mourning declared On the day of the funeral hundreds or thousands of Soviet citizens visiting the capital to pay their respects died in a human crush 1 2 Death and state funeral of Joseph StalinStalin s funeral procession on Okhotny RyadDate5 9 March 1953LocationRed Square Moscow Russian SFSR USSROrganized bySoviet stateParticipantsNikita Khrushchev Georgy Malenkov Vyacheslav Molotov Lavrentiy Beria Patriarch Alexy I Nicholas Yarushevich and other Soviet Church and foreign dignitaries Stalin s body was embalmed and interred in Lenin s Mausoleum until 1961 when it was moved to the Kremlin Wall Necropolis The members of Stalin s inner circle in charge of organizing his funeral were Nikita Khrushchev then head of the Moscow branch of the Communist Party Lavrentiy Beria head of the NKVD Georgy Malenkov the chairman of the Presidium and Vyacheslav Molotov previously the Soviet Union s Minister of Foreign Affairs Contents 1 Illness and death 2 Funeral service 3 Foreign dignitaries in attendance 4 Other tributes 5 Church tributes 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 8 1 SourcesIllness and deathJoseph Stalin s health had begun to deteriorate towards the end of the Second World War He had atherosclerosis as a result of heavy smoking a mild stroke around the time of the Victory Parade in May 1945 and a severe heart attack in October 1945 3 The last three days of Stalin s life have been described in detail first in the official Soviet announcements in Pravda and then in a complete English translation which followed shortly thereafter in The Current Digest of the Soviet Press 4 Decades later former senior officer and historian Dmitry Volkogonov 5 described how on 28 February 1953 Stalin and a small number of his inner circle consisting of Lavrentiy Beria Nikita Khrushchev Georgy Malenkov Vyacheslav Molotov and a few others gathered together for an evening of entertainment and drinking After the guests dispersed at approximately 4 00 a m on 1 March Stalin retired to his private quarters with strict instructions that he was not to be disturbed until sounds were heard indicating that he had awakened Time passed and no sounds were heard throughout the day At approximately 11 00 p m on 1 March Stalin s housekeeper cautiously entered his room and found him lying on the floor wearing his pajama trousers and a shirt He was unconscious breathing heavily incontinent and unresponsive to attempts to rouse him At 7 00 a m on 2 March Beria and a group of medical experts were summoned to examine Stalin Based on their examination which revealed blood pressure of 190 110 and right sided hemiplegia they concluded that Stalin who had a known history of uncontrolled hypertension had sustained a hemorrhagic stroke involving the left middle cerebral artery Over the next two days he received a variety of treatments In an attempt to decrease his blood pressure which had risen to 210 120 two separate applications of eight leeches each were applied to his neck and face over the next two days However Stalin s condition continued to deteriorate and he died at 9 50 p m on 5 March 1953 His death was announced the next day on Radio Moscow by Yuri Levitan 6 Stalin s body was then taken to an unspecified location and an autopsy performed after which it was embalmed for public viewing Attempts to locate and access the original autopsy report were unsuccessful until the 2010s 7 8 but the most important findings were reported in a special bulletin in Pravda on 7 March 1953 as follows Pathological Anatomical Examination of the Body of J V Stalin Pathologic examination revealed a large hemorrhage localized to the area of subcortical centers of the left cerebral hemisphere This hemorrhage destroyed important areas of the brain and resulted in irreversible changes in the respiration and circulation In addition to the brain hemorrhage there were found significant hypertrophy of the left ventricle of the heart numerous hemorrhages in the myocardium in the stomach and intestinal mucosa atherosclerotic changes in the vessels more prominent in the cerebral arteries These are the result of hypertension The results of the pathologic examination revealed the irreversible character of J V Stalin s disease from the moment of brain hemorrhage Therefore all treatment attempts could not have led to a favorable outcome and prevent a fatal end 9 As summarized above rather than suggesting a plot by Beria on whom suspicion fell for his purportedly telling Molotov that he took him out 10 at one point and his seemingly willful delay in obtaining medical treatment for Stalin the physical changes seen during autopsy were consistent with extracranial changes that often occur in stroke victims Beria s son Sergo Beria later recounted that after Stalin s death his mother Nina told her husband that Your position now is even more precarious than when Stalin was alive 11 This turned out to be correct several months later in June 1953 Beria was arrested and charged with a variety of crimes but significantly none relating to Stalin s death 12 He was subsequently found guilty of treason terrorism and counter revolutionary activity by the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union on 23 December 1953 13 14 and executed the same day shot by General Pavel Batitsky 15 Funeral serviceExternal videos nbsp Official Soviet documentary on Stalin s funeral nbsp Part of Soviet footage of Stalin s funeral On 6 March the coffin containing Stalin s body was put on display at the Hall of Columns in the House of the Unions remaining there for three days 16 On 9 March the body was delivered to Red Square 17 prior to interment in Lenin s Mausoleum 18 19 Speeches were delivered by Khrushchev Malenkov Molotov and Beria after which pallbearers carried the coffin to the mausoleum As Stalin s body was being interred a moment of silence was observed nationwide at noon Moscow time As the bells of the Kremlin Clock chimed the hour sirens and horns wailed nationwide along with a 21 gun salute fired from within the precincts of the Kremlin Similar observances were also held in other Eastern Bloc countries including Mongolia China and North Korea Immediately after the silence ended a military band played the Soviet State Anthem and then a military parade of the Moscow Garrison was held in Stalin s honor In their efforts to pay their respects to Stalin a number of Soviet citizens many of whom had travelled from across the country to attend the funeral were crushed and trampled to death in a crowd crush 20 They were crushed against building walls and Soviet Army trucks which had been deployed to block off side streets Mourners along with mounted police and their horses were trampled to death in Trubnaya Square ru 21 The Soviets did not initially report the event and the exact number of casualties is unknown 2 Khrushchev later provided an estimate that 109 people died in the crowd although the real number of deaths may have been in the thousands 1 Foreign dignitaries in attendanceAccording to Ogoniok the mourners included the following foreign dignitaries listed alphabetically by last name 22 nbsp Boleslaw Bierut Prime Minister of Poland Secretary General of the Polish United Workers Party nbsp Valko Chervenkov Prime Minister of Bulgaria General Secretary of the Communist Party of Bulgaria nbsp Jacques Duclos Interim General Secretary of the French Communist Party nbsp Gheorghe Gheorghiu Dej President of the State Council and Prime Minister of Romania First Secretary of the Romanian Workers Party nbsp Klement Gottwald President of Czechoslovakia Chairman of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia nbsp Otto Grotewohl Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the German Democratic Republic nbsp Dolores Ibarruri General Secretary of the Communist Party of Spain nbsp Urho Kekkonen Prime Minister of Finland 23 nbsp Spiro Koleka Vice Premier of the People s Republic of Albania nbsp Johann Koplenig Chairman of the Communist Party of Austria nbsp Pietro Nenni Secretary of the Italian Socialist Party nbsp Harry Pollitt General Secretary of the Communist Party of Great Britain nbsp Matyas Rakosi General Secretary of the Hungarian Working People s Party nbsp Max Reimann Chairman of the West German Communist Party nbsp Konstantin Rokossovsky Defence Minister of Poland nbsp Palmiro Togliatti General Secretary of the Italian Communist Party nbsp Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal Prime Minister of Mongolia nbsp Walter Ulbricht First Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the German Democratic Republic nbsp Zhou Enlai Premier of the People s Republic of China Czechoslovak leader Gottwald died shortly after attending Stalin s funeral on 14 March 1953 after one of his arteries burst 24 Other tributesFearing their departure might encourage rivals within the ranks of the Party of Labour of Albania neither Prime Minister Enver Hoxha nor Deputy Prime Minister Mehmet Shehu risked traveling to Moscow to attend the funeral with Hoxha instead pledging eternal allegiance to the late Soviet leader 25 Guatemalan officials in the government of Jacobo Arbenz eulogized Stalin as a great statesman and leader whose passing is mourned by all progressive men 26 The Guatemalan Congress paid tribute to Stalin with a minute of silence 27 At the request of President Eisenhower Secretary of State John Foster Dulles transmitted a message of condolence through the American Embassy to the Soviet Foreign Ministry 28 Church tributesAfter Stalin s death Patriarch Alexy I composed a personal statement of condolence to the Soviet Council of Ministers His death is a heavy grief for our Fatherland and for all the people who inhabit it The whole Russian Orthodox Church which will never forget his benevolent attitude to Church needs feels great sorrow at his death The bright memory of him will live ineradicably in our hearts Our Church proclaims eternal memory to him with a special feeling of abiding love 29 Alexy I also gave a eulogy on the day of Stalin s funeral 30 Other Orthodox officials including Nicholas Yarushevich attended the funeral and mourned for Stalin 31 Gallery nbsp Stalin s funeral procession nbsp Floristry at the funeral procession nbsp Aircraft Ilyushin Il 28 of the Soviet Air Force during the military parade nbsp BTR 152 APCs en route to Red Square nbsp The first report about Stalin s illness appeared in Pravda three days after the stroke 1 March and one day before he died Pravda issue 63 12631 dated 4 March 1953 nbsp Another report on Stalin s medical condition was published four days after the stroke 1 March and 7 hours before he died Pravda issue 64 12632 dated 5 March 1953 See also nbsp Soviet Union portal Death and state funeral of Vladimir Lenin Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev The Death of Stalin a 2017 film directed by Armando IannucciReferences a b Khlevniuk Oleg 2017 Stalin New Biography of a Dictator Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 21978 4 a b Langewiesche William 9 January 2018 The 10 Minute Mecca Stampede That Made History Vanity Fair Retrieved 22 March 2020 Medvedev Zhores A 2006 The Unknown Stalin London I B Tauris p 6 ISBN 978 1 85043 980 6 Announcement of Stalin s Illness and Death The Current Digest of the Soviet Press V 6 24 1953 Volkogonov D 1999 Autopsy for an Empire The Free Press Victor Zorza 7 March 1953 How Moscow broke the news of Stalin s death The Guardian Retrieved 24 April 2024 Chigirin I 2018 Stalin Illness and Death Moscow Publisher Veche ISBN 978 5 4484 0279 1 Barth Rolf F Brodsky Sergey V Ruzic Miroljub 2019 What did Joseph Stalin really die of A reappraisal of his illness death and autopsy findings Cardiovascular Pathology 40 55 58 doi 10 1016 j carpath 2019 02 003 PMID 30870795 S2CID 78094148 Pravda vol 66 no 1264 p 2 March 7 1953 translated by S Brodsky and M Ruzic Radzinsky E 1997 Stalin Anchor Books Beria S 2001 My Father Inside Stalin s Kremlin Gerald Duckworth and Co Ltd Knight A 1993 Beria Stalin s First Lieutenant Princeton University Press Kramer Mark 1999 The Early Post Stalin Succession Struggle and Upheavals in East Central Europe Internal External Linkages in Soviet Policy Making Part 2 Journal of Cold War Studies 1 2 3 38 ISSN 1520 3972 JSTOR 26925014 Schwartz Harry 24 December 1953 Beria Trial Shows Army s Rising Role Beria Trial Shows Army s Rising Role The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 23 October 2021 Lavrentiya Beriyu v 1953 godu rasstrelyal lichno sovetskij marshal in Russian 24 June 2010 Ganjushin Alexander 6 March 2013 Joseph Stalin s funeral how it happened Rossiyskaya Gazeta Retrieved 17 January 2018 via Russia Beyond On 6 March the coffin with Stalin s body was displayed at the Hall of Columns in the House of Trade Unions The Manhoff Archive Stalin s Funeral Part One Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty Retrieved 17 August 2019 Ganjushin Alexander 5 March 2013 Russia on the day of Stalin s funeral A photo look back Rossiyskaya Gazeta Retrieved 17 January 2018 via Russia Beyond On 9 March Stalin s embalmed body was interred in the Lenin Mausoleum which was renamed the Lenin Stalin Mausoleum from 1953 to 1961 Rosenberg Jennifer Why Did Russia Move Stalin s Body ThoughtCo Retrieved 6 August 2017 Evtushenko Evgenii 1963 Mourners Crushed at Stalin s Funeral Seventeen Moments in Soviet History Retrieved 5 May 2018 Pozner Vladimir 1990 Parting with illusions Atlantic Monthly Press pp 77 78 ISBN 0 87113 287 7 Mourning of millions Ogoniok Vol 11 no 1344 15 March 1953 Tikka Juha Pekka 18 October 2017 Kun Josif Stalin kuoli nain Urho Kekkonen ryntasi tilaisuuteen When Josef Stalin died Urho Kekkonen rushed to the event Verkkouutiset in Finnish Retrieved 10 December 2017 Czechoslovakia Death No 2 Time 23 March 1953 Retrieved 17 August 2019 Pearson Owen 8 September 2006 Albania as Dictatorship and Democracy I B Tauris p 454 ISBN 978 1 84511 105 2 Gleijeses 1992 pp 141 181 Gleijeses 1992 pp 181 379 Message Conveying the Government s Official Condolences on the Death of Joseph Stalin The American Presidency Project www presidency ucsb edu Retrieved 15 January 2024 Religion in the Soviet Union Walter Kolarz 1966 p 65 Patriarh Aleksij Rech pered panihidoj po I V Staline Generalissimo Stalin Funeral retrieved 14 November 2022 Sources Brent Jonathan Naumov Vladimir 2004 Stalin s Last Crime The Plot Against the Jewish Doctors 1948 1953 HarperCollins ISBN 978 0 06 093310 4 Gleijeses Piero 1992 Shattered hope the Guatemalan revolution and the United States 1944 1954 Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 02556 8 Montefiore Simon Sebag 2004 Stalin The Court of the Red Tsar London Phoenix ISBN 978 0 7538 1766 7 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin amp oldid 1220482764, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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