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Special municipality (Taiwan)

March 08, 2023

Special municipality[I], historically known as Yuan-controlled municipality is a first-level administrative division unit in the Republic of China (Taiwan). Under the administrative structure of Taiwan, it is the highest level of division in Taiwan and is equivalent to a province. Since the streamlining of provinces in 1998, the special municipalities along with provincial cities and counties have all governed directly under the central government.[1]

Special Municipality[I]
  Special municipalities are shown in pink
CategorySpecial municipalities, counties, and cities
LocationIsland of Taiwan
Number6
Populations1,881,204–4,014,560
Areas272–2,952
Government
    • City government
    • City council
Subdivisions

Currently total six cities are designated as special municipalities: Taipei, New Taipei City, Taoyuan, Taichung, Tainan, and Kaohsiung, all located in the most densely populated regions in the western half of the island.[2] These special municipalities encompass five most populous metropolitan areas in Taiwan, accounting for more than two-thirds of the national population.

History

See also: Political divisions of Taiwan (1895–1945) and Direct-administered municipalities of China

The first municipalities of the ROC were established in 1927 soon after they were designated as "cities" during the 1920s. Nominally, Dairen was a municipality as well, although it was under Japanese control. It consisted of the original 11 cities of Nanking, Shanghai, Peking (Peiping), Tientsin, Tsingtao, Chungking, Sian, Canton, Hankow (now part of Wuhan), Shenyang, and Harbin. These cities were first called special municipalities/cities (特別市; tèbiéshì), but were later renamed Yuan-controlled municipalities (院辖市; 院轄市; yuànxiáshì).

Before the end of World War II, the island of Taiwan (Formosa) was under Japanese rule, with 11 cities established within its administrative divisions. Following the Japanese surrender in 1945, the Republic of China (ROC) took control of Taiwan, most of pre-1945 cities in Taiwan were reorganized as provincial cities, but Yilan and Hualien became the first two county-administered cities.

After the loss of the mainland to the Chinese Communist Party in 1949, all the special municipalities established in mainland China were lost. The new communist-led People's Republic of China government replaced the Yuan-controlled municipalities with direct-controlled municipalities. The Kuomintang-led government of the Republic of China lost the Chinese Civil War and relocated to Taipei, Taiwan. By the time of its retreat, no special municipalities was established in Taiwan or other territories under effective control of the ROC government.

In 1967, Taipei City, the first special municipality in Taiwan was created. Taipei served as the capital of the country starting in 1949 and was at the time the most populous city. The scope of the Taipei special municipality includes the original provincial City of Taipei and 4 of its neighboring townships in Taipei County, including Neihu, Nangang, Muzha and Jingmei. In the next year, Shilin and Beitou of Yangmingshan Administrative Bureau (a county-equivalent administrative division) were also merged into Taipei.

In 1979, the major international port and industrial city in the southwest of the country — Kaohsiung — were also upgraded to a special municipality. Territory of the Kaohsiung special municipality includes the original provincial Kaohsiung City and Siaogang Township in Kaohsiung County.

At this time, Taiwan was under martial law. All national and municipal level elections were suspended. The mayors of Taipei and Kaohsiung were assigned by the Executive Yuan (central government), not by elections until 1994. For this reason the special municipalities were also called Yuan-controlled municipalities (Chinese: 院轄市; pinyin: yuànxiáshì) at this period.

Following the democratic reforms in the early 1990s, more thoughts of administrative division reform and reorganization were widely discussed. The Local Government Act (地方制度法) was passed by the Legislative Yuan (the Parliament) in 1999. This Act regulates the local self-governance bodies and came with some articles to deal with the possible changes of administrative divisions. In the Act also states that cities with population of over 1,250,000 and with significance on political, economic and cultural development may form a special municipality.

The 2007 amendment of Local Government Act states that a county or city with population over two million may grant some extra privileges in local autonomy that was designed for special municipalities. This type of counties are often called quasi-municipalities (準直轄市). Taipei County was the first division within this case. In 2009, another amendment of Local Government Act gave councils of counties and cities the right to file petitions to reform themselves into special municipalities. Four proposals were approved by the Executive Yuan in 2009

The four newly created special municipalities were formally established on December 25, 2010 with the inauguration of the new mayors.

In June 2010, the population of Taoyuan County also grew over 2 million and were qualified for being a quasi-municipality since 2011. The county government also sent a proposal to become a special municipality in 2012. Executive Yuan approved the proposal and the special municipality of Taoyuan were formally established on December 25, 2014.

Currently, there are in total six special municipalities under the central government. The special municipalities cover the top five most populous metropolitan areas in Taiwan and over two thirds (2/3) of the national population.

Current Special Municipalities

See also: List of administrative divisions of Taiwan and List of heads of governments of special municipalities, counties and provincial cities in Taiwan

There are currently six special municipalities:

Name Population Area (km2) Administrative centre Date of establishment
  Kaohsiung City[II] 2,779,790 2,946.2527 Lingya District[III], Fengshan District[IV] 1979-07-01
  New Taipei City[V] 3,955,777 2,052.5667 Banqiao District[VI] 2010-12-25
  Taichung[VII] 2,702,920 2,214.8968 Xitun District[VIII], Fengyuan District[IX] 2010-12-25
  Tainan[X] 1,883,251 2,191.6531 Anping District[XI], Xinying District[XII] 2010-12-25
  Taipei[XIII] 2,688,140 271.7997 Xinyi District[XIV] 1967-07-01
  Taoyuan[XV] 2,092,977 1,220.9540 Taoyuan District[XVI] 2014-12-25

Their self-governed bodies (executive and legislature) regulated by the Local Government Act are:

In Taiwanese municipalities, the mayor is the highest-ranking official in charge. The mayor is directly elected by the people registered in the municipality for a duration of four years.

Future

In Hsinchu City and Hsinchu County, it was proposed in September 2021 that both are to be upgraded to the nation's newest special municipality. Similarly, Changhua County and Changhua City have been expressed interest to become its special municipality that October.[3][4] The Tsai Ing-wen administration had approved the proposal to merge Hsinchu county and city in December 2021 but rejected Changhua due to the county's decline of population below the 1.25 million required by Article 4 of the Local Government Act for a region to be eligible for an upgrade.[5][6]

See also

Notes
  1. ^ a b c d e f Has an elected executive and an elected legislative council.
  2. ^ a b c Has an appointed district administrator for managing local affairs and carrying out tasks commissioned by superior agency.
  3. ^ Has an elected village administrator for managing local affairs and carrying out tasks commissioned by superior agency.


Notes

  1. ^ Also known as the Taiwan area or Tai–Min area (Chinese: 臺閩地區; lit. 'Taiwan–Fujian area')
  2. ^ The mainland area consists of Mainland China, Tibet and (previously) Outer Mongolia
  3. ^ Special municipalities, cities, and county-administered cities are all called shi (Chinese: 市; lit. 'city')
  4. ^ Nominal; provincial governments have been abolished
  5. ^ Constitutionally having the same structure as the free area, these are currently under the Chinese Communist Party control with a different structure
  6. ^ Sometimes called cities (Chinese: 市) or provincial cities (Chinese: 省轄市) to distinguish them from special municipalities and county-administered cities
  7. ^ There are two types of townships: rural townships or xīang (Chinese: 鄉) and urban townships or zhèn (Chinese: 鎮)
  8. ^ Villages in rural townships are known as tsūn (Chinese: 村), those in other jurisdictions are known as lǐ (Chinese: 里)

Words in native languages

  1. ^ a b
  2. ^
  3. ^
  4. ^
  5. ^
  6. ^
  7. ^
  8. ^
  9. ^
  10. ^
  11. ^
  12. ^
  13. ^
  14. ^
  15. ^
  16. ^

References

  1. ^ "Local governments". Office of the President Republic of China (Taiwan). Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  2. ^ Atayal residents worried over Taoyuan's upgrade
  3. ^ "Cabinet holds 'no stance' on idea of 'Greater Hsinchu' - Taipei Times". 8 September 2021.
  4. ^ "Amendment paving way for Hsinchu city-county merger clears first hurdle - Focus Taiwan".
  5. ^ "DPP makes merger moves on Hsinchu, not Changhua | Taiwan News | 2021-12-25 09:10:00". 25 December 2021.
  6. ^ "MOI opposes special municipality status for Changhua County - Focus Taiwan".

March 08, 2023
special, municipality, taiwan, special, municipality, historically, known, yuan, controlled, municipality, first, level, administrative, division, unit, republic, china, taiwan, under, administrative, structure, taiwan, highest, level, division, taiwan, equiva. Special municipality I historically known as Yuan controlled municipality is a first level administrative division unit in the Republic of China Taiwan Under the administrative structure of Taiwan it is the highest level of division in Taiwan and is equivalent to a province Since the streamlining of provinces in 1998 the special municipalities along with provincial cities and counties have all governed directly under the central government 1 Special Municipality I Special municipalities are shown in pinkCategorySpecial municipalities counties and citiesLocationIsland of TaiwanNumber6Populations1 881 204 4 014 560Areas272 2 952GovernmentCity governmentCity councilSubdivisionsDistrictCurrently total six cities are designated as special municipalities Taipei New Taipei City Taoyuan Taichung Tainan and Kaohsiung all located in the most densely populated regions in the western half of the island 2 These special municipalities encompass five most populous metropolitan areas in Taiwan accounting for more than two thirds of the national population Contents 1 History 2 Current Special Municipalities 3 Future 4 See also 5 Notes 5 1 Words in native languages 6 ReferencesHistory EditSee also Political divisions of Taiwan 1895 1945 and Direct administered municipalities of China The first municipalities of the ROC were established in 1927 soon after they were designated as cities during the 1920s Nominally Dairen was a municipality as well although it was under Japanese control It consisted of the original 11 cities of Nanking Shanghai Peking Peiping Tientsin Tsingtao Chungking Sian Canton Hankow now part of Wuhan Shenyang and Harbin These cities were first called special municipalities cities 特別市 tebieshi but were later renamed Yuan controlled municipalities 院辖市 院轄市 yuanxiashi Before the end of World War II the island of Taiwan Formosa was under Japanese rule with 11 cities established within its administrative divisions Following the Japanese surrender in 1945 the Republic of China ROC took control of Taiwan most of pre 1945 cities in Taiwan were reorganized as provincial cities but Yilan and Hualien became the first two county administered cities After the loss of the mainland to the Chinese Communist Party in 1949 all the special municipalities established in mainland China were lost The new communist led People s Republic of China government replaced the Yuan controlled municipalities with direct controlled municipalities The Kuomintang led government of the Republic of China lost the Chinese Civil War and relocated to Taipei Taiwan By the time of its retreat no special municipalities was established in Taiwan or other territories under effective control of the ROC government In 1967 Taipei City the first special municipality in Taiwan was created Taipei served as the capital of the country starting in 1949 and was at the time the most populous city The scope of the Taipei special municipality includes the original provincial City of Taipei and 4 of its neighboring townships in Taipei County including Neihu Nangang Muzha and Jingmei In the next year Shilin and Beitou of Yangmingshan Administrative Bureau a county equivalent administrative division were also merged into Taipei In 1979 the major international port and industrial city in the southwest of the country Kaohsiung were also upgraded to a special municipality Territory of the Kaohsiung special municipality includes the original provincial Kaohsiung City and Siaogang Township in Kaohsiung County At this time Taiwan was under martial law All national and municipal level elections were suspended The mayors of Taipei and Kaohsiung were assigned by the Executive Yuan central government not by elections until 1994 For this reason the special municipalities were also called Yuan controlled municipalities Chinese 院轄市 pinyin yuanxiashi at this period Following the democratic reforms in the early 1990s more thoughts of administrative division reform and reorganization were widely discussed The Local Government Act 地方制度法 was passed by the Legislative Yuan the Parliament in 1999 This Act regulates the local self governance bodies and came with some articles to deal with the possible changes of administrative divisions In the Act also states that cities with population of over 1 250 000 and with significance on political economic and cultural development may form a special municipality The 2007 amendment of Local Government Act states that a county or city with population over two million may grant some extra privileges in local autonomy that was designed for special municipalities This type of counties are often called quasi municipalities 準直轄市 Taipei County was the first division within this case In 2009 another amendment of Local Government Act gave councils of counties and cities the right to file petitions to reform themselves into special municipalities Four proposals were approved by the Executive Yuan in 2009 Kaohsiung merged from Kaohsiung Special Municipality and Kaohsiung County New Taipei reformed from Taipei County Taichung merged from Taichung Provincial City and Taichung County Tainan merged from Tainan Provincial City and Tainan CountyThe four newly created special municipalities were formally established on December 25 2010 with the inauguration of the new mayors In June 2010 the population of Taoyuan County also grew over 2 million and were qualified for being a quasi municipality since 2011 The county government also sent a proposal to become a special municipality in 2012 Executive Yuan approved the proposal and the special municipality of Taoyuan were formally established on December 25 2014 Currently there are in total six special municipalities under the central government The special municipalities cover the top five most populous metropolitan areas in Taiwan and over two thirds 2 3 of the national population Municipality Metropolitan area RegionKaohsiung Kaohsiung metropolitan area Southern TaiwanNew Taipei Taipei Keelung metropolitan area Northern TaiwanTaichung Taichung Changhua metropolitan area Central TaiwanTainan Tainan metropolitan area Southern TaiwanTaipei Taipei Keelung metropolitan area Northern TaiwanTaoyuan Taoyuan Zhongli metropolitan area Northern TaiwanCurrent Special Municipalities EditSee also List of administrative divisions of Taiwan and List of heads of governments of special municipalities counties and provincial cities in Taiwan There are currently six special municipalities Name Population Area km2 Administrative centre Date of establishment Kaohsiung City II 2 779 790 2 946 2527 Lingya District III Fengshan District IV 1979 07 01 New Taipei City V 3 955 777 2 052 5667 Banqiao District VI 2010 12 25 Taichung VII 2 702 920 2 214 8968 Xitun District VIII Fengyuan District IX 2010 12 25 Tainan X 1 883 251 2 191 6531 Anping District XI Xinying District XII 2010 12 25 Taipei XIII 2 688 140 271 7997 Xinyi District XIV 1967 07 01 Taoyuan XV 2 092 977 1 220 9540 Taoyuan District XVI 2014 12 25Their self governed bodies executive and legislature regulated by the Local Government Act are Name Executive LegislatureGovernment Mayor Current Mayor City Council No of seatsKaohsiung Kaohsiung City Government Mayor of Kaohsiung Chen Chi mai Kaohsiung City Council 66New Taipei New Taipei City Government Mayor of New Taipei Hou You yi New Taipei City Council 66Taichung Taichung City Government Mayor of Taichung Lu Shiow yen Taichung City Council 63Tainan Tainan City Government Mayor of Tainan Huang Wei cher Tainan City Council 57Taipei Taipei City Government Mayor of Taipei Chiang Wan an Taipei City Council 63Taoyuan Taoyuan City Government Mayor of Taoyuan Chang San cheng Taoyuan City Council 60In Taiwanese municipalities the mayor is the highest ranking official in charge The mayor is directly elected by the people registered in the municipality for a duration of four years Future EditIn Hsinchu City and Hsinchu County it was proposed in September 2021 that both are to be upgraded to the nation s newest special municipality Similarly Changhua County and Changhua City have been expressed interest to become its special municipality that October 3 4 The Tsai Ing wen administration had approved the proposal to merge Hsinchu county and city in December 2021 but rejected Changhua due to the county s decline of population below the 1 25 million required by Article 4 of the Local Government Act for a region to be eligible for an upgrade 5 6 See also EditPolitical divisions of Taiwan 1895 1945 Cities designated by government ordinance of Japan Direct administered municipalities of China Arrondissement an equivalent type of urban district in some mainly French speaking countries and territoriesOverview of administrative divisions of the Republic of China Republic of ChinaFree area i Mainland area ii Special municipalities a iii Provinces iv Not administered v Counties a Autonomous municipalities a vi Districts b Mountainindigenousdistricts a County administeredcities a Townships a b vii Districts b Villages g viii NeighborhoodsNotes a b c d e f Has an elected executive and an elected legislative council a b c Has an appointed district administrator for managing local affairs and carrying out tasks commissioned by superior agency Has an elected village administrator for managing local affairs and carrying out tasks commissioned by superior agency Notes Edit Also known as the Taiwan area or Tai Min area Chinese 臺閩地區 lit Taiwan Fujian area The mainland area consists of Mainland China Tibet and previously Outer Mongolia Special municipalities cities and county administered cities are all called shi Chinese 市 lit city Nominal provincial governments have been abolished Constitutionally having the same structure as the free area these are currently under the Chinese Communist Party control with a different structure Sometimes called cities Chinese 市 or provincial cities Chinese 省轄市 to distinguish them from special municipalities and county administered cities There are two types of townships rural townships or xiang Chinese 鄉 and urban townships or zhen Chinese 鎮 Villages in rural townships are known as tsun Chinese 村 those in other jurisdictions are known as lǐ Chinese 里 Words in native languages Edit a b Traditional Chinese script 直轄市Mandarin Pinyin Zhixia shiHokkien Ti t hat chhiSixian Hakka Chhṳ t hot sṳ Traditional Chinese script 高雄市Mandarin Pinyin Gaoxiong ShiHokkien Ko hiong tshiSixian Hakka Ko hiung sṳ Traditional Chinese script 苓雅區 Traditional Chinese script 鳳山區 Traditional Chinese script 新北市Mandarin Pinyin Xinbei ShiHokkien Sin pak tshiSixian Hakka Sin pet sṳ Traditional Chinese script 板橋區 Traditional Chinese script 臺中市Mandarin Pinyin Taizhōng ShiHokkien Tai tiong tshiSixian Hakka Thoi chung sṳ Traditional Chinese script 西屯區 Traditional Chinese script 豐原區 Traditional Chinese script 臺南市Mandarin Pinyin Tainan ShiHokkien Tai lam tshiSixian Hakka Thoi nam sṳ Traditional Chinese script 安平區 Traditional Chinese script 新營區 Traditional Chinese script 臺北市Mandarin Pinyin Taibei ShiHokkien Tai pak tshiSixian Hakka Thoi pet sṳ Traditional Chinese script 信義區 Traditional Chinese script 桃園市Mandarin Pinyin Taoyuan ShiHokkien Tho hn g tshiSixian Hakka Tho yen sṳ Traditional Chinese script 桃園區References Edit Local governments Office of the President Republic of China Taiwan Retrieved 30 November 2020 Atayal residents worried over Taoyuan s upgrade Cabinet holds no stance on idea of Greater Hsinchu Taipei Times 8 September 2021 Amendment paving way for Hsinchu city county merger clears first hurdle Focus Taiwan DPP makes merger moves on Hsinchu not Changhua Taiwan News 2021 12 25 09 10 00 25 December 2021 MOI opposes special municipality status for Changhua County Focus Taiwan Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Special municipality Taiwan amp oldid 1137639841, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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