Peter of Verona
Peter of Verona (1205 – April 6, 1252), also known as Saint Peter Martyr and Saint Peter of Verona, was a 13th-century Italian Catholic priest. He was a Dominican friar and a celebrated preacher. He served as Inquisitor in Lombardy, was killed by an assassin, and was canonized as a Catholic saint 11 months after his death, making this the fastest canonization in history.
Peter of Verona | |
|---|---|
Saint Peter the Martyr by Pedro Berruguete | |
| Martyr | |
| Born | 29 October 1205 Verona, Italy |
| Died | April 29, 1252 (aged 46) Milan, Italy |
| Venerated in | Roman Catholic Church |
| Canonized | 9 March 1253, Perugia, Italy by Pope Innocent IV |
| Feast | 29 April |
| Attributes | Dominican with a hatchet in his head or a severe head wound; or writing the words Credo in Deum as he dies. |
| Patronage | Order of Preachers, Inquisitors, midwives, Lombardy, Como, Cremona, Duchy of Modena and Reggio, Guaynabo, Puerto Rico |
Biography
Thomas Agni of Leontino, Dominican archbishop of Cosenza, and later patriarch of Jerusalem, was the first to write a biography of Peter of Verona. He lived for many years with Peter of Verona and had been his superior.[1]
Peter was born in the city of Verona into a family perhaps sympathetic to the Cathar heresy. Peter went to a Catholic school, and later to the University of Bologna, where he is said to have maintained his orthodoxy and, at the age of fifteen, met Dominic of Osma. Peter joined the Order of the Friars Preachers (Dominicans) and became a celebrated preacher throughout northern and central Italy.[2]
From the 1230s on, Peter preached against heresy, and especially Catharism, which had many adherents in thirteenth-century Northern Italy. Pope Gregory IX appointed him General Inquisitor for northern Italy in 1234 and Peter evangelized nearly the whole of Italy, preaching in Rome, Florence, Bologna, Genoa, and Como.[2] He is credited with founding, around 1240, the Venerabile Arciconfraternita della Misericordia di Firenze.
In 1243 he recommended the new Servite foundation to the pope for approval. In 1251, Pope Innocent IV recognized Peter's virtues (severity of life and doctrine, talent for preaching, and zeal for the orthodox Catholic faith), and appointed him Inquisitor in Lombardy. He spent about six months in that office and it is unclear whether he was ever involved in any trials. His one recorded act was a declaration of clemency for those confessing heresy or sympathy to heresy.
In his sermons he denounced heresy and also those Catholics who professed the Faith by words, but acted contrary to it in deeds. Crowds came to meet him and followed him; conversions were numerous,[2] including many Cathars who returned to the Catholic church.
Because of this, a group of Milanese Cathars conspired to kill him. They hired an assassin, Carino of Balsamo. Carino's accomplice was Manfredo Clitoro of Giussano. On April 6, 1252, when Peter was returning from Como to Milan, the two assassins followed Peter to a lonely spot near Barlassina, and there killed him and mortally wounded his companion, a fellow friar named Domenico.[3]
Carino struck Peter's head with an axe and then attacked Domenico. Peter rose to his knees, and recited the first article of the Apostles' Creed). Offering his blood as a sacrifice to God, according to legend, he dipped his fingers in it and wrote on the ground: Credo in Deum,[2] the first words of the creed. The blow that killed him cut off the top of his head, but the testimony given at the inquest into his death confirms that he began reciting the Creed when he was attacked.
Dominic was carried to Meda, where he died five days afterwards.
Legends
According to Dominican tradition Peter often conversed with the saints, including the virgin martyrs Catherine, Agnes and Cecilia.[4]
Once, when preaching to a vast crowd under the burning sun, the heretics challenged him to procure shade for his listeners. As he prayed, a cloud overshadowed the audience.[4]
Veneration
Peter's body was carried to Milan and laid in the Church of Sant'Eustorgio, where an ornate mausoleum, the work of Balduccio Pisano, was erected to his memory. Since the eighteenth century this has been located in the Portinari Chapel.[3]
Many miracles were attributed to him while alive, and even more after his martyrdom.
Peter was canonized by Pope Innocent IV on March 9, 1253, the fastest canonization in papal history.[5] St Peter the Martyr's feast day is 6 April[6] although his Dominican brothers celebrate it on 4 June.[7] From 1586, when the feast day was inserted in the General Roman Calendar, to 1969, when it was removed on the grounds of the limited importance now attached to the saint internationally, the celebration was on 29 April.[8] (6 April, his death date, was not used because it would too often conflict with the Easter Triduum.)[9] The Church of Santa Maria Antiqua in Verona is co-entitled to him.
Carino, the assassin, later repented and confessed his crime. He converted to the Catholic church and eventually became a lay brother in the Dominican convent of Forlì. He is the subject of a local cult as Blessed Carino of Balsamo.
The sculptures on the great door of S. Anastasia, the Dominican Church in Verona, represent scenes from the life of St. Peter Martyr.[10]
Madonna and Child with St Peter Martyr, by Lorenzo Lotto
The Assassination of Saint Peter Martyr, by Giovanni Bellini.
The fire miracle of Saint Peter Martyr by Antonio Vivarini.
Tomb in Basilica of Sant'Eustorgio, Milan
Peter of Verona's corpse is moved from Basilica of San Simpliciano to Basilica of Sant'Eustorgio.
Friar Angelo Ferretti as Saint Peter Martyr, by Lorenzo Lotto
References
- ^ "Saint Peter of Verona", Dominican Shrine of St. Jude
- ^ a b c d Allaria, Anthony. "St. Peter of Verona." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 6 May 2013
- ^ a b Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages (Macmillan, 1887), 215.
- ^ a b "St. Peter of Verona", Dominican Sisters of St. Cecilia 2012-10-25 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Donald Prudlo, The martyred inquisitor: the life and cult of Peter of Verona (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2008), p. 81, esp. note 35.
- ^ Martyrologium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2001 ISBN 88-209-7210-7)
- ^ Dominican Ordo, The Dominican Friars of the Province of St. Albert the Great 2004-10-13 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 1969), p. 121
- ^ Donald Prudlo, The martyred inquisitor: the life and cult of Peter of Verona (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2008), p. 84, note 53.
- ^ Benigni, Umberto. "Verona." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 6 May 2013
Sources
- Dondaine, Fr. Antoine, O.P. "Saint Pierre Martyr" Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum 23 (1953): 66-162.
- Prudlo, Donald. The Martyred Inquisitor: The Life and Cult of Peter of Verona (+1252). Aldershot: Ashgate Press, 2008.
- Prudlo, Donald. "The Assassin-Saint: The Life and Cult of Carino of Balsamo", Catholic Historical Review, 94 (2008): 1-21.
External links
- Butler, Alban. The Lives of the Saints, Volume IV: April, 1866
- Guide to Pietro da Verona, Rubricae super quartum et quintum decretalium. Manuscript, 1519 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center