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Spirodela polyrhiza

January 01, 1970

Spirodela polyrhiza (orth. var. S. polyrrhiza) is a species of duckweed known by the common names common duckmeat,[1] greater duckweed,[2] great duckmeat,[3] common duckweed, and duckmeat. It can be found nearly worldwide in many types of freshwater habitat.[4]

Spirodela polyrhiza

Secure  (NatureServe)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Alismatales
Family: Araceae
Genus: Spirodela
Species:
S. polyrhiza
Binomial name
Spirodela polyrhiza

Description edit

Spirodela polyrhiza is a perennial aquatic plant usually growing in dense colonies, forming a mat on the water surface. Each plant is a smooth, round, flat disc 0.5 to 1.0 cm wide. Its upper surface is mostly green, sometimes red, while the lower surface is dark red.[5] It produces several minute roots and a pouch containing male and female flowers. The top part dies in the fall and the plant often overwinters as a turion. The turion sinks to the bottom of the water body and stays in a dormant phase, until water temperature reaches 15 °C. The turions then germinate on the bottom of the water body and start a new life cycle.[6] As this species lives in ponds and slow-moving water bodies, differs developmentally from terrestrial plants in morphology and physiology. It undergoes mainly vegetative growth in spring and summer, forming new fronds. Spirodela polyrhiza rarely flowers.[7] In fall and winter it switches into a dormant phase represented by the turions due to nutrition starvation and freezing temperatures.[citation needed]

Because of its fast growth, direct contact with media and small genome size (~150 Mb), S. polyrhiza is an ideal system for biofuels, bioremediation, and carbon cycling.[4] A comprehensive genomic study of S. polyrhiza was published in February 2014. The results provide insights into how this organism is adapted to rapid growth and an aquatic lifestyle.[8]

Turion induction by abscisic acid edit

Turions were induced by the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) in the lab. Researchers reported that turions were rich in anthocyanin pigmentation and had a density that submerged them in liquid media. Transmission electron microscopy of turions showed in comparison to fronds shrunken vacuoles, smaller intercellular space, and abundant starch granules surrounded by thylakoid membranes. Turions accumulated more than 60% starch in dry mass after two weeks of ABA treatment.[9]

Distribution edit

Spirodela polyrhiza is found worldwide, namely in North America,[10] Asia,[11] more rarely in Central and South America, but also in Central Europe.[12] It grows in tropical and temperate climates.[12] It is not prevalent in New Zealand and only rarely in Australia.[5]

Cultivation edit

Large scale cultivation is done in outdoor water tanks, mostly in connection with wastewater treatment. Tanks are fed with wastewater and the floating duckweed is harvested from the surface. It is then further used as a biofuel from industrial wastewater or as animal feed from agricultural wastewater treatment facilities.[6]

Use edit

Spirodela polyrhiza can be used for bioremediation, removing toxic substances from aquatic environment as well as cleaning eutrophic waters, especially in wastewater treatment plants. Its uses as biofuel and animal feed are also gaining importance. It is hardly used for human nutrition.[citation needed]

Bioremediation edit

Because of its capability to hyperaccumulate heavy metals and its high uptake of nutrients from the water, S. polyrhiza is used for bioremediation. The main pollutants it can be used to remediate are arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg)[13] and common wastewater nutrients, like sulphate (SO42-), phosphate (PO43-) and nitrate (NO3−).[citation needed]

Arsenic edit

Greater duckweed showed accumulation of arsenic in laboratory tests. Arsenic uptake was found to be negatively correlated with phosphate and positively correlated with iron uptake. This indicates that phosphate and arsenic compete for uptake by S. polyrhiza, while arsenic's absorption is facilitated by iron oxides, because it shows an affinity to the root surface of S. polyrhiza, where it is taken up. Greater duckweed is thought to detoxify the arsenic by reducing As (V) to the less toxic As (III). Difficulties arise with the management of the plants with high As contents. One possible use of the biomass containing As is production of charcoal and gas as a byproduct, which can be used as a fuel. The problems with this approach are low charcoal quality and high investments. Direct burning or burning of the coal is thought to release arsenic into the air, which would pollute the environment. Other options for fuel production would be hydrolysis and fermentation, which are economically not feasible. The biomass would have to be treated with strong acids and heat, which are both capital intensive. Briquetting is considered one of the best options, where the plants are dried and pressed into pellets of briquets. This raises the question of whether the arsenic is released back into the environment during the burning process. The production of biogas is also considered, but again, the redistribution of the As has to be avoided .[13]

Mercury edit

Spirodela polyrhiza was found to be an efficient bio accumulator of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) in laboratory settings. Its plant biomass showed a 1000 times higher mercuric chloride concentration than its aquatic environment. Spirodela polyrhiza showed the highest accumulation factor compared to Lemna gibba and L. minor, which were also investigated.[14]

Urban wastewater treatment edit

dGreater duckweed has been used to remove common pollutants from wastewater. In a laboratory setting, S. polyrhiza showed a maximum of 90% removal efficiency of nitrate, 99.6% of phosphate and 69.8% of sulphate. The efficiency for all three pollutants combined was 85.6%, which makes it an environmentally and economically viable bioremediatory for wastewater treatment.[11]

Biofuel edit

Due to space-efficient starch production and good growth in animal wastewater, S. polyrhiza has great potential in bioethanol production.[15] Despite environmental problems associated with production and competition from human and animal feed, corn is the main raw material for bioethanol. Spirodela polyrhiza could produce up to 50% more bioethanol on the same area.[16] At the same time the production of bioethanol from S. polyrhiza is not in competition with human food. The production of bioethanol from S. polyrhiza is still in the development phase.[citation needed]

Animal feed edit

In small-scale agriculture S. polyrhiza is used as fish or poultry feed.[17] Due to its fast growth and high protein content, it is an interesting feedstuff. Because of sanitary problems and the risk of heavy metal accumulation, it is not yet used for feeding in larger animal husbandry systems.[18] For rainbow trout, poorer growth rates were found when S. polyrhiza was added to the feed.[19] For tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.), greater weight gains were found when 30% of the fish meal in the feed was replaced with S. polyrhiza.[20] A review has also shown that duckweed can be used in cattle, pig and poultry diets. However, the problems of heavy metals and pathogen contamination occur.[21]

Human nutrition edit

Although other duckweed species, such as Wolffia arrhiza, are consumed by people in rural areas, S.polyrhiza is not cultivated for human consumption.[22] This is because of high concerns about heavy metal accumulation and possible contamination with Escherichia coli or Clostridium botulinum.[18] In contrast to W. arrhiza, S. polyrhiza contains, like most duckweed species, calcium oxalate crystals which are known to cause kidney stones.[6]

References edit

  1. ^ Whisenant, Steven G. (2018). "Common Rangeland Plants of West Central Texas by George Clendenin, USDA–Natural Resources Conservation Service". Great Plains Research. 28 (2): 219. doi:10.1353/gpr.2018.0043. ISSN 2334-2463. S2CID 135339526.
  2. ^ Atkinson, R. (July 1998). "Dandelions of Great Britain and Ireland. BSBI Handbook No. 9. A. A. Dudman & A. J. Richards. Illustrations by Olga Stewart. Edited by P. H. Oswald. London: Botanical Society of the British Isles. 1997. 344 pp. ISBN 0 901158 25 9. £17.50 (paperback)". Edinburgh Journal of Botany. 55 (2): 321–322. doi:10.1017/s0960428600002249. ISSN 0960-4286.
  3. ^ 국립 수목원 (Korea) (August 2015). Hanbando chasaeng singmul yŏngŏ irŭm mongnokchip = English names for Korean native plants. Kungnip Sumogwŏn (Korea),, Korea (South). Sallimch'ŏng., 국립 수목원 (Korea),, Korea (South). 산림청. Kyŏnggi-do P'och'ŏn-si. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. OCLC 921358336.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^ a b Wang, Wenqin; Kerstetter, Randall A.; Michael, Todd P. (2011-07-28). "Evolution of Genome Size in Duckweeds (Lemnaceae)". Journal of Botany. 2011: 1–9. doi:10.1155/2011/570319. ISSN 2090-0120.
  5. ^ a b Oberdorfer, Erich 1905-2002 (1994). Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora für Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete (8., stark überarb. und erg. Aufl ed.). Stuttgart. ISBN 978-3-8001-3476-2. OCLC 50980051.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ a b c Cao, Hieu X.; Fourounjian, Paul; Wang, Wenqin (2018), Hussain, Chaudhery Mustansar (ed.), "The Importance and Potential of Duckweeds as a Model and Crop Plant for Biomass-Based Applications and Beyond", Handbook of Environmental Materials Management, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–16, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58538-3_67-1, ISBN 978-3-319-58538-3, S2CID 133759606, retrieved 2020-11-28
  7. ^ Landolt, Kandeler, Elias, Riklef (1987). Biosystematic investigations in the family of duckweeds (Lemnaceae) : (Vol. 4) : The family of Lemnaceae - a monographic study. Volume 2, (Phytochemistry ; physiology ; application ; bibliography). Zurich: Geobotanisches Institut der ETH.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Wang, W.; Haberer, G.; Gundlach, H.; Gläßer, C.; Nussbaumer, T.; Luo, M.C.; Lomsadze, A.; Borodovsky, M.; Kerstetter, R.A.; Shanklin, J.; Byrant, D.W. (May 2014). "The Spirodela polyrhiza genome reveals insights into its neotenous reduction fast growth and aquatic lifestyle". Nature Communications. 5 (1): 3311. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.3311W. doi:10.1038/ncomms4311. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 3948053. PMID 24548928.
  9. ^ Wang, Wenqin; Messing, Joachim (2012). "Analysis of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase expression during turion formation induced by abscisic acid in Spirodela polyrhiza (greater duckweed)". BMC Plant Biology. 12 (1): 5. doi:10.1186/1471-2229-12-5. ISSN 1471-2229. PMC 3268088. PMID 22235974. S2CID 5491282.
  10. ^ "Spirodela polyrrhiza (common duck-meal): Go Botany". gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org. Retrieved 2020-11-06.
  11. ^ a b Pandey, Neha; Gusain, Rita; Suthar, Surindra (August 2020). "Exploring the efficacy of powered guar gum (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) seeds, duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza), and Indian plum (Ziziphus mauritiana) leaves in urban wastewater treatment". Journal of Cleaner Production. 264: 121680. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121680. ISSN 0959-6526. S2CID 218792888.
  12. ^ a b "Spirodela polyrhiza". Flowgrow. Retrieved 2020-11-06.
  13. ^ a b Rahman, M. Azizur; Hasegawa, H. (April 2011). "Aquatic arsenic: Phytoremediation using floating macrophytes". Chemosphere. 83 (5): 633–646. Bibcode:2011Chmsp..83..633R. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.045. hdl:10453/18087. ISSN 0045-6535. PMID 21435676. S2CID 2775038.
  14. ^ Yang, Jingjing; Li, Gaojie; Bishopp, Anthony; Heenatigala, P. P. M.; Hu, Shiqi; Chen, Yan; Wu, Zhigang; Kumar, Sunjeet; Duan, Pengfei; Yao, Lunguang; Hou, Hongwei (2018-04-16). "A Comparison of Growth on Mercuric Chloride for Three Lemnaceae Species Reveals Differences in Growth Dynamics That Effect Their Suitability for Use in Either Monitoring or Remediating Ecosystems Contaminated With Mercury". Frontiers in Chemistry. 6: 112. Bibcode:2018FrCh....6..112Y. doi:10.3389/fchem.2018.00112. ISSN 2296-2646. PMC 5911492. PMID 29713627.
  15. ^ Cui, W.; Cheng, J. J. (2014-07-01). "Growing duckweed for biofuel production: a review". Plant Biology. 17: 16–23. doi:10.1111/plb.12216. ISSN 1435-8603. PMID 24985498.
  16. ^ Xu, Jiele; Cui, Weihua; Cheng, Jay J.; Stomp, Anne-M. (October 2011). "Production of high-starch duckweed and its conversion to bioethanol". Biosystems Engineering. 110 (2): 67–72. doi:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2011.06.007. ISSN 1537-5110.
  17. ^ Rusoff, Louis L.; Blakeney, Ernest W.; Culley, Dudley D. (1980-07-01). "Duckweeds (Lemnaceae family): a potential source of protein and amino acids". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 28 (4): 848–850. doi:10.1021/jf60230a040. ISSN 0021-8561. PMID 7462500.
  18. ^ a b van der Spiegel, M.; Noordam, M.Y.; van der Fels-Klerx, H.J. (2013-10-15). "Safety of Novel Protein Sources (Insects, Microalgae, Seaweed, Duckweed, and Rapeseed) and Legislative Aspects for Their Application in Food and Feed Production". Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 12 (6): 662–678. doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12032. ISSN 1541-4337. PMID 33412718.
  19. ^ Stadtlander, Timo; Förster, Svenja; Rosskothen, Dennis; Leiber, Florian (August 2019). "Slurry-grown duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) as a means to recycle nitrogen into feed for rainbow trout fry". Journal of Cleaner Production. 228: 86–93. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.196. ISSN 0959-6526.
  20. ^ Fasakin, E. A.; Balogun, A. M.; Fasuru, B. E. (May 1999). "Use of duckweed, Spirodela polyrrhiza L. Schleiden, as a protein feedstuff in practical diets for tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L." Aquaculture Research. 30 (5): 313–318. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2109.1999.00318.x. ISSN 1355-557X.
  21. ^ Sońta, Marcin; Rekiel, Anna; Batorska, Martyna (2019-04-01). "Use of Duckweed (Lemna L.) in Sustainable Livestock Production and Aquaculture – A Review". Annals of Animal Science. 19 (2): 257–271. doi:10.2478/aoas-2018-0048. ISSN 2300-8733. S2CID 91812255.
  22. ^ Appenroth, Klaus-J.; Sree, K. Sowjanya; Bog, Manuela; Ecker, Josef; Seeliger, Claudine; Böhm, Volker; Lorkowski, Stefan; Sommer, Katrin; Vetter, Walter; Tolzin-Banasch, Karla; Kirmse, Rita (2018-10-29). "Nutritional Value of the Duckweed Species of the Genus Wolffia (Lemnaceae) as Human Food". Frontiers in Chemistry. 6: 483. Bibcode:2018FrCh....6..483A. doi:10.3389/fchem.2018.00483. ISSN 2296-2646. PMC 6215809. PMID 30420949.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spirodela polyrrhiza.
  • Spirodela polyrhiza genomics
  • Jepson Manual Treatment
  • Flora of North America
  • Washington Burke Museum

January 01, 1970
spirodela, polyrhiza, orth, polyrrhiza, species, duckweed, known, common, names, common, duckmeat, greater, duckweed, great, duckmeat, common, duckweed, duckmeat, found, nearly, worldwide, many, types, freshwater, habitat, conservation, status, secure, natures. Spirodela polyrhiza orth var S polyrrhiza is a species of duckweed known by the common names common duckmeat 1 greater duckweed 2 great duckmeat 3 common duckweed and duckmeat It can be found nearly worldwide in many types of freshwater habitat 4 Spirodela polyrhiza Conservation status Secure NatureServe Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Monocots Order Alismatales Family Araceae Genus Spirodela Species S polyrhiza Binomial name Spirodela polyrhiza L Schleid Contents 1 Description 1 1 Turion induction by abscisic acid 2 Distribution 3 Cultivation 4 Use 4 1 Bioremediation 4 1 1 Arsenic 4 1 2 Mercury 4 2 Urban wastewater treatment 4 3 Biofuel 4 4 Animal feed 4 5 Human nutrition 5 References 6 External linksDescription editSpirodela polyrhiza is a perennial aquatic plant usually growing in dense colonies forming a mat on the water surface Each plant is a smooth round flat disc 0 5 to 1 0 cm wide Its upper surface is mostly green sometimes red while the lower surface is dark red 5 It produces several minute roots and a pouch containing male and female flowers The top part dies in the fall and the plant often overwinters as a turion The turion sinks to the bottom of the water body and stays in a dormant phase until water temperature reaches 15 C The turions then germinate on the bottom of the water body and start a new life cycle 6 As this species lives in ponds and slow moving water bodies differs developmentally from terrestrial plants in morphology and physiology It undergoes mainly vegetative growth in spring and summer forming new fronds Spirodela polyrhiza rarely flowers 7 In fall and winter it switches into a dormant phase represented by the turions due to nutrition starvation and freezing temperatures citation needed Because of its fast growth direct contact with media and small genome size 150 Mb S polyrhiza is an ideal system for biofuels bioremediation and carbon cycling 4 A comprehensive genomic study of S polyrhiza was published in February 2014 The results provide insights into how this organism is adapted to rapid growth and an aquatic lifestyle 8 Turion induction by abscisic acid edit Turions were induced by the plant hormone abscisic acid ABA in the lab Researchers reported that turions were rich in anthocyanin pigmentation and had a density that submerged them in liquid media Transmission electron microscopy of turions showed in comparison to fronds shrunken vacuoles smaller intercellular space and abundant starch granules surrounded by thylakoid membranes Turions accumulated more than 60 starch in dry mass after two weeks of ABA treatment 9 Distribution editSpirodela polyrhiza is found worldwide namely in North America 10 Asia 11 more rarely in Central and South America but also in Central Europe 12 It grows in tropical and temperate climates 12 It is not prevalent in New Zealand and only rarely in Australia 5 Cultivation editLarge scale cultivation is done in outdoor water tanks mostly in connection with wastewater treatment Tanks are fed with wastewater and the floating duckweed is harvested from the surface It is then further used as a biofuel from industrial wastewater or as animal feed from agricultural wastewater treatment facilities 6 Use editSpirodela polyrhiza can be used for bioremediation removing toxic substances from aquatic environment as well as cleaning eutrophic waters especially in wastewater treatment plants Its uses as biofuel and animal feed are also gaining importance It is hardly used for human nutrition citation needed Bioremediation edit Because of its capability to hyperaccumulate heavy metals and its high uptake of nutrients from the water S polyrhiza is used for bioremediation The main pollutants it can be used to remediate are arsenic As and mercury Hg 13 and common wastewater nutrients like sulphate SO42 phosphate PO43 and nitrate NO3 citation needed Arsenic edit Greater duckweed showed accumulation of arsenic in laboratory tests Arsenic uptake was found to be negatively correlated with phosphate and positively correlated with iron uptake This indicates that phosphate and arsenic compete for uptake by S polyrhiza while arsenic s absorption is facilitated by iron oxides because it shows an affinity to the root surface of S polyrhiza where it is taken up Greater duckweed is thought to detoxify the arsenic by reducing As V to the less toxic As III Difficulties arise with the management of the plants with high As contents One possible use of the biomass containing As is production of charcoal and gas as a byproduct which can be used as a fuel The problems with this approach are low charcoal quality and high investments Direct burning or burning of the coal is thought to release arsenic into the air which would pollute the environment Other options for fuel production would be hydrolysis and fermentation which are economically not feasible The biomass would have to be treated with strong acids and heat which are both capital intensive Briquetting is considered one of the best options where the plants are dried and pressed into pellets of briquets This raises the question of whether the arsenic is released back into the environment during the burning process The production of biogas is also considered but again the redistribution of the As has to be avoided 13 Mercury edit Spirodela polyrhiza was found to be an efficient bio accumulator of mercuric chloride HgCl2 in laboratory settings Its plant biomass showed a 1000 times higher mercuric chloride concentration than its aquatic environment Spirodela polyrhiza showed the highest accumulation factor compared to Lemna gibba and L minor which were also investigated 14 Urban wastewater treatment edit dGreater duckweed has been used to remove common pollutants from wastewater In a laboratory setting S polyrhiza showed a maximum of 90 removal efficiency of nitrate 99 6 of phosphate and 69 8 of sulphate The efficiency for all three pollutants combined was 85 6 which makes it an environmentally and economically viable bioremediatory for wastewater treatment 11 Biofuel edit Due to space efficient starch production and good growth in animal wastewater S polyrhiza has great potential in bioethanol production 15 Despite environmental problems associated with production and competition from human and animal feed corn is the main raw material for bioethanol Spirodela polyrhiza could produce up to 50 more bioethanol on the same area 16 At the same time the production of bioethanol from S polyrhiza is not in competition with human food The production of bioethanol from S polyrhiza is still in the development phase citation needed Animal feed edit In small scale agriculture S polyrhiza is used as fish or poultry feed 17 Due to its fast growth and high protein content it is an interesting feedstuff Because of sanitary problems and the risk of heavy metal accumulation it is not yet used for feeding in larger animal husbandry systems 18 For rainbow trout poorer growth rates were found when S polyrhiza was added to the feed 19 For tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L greater weight gains were found when 30 of the fish meal in the feed was replaced with S polyrhiza 20 A review has also shown that duckweed can be used in cattle pig and poultry diets However the problems of heavy metals and pathogen contamination occur 21 Human nutrition edit Although other duckweed species such as Wolffia arrhiza are consumed by people in rural areas S polyrhiza is not cultivated for human consumption 22 This is because of high concerns about heavy metal accumulation and possible contamination with Escherichia coli or Clostridium botulinum 18 In contrast to W arrhiza S polyrhiza contains like most duckweed species calcium oxalate crystals which are known to cause kidney stones 6 References edit Whisenant Steven G 2018 Common Rangeland Plants of West Central Texas by George Clendenin USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Great Plains Research 28 2 219 doi 10 1353 gpr 2018 0043 ISSN 2334 2463 S2CID 135339526 Atkinson R July 1998 Dandelions of Great Britain and Ireland BSBI Handbook No 9 A A Dudman amp A J Richards Illustrations by Olga Stewart Edited by P H Oswald London Botanical Society of the British Isles 1997 344 pp ISBN 0 901158 25 9 17 50 paperback Edinburgh Journal of Botany 55 2 321 322 doi 10 1017 s0960428600002249 ISSN 0960 4286 국립 수목원 Korea August 2015 Hanbando chasaeng singmul yŏngŏ irŭm mongnokchip English names for Korean native plants Kungnip Sumogwŏn Korea Korea South Sallimch ŏng 국립 수목원 Korea Korea South 산림청 Kyŏnggi do P och ŏn si ISBN 978 89 97450 98 5 OCLC 921358336 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link a b Wang Wenqin Kerstetter Randall A Michael Todd P 2011 07 28 Evolution of Genome Size in Duckweeds Lemnaceae Journal of Botany 2011 1 9 doi 10 1155 2011 570319 ISSN 2090 0120 a b Oberdorfer Erich 1905 2002 1994 Pflanzensoziologische Exkursionsflora fur Deutschland und angrenzende Gebiete 8 stark uberarb und erg Aufl ed Stuttgart ISBN 978 3 8001 3476 2 OCLC 50980051 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link CS1 maint numeric names authors list link a b c Cao Hieu X Fourounjian Paul Wang Wenqin 2018 Hussain Chaudhery Mustansar ed The Importance and Potential of Duckweeds as a Model and Crop Plant for Biomass Based Applications and Beyond Handbook of Environmental Materials Management Cham Springer International Publishing pp 1 16 doi 10 1007 978 3 319 58538 3 67 1 ISBN 978 3 319 58538 3 S2CID 133759606 retrieved 2020 11 28 Landolt Kandeler Elias Riklef 1987 Biosystematic investigations in the family of duckweeds Lemnaceae Vol 4 The family of Lemnaceae a monographic study Volume 2 Phytochemistry physiology application bibliography Zurich Geobotanisches Institut der ETH a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Wang W Haberer G Gundlach H Glasser C Nussbaumer T Luo M C Lomsadze A Borodovsky M Kerstetter R A Shanklin J Byrant D W May 2014 The Spirodela polyrhiza genome reveals insights into its neotenous reduction fast growth and aquatic lifestyle Nature Communications 5 1 3311 Bibcode 2014NatCo 5 3311W doi 10 1038 ncomms4311 ISSN 2041 1723 PMC 3948053 PMID 24548928 Wang Wenqin Messing Joachim 2012 Analysis of ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase expression during turion formation induced by abscisic acid in Spirodela polyrhiza greater duckweed BMC Plant Biology 12 1 5 doi 10 1186 1471 2229 12 5 ISSN 1471 2229 PMC 3268088 PMID 22235974 S2CID 5491282 Spirodela polyrrhiza common duck meal Go Botany gobotany nativeplanttrust org Retrieved 2020 11 06 a b Pandey Neha Gusain Rita Suthar Surindra August 2020 Exploring the efficacy of powered guar gum Cyamopsis tetragonoloba seeds duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza and Indian plum Ziziphus mauritiana leaves in urban wastewater treatment Journal of Cleaner Production 264 121680 doi 10 1016 j jclepro 2020 121680 ISSN 0959 6526 S2CID 218792888 a b Spirodela polyrhiza Flowgrow Retrieved 2020 11 06 a b Rahman M Azizur Hasegawa H April 2011 Aquatic arsenic Phytoremediation using floating macrophytes Chemosphere 83 5 633 646 Bibcode 2011Chmsp 83 633R doi 10 1016 j chemosphere 2011 02 045 hdl 10453 18087 ISSN 0045 6535 PMID 21435676 S2CID 2775038 Yang Jingjing Li Gaojie Bishopp Anthony Heenatigala P P M Hu Shiqi Chen Yan Wu Zhigang Kumar Sunjeet Duan Pengfei Yao Lunguang Hou Hongwei 2018 04 16 A Comparison of Growth on Mercuric Chloride for Three Lemnaceae Species Reveals Differences in Growth Dynamics That Effect Their Suitability for Use in Either Monitoring or Remediating Ecosystems Contaminated With Mercury Frontiers in Chemistry 6 112 Bibcode 2018FrCh 6 112Y doi 10 3389 fchem 2018 00112 ISSN 2296 2646 PMC 5911492 PMID 29713627 Cui W Cheng J J 2014 07 01 Growing duckweed for biofuel production a review Plant Biology 17 16 23 doi 10 1111 plb 12216 ISSN 1435 8603 PMID 24985498 Xu Jiele Cui Weihua Cheng Jay J Stomp Anne M October 2011 Production of high starch duckweed and its conversion to bioethanol Biosystems Engineering 110 2 67 72 doi 10 1016 j biosystemseng 2011 06 007 ISSN 1537 5110 Rusoff Louis L Blakeney Ernest W Culley Dudley D 1980 07 01 Duckweeds Lemnaceae family a potential source of protein and amino acids Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 28 4 848 850 doi 10 1021 jf60230a040 ISSN 0021 8561 PMID 7462500 a b van der Spiegel M Noordam M Y van der Fels Klerx H J 2013 10 15 Safety of Novel Protein Sources Insects Microalgae Seaweed Duckweed and Rapeseed and Legislative Aspects for Their Application in Food and Feed Production Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 12 6 662 678 doi 10 1111 1541 4337 12032 ISSN 1541 4337 PMID 33412718 Stadtlander Timo Forster Svenja Rosskothen Dennis Leiber Florian August 2019 Slurry grown duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza as a means to recycle nitrogen into feed for rainbow trout fry Journal of Cleaner Production 228 86 93 doi 10 1016 j jclepro 2019 04 196 ISSN 0959 6526 Fasakin E A Balogun A M Fasuru B E May 1999 Use of duckweed Spirodela polyrrhiza L Schleiden as a protein feedstuff in practical diets for tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L Aquaculture Research 30 5 313 318 doi 10 1046 j 1365 2109 1999 00318 x ISSN 1355 557X Sonta Marcin Rekiel Anna Batorska Martyna 2019 04 01 Use of Duckweed Lemna L in Sustainable Livestock Production and Aquaculture A Review Annals of Animal Science 19 2 257 271 doi 10 2478 aoas 2018 0048 ISSN 2300 8733 S2CID 91812255 Appenroth Klaus J Sree K Sowjanya Bog Manuela Ecker Josef Seeliger Claudine Bohm Volker Lorkowski Stefan Sommer Katrin Vetter Walter Tolzin Banasch Karla Kirmse Rita 2018 10 29 Nutritional Value of the Duckweed Species of the Genus Wolffia Lemnaceae as Human Food Frontiers in Chemistry 6 483 Bibcode 2018FrCh 6 483A doi 10 3389 fchem 2018 00483 ISSN 2296 2646 PMC 6215809 PMID 30420949 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spirodela polyrrhiza Spirodela polyrhiza genomics Jepson Manual Treatment Flora of North America Washington Burke Museum Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Spirodela polyrhiza amp oldid 1192911569, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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