Sprite (computer graphics)

For the technique of combining images into a single bitmap, see texture atlas.

For the process of drawing sprites, see pixel art.

In computer graphics, a sprite is a two-dimensional bitmap that is integrated into a larger scene, most often in a 2D video game. Originally, the term sprite referred to fixed-sized objects composited together, by hardware, with a background.^[1] Use of the term has since become more general.

Tank and rocket sprites from Broforce

Systems with hardware sprites include arcade video games of the 1970s and 1980s; game consoles including as the Atari VCS (1977), ColecoVision (1982), Nintendo Entertainment System (1983), and Sega Genesis (1988); and home computers such as the TI-99/4 (1979), Atari 8-bit family (1979), Commodore 64 (1982), MSX (1983), Amiga (1985), and X68000 (1987). Hardware varies in the number of sprites supported, the size and colors of each sprite, and special effects such as scaling or reporting pixel-precise overlap.

Hardware composition of sprites occurs as each scan line is prepared for the video output device, such as a cathode-ray tube, without involvement of the main CPU and without the need for a full-screen frame buffer.^[1] Sprites can be positioned or altered by setting attributes used during the hardware composition process. The number of sprites which can be displayed per scan line is often lower than the total number of sprites a system supports. For example, the Texas Instruments TMS9918 chip supports 32 sprites, but only 4 can appear on the same scan line.

The CPUs in modern computers, video game consoles, and mobile devices are fast enough that bitmaps can be drawn into a frame buffer without special hardware assistance. Beyond that, GPUs can render vast numbers of scaled, rotated, antialiased, partially translucent, very high resolution images in parallel with the CPU.

Etymology

According to Karl Guttag, one of two engineers for the 1979 Texas Instruments TMS9918 video display processor, this use of the word sprite came from David Ackley, a manager at TI.^[2] It was also used by Danny Hillis at Texas Instruments in the late 1970s.^[3] The term was derived from the fact that sprites "float" on top of the background image without overwriting it, much like a ghost or mythological sprite.

Some hardware manufacturers used different terms, especially before sprite became common:

Player/Missile Graphics was a term used by Atari, Inc. for hardware sprites in the Atari 8-bit computers (1979) and Atari 5200 console (1982).^[4] The term reflects the use for both characters ("players") and smaller associated objects ("missiles") that share the same color. The earlier Atari Video Computer System and some Atari arcade games used player, missile, and ball.

Stamp was used in some arcade hardware in the early 1980s, including Ms. Pac-Man.^[5]

Movable Object Block, or MOB, was used in MOS Technology's graphics chip literature. Commodore, the main user of MOS chips and the owner of MOS for most of the chip maker's lifetime, instead used the term sprite for the Commodore 64.

OBJs (short for objects) is used in the developer manuals for the NES, Super NES, and Game Boy. The region of video RAM used to store sprite attributes and coordinates is called OAM (Object Attribute Memory). This also applies to the Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS.

History

Arcade video games

The use of sprites originated with arcade video games. Nolan Bushnell came up with the original concept when he developed the first arcade video game, Computer Space (1971). Technical limitations made it difficult to adapt the early mainframe game Spacewar! (1962), which performed an entire screen refresh for every little movement, so he came up with a solution to the problem: controlling each individual game element with a dedicated transistor. The rockets were essentially hardwired bitmaps that moved around the screen independently of the background, an important innovation for producing screen images more efficiently and providing the basis for sprite graphics.^[6]

The earliest video games to represent player characters as human player sprites were arcade sports video games, beginning with Taito's TV Basketball,^[7][8][9] released in April 1974 and licensed to Midway Manufacturing for release in North America.^[10] Designed by Tomohiro Nishikado, he wanted to move beyond simple Pong-style rectangles to character graphics, by rearranging the rectangle shapes into objects that look like basketball players and basketball hoops.^[11][12] Ramtek released another sports video game in October 1974, Baseball,^[10] which similarly displayed human-like characters.^[13]

The Namco Galaxian arcade system board, for the 1979 arcade game Galaxian, displays animated, multi-colored sprites over a scrolling background.^[14] It became the basis for Nintendo's Radar Scope and Donkey Kong arcade hardware and home consoles such as the Nintendo Entertainment System.^[15] According to Steve Golson from General Computer Corporation, the term "stamp" was used instead of "sprite" at the time.^[5]

Home systems

Signetics devised the first chips capable of generating sprite graphics (referred to as objects by Signetics) for home systems. The Signetics 2636 video processors were first used in the 1978 1292 Advanced Programmable Video System and later in the 1979 Elektor TV Games Computer.

The Atari VCS, released in 1977, has a hardware sprite implementation where five graphical objects can be moved independently of the game playfield. The term sprite was not in use at the time. The VCS's sprites are called movable objects in the programming manual, further identified as two players, two missiles, and one ball.^[16] These each consist of a single row of pixels that are displayed on a scan line. To produce a two-dimensional shape, the sprite's single-row bitmap is altered by software from one scan line to the next.

The 1979 Atari 400 and 800 home computers have similar, but more elaborate, circuitry capable of moving eight single-color objects per scan line: four 8-bit wide players and four 2-bit wide missiles. Each is the full height of the display—a long, thin strip. DMA from a table in memory automatically sets the graphics pattern registers for each scan line. Hardware registers control the horizontal position of each player and missile. Vertical motion is achieved by moving the bitmap data within a player or missile's strip. The feature was called player/missile graphics by Atari.

Texas Instruments developed the TMS9918 chip with sprite support for its 1979 TI-99/4 home computer. An updated version is used in the 1981 TI-99/4A.

Systems with hardware sprites

These are base hardware specs and do not include additional programming techniques, such as using raster interrupts to repurpose sprites mid-frame.

System	Sprite hardware	Introduced	Sprites on screen	Sprites per scan line	Max. texels on line	Texture width	Texture height	Colors	Zoom	Rotation	Collision detection	Transparency	Source
Amstrad Plus		1990	16	16	?	16	16	15	2, 4× vertical, 2, 4× horizontal	No	No	Color key	^[17]
Atari 2600	TIA	1977	5	5	19	1, 8	262	1	2, 4, 8× horizontal	Horizontal mirroring	Yes	Color key	^[18]
Atari 8-bit family	GTIA/ANTIC	1979	8	8	40	2, 8	128, 256	1	2× vertical, 2, 4× horizontal	No	Yes	Color key	^[19]
Commodore 64	VIC-II	1982	8	8	96, 192	12, 24	21	1, 3	2× integer	No	Yes	Color key	^[20]
Amiga (OCS)	Denise	1985	8, can be reused horizontally per 4 pixel increments	Arbitrary, 8 unique	Arbitrary	16	Arbitrary	3, 15	Vertical by display list	No	Yes	Color key	^[21]
Amiga (AGA)	Lisa	1992	8, can be reused horizontally per 2 pixel increments	Arbitrary, 8 unique	Arbitrary	16, 32, 64	Arbitrary	3, 15	Vertical by display list	No	Yes	Color key
ColecoVision	TMS9918A	1983	32	4	64	8, 16	8, 16	1	2× integer	No	Partial	Color key
TI-99/4 & 4A	TMS9918	1979	32	4	64	8, 16	8, 16	1	2× integer	No	Partial	Color key
Gameduino		2011	256	96	1,536	16	16	255	No	Yes	Yes	Color key	^[22]
Intellivision	STIC AY-3-8900	1979	8	8	64	8	8,16	1	2, 4, 8× vertical, 2× horizontal	Horizontal and vertical mirroring	Yes	Color key	^[23]
MSX	TMS9918A	1983	32	4	64	8, 16	8, 16	1	2× integer	No	Partial	Color key	^[24]
MSX2	Yamaha V9938	1986	32	8	128	8, 16	8,16	1, 3, 7, 15 per line	2× integer	No	Partial	Color key
MSX2+ / MSX turbo R	Yamaha V9958	1988	32	8	128	8,16	8,16	1, 3, 7, 15 per line	2× integer	No	Partial	Color key
Namco Pac-Man (arcade)	TTL	1980	6	6	96	16	16	3	No	Horizontal and vertical mirroring	No	Color key	^[25]
TurboGrafx-16	HuC6270A	1987	64	16	256	16, 32	16, 32, 64	15	No	Horizontal and vertical mirroring	Yes	Color key	^[26]
Namco Galaxian (arcade)	TTL	1979	7	7	112	16	16	3	No	Horizontal and vertical mirroring	No	Color key	^[27]^[28]^[29]
Nintendo Donkey Kong, Radar Scope (arcade)		1979	128	16	256	16	16	3	Integer	No	Yes	Color key	^[30]
Nintendo DS	Integrated PPU	2004	128	128	1,210	8, 16, 32, 64	8, 16, 32, 64	65,536	Affine	Affine	No	Color key, blending	^[31]
NES/Famicom	Ricoh RP2C0x PPU	1983	64	8	64	8	8, 16	3	No	Horizontal and vertical mirroring	Partial	Color key	^[32]
Game Boy	Integrated PPU	1989	40	10	80	8	8, 16	3	No	Horizontal and vertical mirroring	No	Color key	^[33]
Game Boy Advance	Integrated PPU	2001	128	128	1210	8, 16, 32, 64	8, 16, 32, 64	15, 255	Affine	Affine	No	Color key, blending	^[34]
Master System, Game Gear	YM2602B VDP (TMS9918-derived)	1985	64	8	128	8, 16	8, 16	15	2× integer, 2× vertical	Background tile mirroring	Yes	Color key	^[35]^[36]
Genesis / Mega Drive	YM7101 VDP (SMS VDP-derived)	1988	80	20	320	8, 16, 24, 32	8, 16, 24, 32	15	No	Horizontal and vertical mirroring	Yes	Color key	^[37]^[38]
Sega OutRun (arcade)		1986	128	128	1600	8 to 512	8 to 256	15	Anisotropic	Horizontal and vertical mirroring	Yes	Alpha	^[39]^[40]^[41]^[42]^[43]^[44]^[45]
X68000	Cynthia jr. (original), Cynthia (later models)	1987	128	32	512	16	16	15	2× integer	Horizontal and vertical mirroring	Partial	Color key	^[46]^[47]^[48]
Neo Geo	LSPC2-A2	1990	384	96	1536	16	16 to 512	15	Sprite shrinking	Horizontal and vertical mirroring	Partial	Color key	^[49]^[50]^[51]
Super NES / Super Famicom	S-PPU1, S-PPU2	1990	128	34	256	8, 16, 32, 64	8, 16, 32, 64	15	No	Horizontal and vertical mirroring	No	Color key, averaging	^[52]
System	Sprite hardware	Introduced	Sprites on screen	Sprites on line	Max. texels on line	Texture width	Texture height	Colors	Hardware zoom	Rotation	Collision detection	Transparency	Source

See also

• 2.5D

References

1. Hague, James. "Why Do Dedicated Game Consoles Exist?". Programming in the 21st Century. from the original on 2018-04-23. Retrieved 2019-09-02.
2. Guttag, KArl (December 6, 2011). "First, Be Useful (Home computers and Pico Projectors)". KGOnTech.
3. Johnstone, Bob (2003). Never Mind the Laptops: Kids, Computers, and the Transformation of Learning. p. 108. ISBN 978-0595288427.
4. "De Re Atari". 1981. from the original on 2017-07-31. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
5. Steve Golson (2016). Classic Game Postmortem: 'Ms. Pac-Man' (Conference). Game Developers Conference. Event occurs at 20:30. Retrieved 2017-01-26. […] 6 moving characters, what you would call today "sprites" we called them "stamps" back then, […].
6. Swalwell, Melanie; Wilson, Jason (12 May 2015). The Pleasures of Computer Gaming: Essays on Cultural History, Theory and Aesthetics. McFarland & Company. pp. 109–10. ISBN 978-0-7864-5120-3. from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
7. Colby, Richard; Johnson, Matthew S. S.; Colby, Rebekah Shultz (27 January 2021). The Ethics of Playing, Researching, and Teaching Games in the Writing Classroom. Springer Nature. p. 130. ISBN 978-3-030-63311-0. from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
8. Video Game Firsts 2017-11-05 at the Wayback Machine, The Golden Age Arcade Historian (November 22, 2013)
9. Basketball Flyer 2014-07-08 at the Wayback Machine (1974), Arcade Flyer Museum
10. Akagi, Masumi (13 October 2006). アーケードTVゲームリスト国内•海外編(1971-2005) [Arcade TV Game List: Domestic • Overseas Edition (1971-2005)] (in Japanese). Japan: Amusement News Agency. pp. 40–1, 51, 129. ISBN 978-4990251215.
11. Smith, Alexander (19 November 2019). They Create Worlds: The Story of the People and Companies That Shaped the Video Game Industry, Vol. I: 1971-1982. CRC Press. pp. 191–95. ISBN 978-0-429-75261-2. from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
12. [Space Invader, Development Secret Story Revealed Now―Interview With Developer Tomohiro Nishikado, Taito President Yoichi Wada]. The Nikkei (in Japanese). March 21, 2008. Archived from the original on March 23, 2008. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
    • "Space Invaders – 30th Anniversary Developer Interview". Shmuplations.
13. Thorpe, Nick (March 2014). "The 70s: The Genesis of an Industry". Retro Gamer. No. 127. pp. 24–7.
14. Dillon, Roberto (19 April 2016). The Golden Age of Video Games: The Birth of a Multibillion Dollar Industry. CRC Press. ISBN 9781439873243 – via Google Books.
15. , Nikkei Electronics (September 12, 1994)
16. Wright, Steve (December 3, 1979). "Stella Programmer's Guide" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2016. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
17. "Plus - CPCWiki". Cpcwiki.eu. from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2009-11-29.
18. "Television Interface Adaptor". AtariArchives.com. from the original on 2010-08-25. Retrieved 2011-02-06.
19. "Atari 5200 FAQ - Hardware Overview". AtariHQ.com. from the original on 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2011-02-06.
20. . Archived from the original on August 30, 2006. Retrieved 2006-01-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
21. "Amiga Hardware Reference Manual 4: sprite hardware". 1989. from the original on 2017-08-14. Retrieved 2017-05-23.
22. "Gameduino Specifications". excamera.com. from the original on 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2011-06-13.
23. "STIC - Intellivision Wiki". wiki.intellivision.us. from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
24. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-14. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
25. Montfort, Nick; Bogost, Ian (9 January 2009). Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262261524 – via Google Books.
26. "Learn Multi platform 6502 Assembly Programming... For Monsters! Platform Specific Series". from the original on 2021-12-04. Retrieved 2021-12-04.
27. "Galaxian-derived video hardware". GitHub. MAME. from the original on November 30, 2017. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
28. "Galaxian-derived hardware". GitHub. MAME. from the original on September 5, 2018. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
29. "Galaxian hardware family". GitHub. MAME. from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
30. Nathan Altice (2015), I Am Error: The Nintendo Family Computer / Entertainment System Platform, pages 53 & 69 2016-11-12 at the Wayback Machine, MIT Press
31. . Nocash.emubase.de. Archived from the original on 2009-06-21. Retrieved 2009-11-29.
32. "Microsoft Word - NESDoc.doc" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2009-11-29.
33. "GameBoy - Spielkonsolen Online Lexikon". At-mix.de. 2004-06-22. from the original on 2010-05-06. Retrieved 2009-11-29.
34. . Nocash.emubase.de. Archived from the original on 2009-06-21. Retrieved 2009-11-29.
35. Charles MacDonald. . Archived from the original on 2014-03-18. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
36. "Sega Master System Technical Information" (TXT). Smspower.org. from the original on 2019-06-24. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
37. . Archived from the original on January 22, 2005. Retrieved 2015-12-10.
38. Staff, Polygon (2015-02-03). "How Sega built the Genesis". Polygon. from the original on 2015-11-03. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
39. "Sega Out Run Hardware (Sega)". System 16. 2016-03-31. from the original on 2016-11-28. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
40. "mame/segaorun.c at master · mamedev/mame · GitHub". github.com. 21 November 2014. Archived from the original on 21 November 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
41. . 2001-02-27. Archived from the original on 2001-02-27. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
42. "Out Run Hardware (Sega)". System 16. from the original on 2016-11-28. Retrieved 2009-11-29.
43. "Version 0.3 - 7th February 1998". Coinop.org. from the original on 2016-05-14. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
44. . Archived from the original on 2016-01-25. Retrieved 2016-02-09.
45. . Archived from the original (TXT) on 2014-03-18. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
46. "X68000-Computer Museum". Museum.ipsj.or.jp. from the original on 2014-10-02. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
47. "mame/x68k.c at master · mamedev/mame · GitHub". github.com. 21 November 2014. Archived from the original on 21 November 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
48. Yoshida, Koichi (12 September 2001). "超連射68K 開発後記". Yosshin's web page (in Japanese). from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 2016-11-28. (Translation by Shmuplations. 2019-07-02 at the Wayback Machine).
49. "Neo-Geo MVS Hardware Notes" (TXT). Furrtek.free.fr. from the original on 2018-09-16. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
50. "Neo-Geo Programming Manual" (PDF). Furrtek.free.fr. (PDF) from the original on 2016-12-06. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
51. "Big List of Debug Dipswitches". Neo-Geo. 2014-07-09. from the original on 2016-11-28. Retrieved 2016-11-28.
52. . Archived from the original on 2021-12-04.