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Carrington Event

January 09, 2023

The Carrington Event was the most intense geomagnetic storm in recorded history, peaking from 1 to 2 September 1859 during solar cycle 10. It created strong auroral displays that were reported globally[1] and caused sparking and even fires in multiple telegraph stations. The geomagnetic storm was most likely the result of a coronal mass ejection (CME) from the Sun colliding with Earth's magnetosphere.[2]

Carrington Event
Sunspots of 1 September 1859, as sketched by Richard Carrington. A and B mark the initial positions of an intensely bright event, which moved over the course of five minutes to C and D before disappearing.
TypeGeomagnetic storm
Formed1 September 1859 (1859-09-01)
Dissipated2 September 1859 (1859-09-02)
DamageSevere damage to telegraph stations
Areas affectedWorldwide

The geomagnetic storm was associated with a very bright solar flare on 1 September 1859. It was observed and recorded independently by British astronomers Richard Christopher Carrington and Richard Hodgson—the first records of a solar flare.

A geomagnetic storm of this magnitude occurring today would cause widespread electrical disruptions, blackouts, and damage due to extended outages of the electrical power grid.[3][4][5]

History

The Carrington Event took place a few months before the solar maximum, a period of elevated solar activity, of solar cycle 10.[citation needed]

Geomagnetic storm

 
The July 2012 solar storm, as photographed by STEREO, was a CME of comparable strength to the one which is thought to have struck the Earth during the 1859 Carrington Event.

On 1–2 September 1859, one of the largest geomagnetic storms (as recorded by ground-based magnetometers) occurred.[6] Estimates of the storm strength (Dst) range from −0.80 to −1.75 µT.[7]

The geomagnetic storm is thought to have been initiated by a major CME that traveled directly toward Earth, taking 17.6 hours to make the 150-million-kilometre (93×10^6 mi) journey. Typical CMEs take several days to arrive at Earth, but it is believed that the relatively high speed of this CME was made possible by a prior CME, perhaps the cause of the large aurora event on 29 August that "cleared the way" of ambient solar wind plasma for the Carrington Event.[8]

Associated solar flare

Just before noon on 1 September, the English amateur astronomers Richard Christopher Carrington and Richard Hodgson independently recorded the earliest observations of a solar flare.[8] Carrington and Hodgson compiled independent reports which were published side by side in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society and exhibited their drawings of the event at the November 1859 meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society.[9][10]

Because of a geomagnetic solar flare effect (a "magnetic crochet")[11] observed in the Kew Observatory magnetometer record by Scottish physicist Balfour Stewart, and a geomagnetic storm observed the following day, Carrington suspected a solar-terrestrial connection.[12] Worldwide reports of the effects of the geomagnetic storm of 1859 were compiled and published by American mathematician Elias Loomis, which support the observations of Carrington and Stewart.[13]

Impact

Auroras

 
Aurora during a geomagnetic storm that was most likely caused by a coronal mass ejection from the Sun on 24 May 2010, taken from the International Space Station

Auroras were seen around the world, those in the northern hemisphere as far south as the Caribbean. The aurora over the Rocky Mountains in the United States was so bright that the glow woke gold miners, who began preparing breakfast because they thought it was morning.[8] People in the Northeastern United States could read a newspaper by the aurora's light.[14] The aurora was visible from the poles to low latitude areas such as south-central Mexico,[15][16] Queensland, Cuba, Hawaii,[17] southern Japan and China,[18] and even at lower latitudes very close to the equator, such as in Colombia.[19]

On Saturday 3 September 1859, the Baltimore American and Commercial Advertiser reported:

Those who happened to be out late on Thursday night had an opportunity of witnessing another magnificent display of the auroral lights. The phenomenon was very similar to the display on Sunday night, though at times the light was, if possible, more brilliant, and the prismatic hues more varied and gorgeous. The light appeared to cover the whole firmament, apparently like a luminous cloud, through which the stars of the larger magnitude indistinctly shone. The light was greater than that of the moon at its full, but had an indescribable softness and delicacy that seemed to envelop everything upon which it rested. Between 12 and 1 o'clock, when the display was at its full brilliancy, the quiet streets of the city resting under this strange light, presented a beautiful as well as singular appearance.[20]

In 1909, an Australian gold miner named C F Herbert retold his observations in a letter to the Daily News in Perth:

I was gold-digging at Rokewood, about four miles [6.4 km] from Rokewood township (Victoria). Myself and two mates looking out of the tent saw a great reflection in the southern heavens at about 7 o'clock p.m., and in about half an hour, a scene of almost unspeakable beauty presented itself:

Lights of every imaginable color were issuing from the southern heavens, one color fading away only to give place to another if possible more beautiful than the last, the streams mounting to the zenith, but always becoming a rich purple when reaching there, and always curling round, leaving a clear strip of sky, which may be described as four fingers held at arm's length.

The northern side from the zenith was also illuminated with beautiful colors, always curling round at the zenith, but were considered to be merely a reproduction of the southern display, as all colors south and north always corresponded.

It was a sight never to be forgotten, and was considered at the time to be the greatest aurora recorded [...]. The rationalist and pantheist saw nature in her most exquisite robes, recognising, the divine immanence, immutable law, cause, and effect. The superstitious and the fanatical had dire forebodings, and thought it a foreshadowing of Armageddon and final dissolution.[21]

Telegraphs

Because of the geomagnetically induced current from the electromagnetic field, telegraph systems all over Europe and North America failed, in some cases giving their operators electric shocks.[22] Telegraph pylons threw sparks.[23] Some operators were able to continue to send and receive messages despite having disconnected their power supplies.[24][25] The following conversation occurred between two operators of the American telegraph line between Boston, Massachusetts, and Portland, Maine, on the night of 2 September 1859 and reported in the Boston Evening Traveler:

Boston operator (to Portland operator): "Please cut off your battery [power source] entirely for fifteen minutes."

Portland operator: "Will do so. It is now disconnected."

Boston: "Mine is disconnected, and we are working with the auroral current. How do you receive my writing?"

Portland: "Better than with our batteries on. – Current comes and goes gradually."

Boston: "My current is very strong at times, and we can work better without the batteries, as the aurora seems to neutralize and augment our batteries alternately, making current too strong at times for our relay magnets. Suppose we work without batteries while we are affected by this trouble."

Portland: "Very well. Shall I go ahead with business?"

Boston: "Yes. Go ahead."

The conversation was carried on for around two hours using no battery power at all and working solely with the current induced by the aurora, the first time on record that more than a word or two was transmitted in such manner.[26]

Similar events

See also: List of solar storms

Overall, less severe storms occurred in 1921 (this was comparable by some measures) and 1960, when widespread radio disruption was reported. The March 1989 geomagnetic storm knocked out power across large sections of Quebec. On 23 July 2012, a "Carrington-class" solar superstorm (solar flare, CME, solar electromagnetic pulse) was observed, but its trajectory narrowly missed Earth.[5][27]

In June 2013, a joint venture from researchers at Lloyd's of London and Atmospheric and Environmental Research (AER) in the US used data from the Carrington Event to estimate the cost of a similar event in the present to the US alone at US$600 billion to $2.6 trillion (equivalent to $698 billion to $3.02 trillion in 2021[28]),[3] which, at the time, equated to roughly 3.6 to 15.5 per cent of annual GDP.

Other research has looked for signatures of large solar flares and CMEs in carbon-14 in tree rings and beryllium-10 (among other isotopes) in ice cores. The signature of a large solar storm has been found for 774–775 CE and for 993–994 CE.[29][30] Carbon-14 levels stored in 775 suggest an event about 20 times the normal variation of the sun's activity, and 10 or more times the size of the Carrington Event.[31] An event in 7176 BCE may have exceeded even the 774–775 CE event based on this proxy data.[32]

Whether the physics of solar flares is similar to that of even larger superflares is still unclear. The sun may differ in important ways such as size and speed of rotation from the types of stars that are known to produce superflares.[30]

Other evidence

Ice cores containing thin nitrate-rich layers have been analysed to reconstruct a history of past solar storms predating reliable observations. This was based on the hypothesis that solar energetic particles would ionize nitrogen, leading to the production of nitric oxide and other oxidised nitrogen compounds, which would not be too diluted in the atmosphere before being deposited along with snow.[33]

Beginning in 1986, some researchers claimed that data from Greenland ice cores showed evidence of individual solar particle events, including the Carrington Event.[34] More recent ice core work, however, casts significant doubt on this interpretation, and shows that nitrate spikes are likely not a result of solar energetic particle events but can be due to terrestrial events such as forest fires, and correlate with other chemical signatures of known forest fire plumes. Nitrate events in cores from Greenland and Antarctica do not align, so the hypothesis that they reflect proton events is now in significant doubt.[33][35][36]

See also

References

  1. ^ Kimball, D. S. (April 1960). "A Study of the Aurora of 1859" (PDF). Geophysical Institute at the University of Alaska. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
  2. ^ Tsurutani, B. T. (2003). "The extreme magnetic storm of 1–2 September 1859". Journal of Geophysical Research. 108 (A7): 1268. Bibcode:2003JGRA..108.1268T. doi:10.1029/2002JA009504. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
  3. ^ a b Solar Storm Risk to the North American Electric Grid (PDF). Lloyd's of London and Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
  4. ^ Baker, D.N.; et al. (2008). Severe Space Weather Events – Understanding Societal and Economic Impacts. Washington, D.C.: The National Academy Press. doi:10.17226/12507. ISBN 978-0-309-12769-1.
  5. ^ a b Phillips, Dr. Tony (23 July 2014). "Near miss: The solar superstorm of July 2012". NASA. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  6. ^ Cliver, E.W.; Svalgaard, L. (2005). "The 1859 solar-terrestrial disturbance and the current limits on extreme space weather activity" (PDF). Solar Physics. 224 (1–2): 407–422. Bibcode:2004SoPh..224..407C. doi:10.1007/s11207-005-4980-z. S2CID 120093108.
  7. ^ "Near miss: The Solar superstorm of July 2012". NASA Science (science.nasa.gov). Retrieved 14 September 2016.
  8. ^ a b c Odenwald, Sten F.; Green, James L. (28 July 2008). "Bracing the satellite infrastructure for a Solar superstorm". Scientific American. 299 (2): 80–87. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0808-80. PMID 18666683. Retrieved 16 February 2011.
  9. ^ Carrington, R.C. (1859). "Description of a singular appearance seen in the Sun on September 1, 1859". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 20: 13–15. Bibcode:1859MNRAS..20...13C. doi:10.1093/mnras/20.1.13.
  10. ^ Hodgson, R. (1859). "On a curious appearance seen in the Sun". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 20: 15–16. Bibcode:1859MNRAS..20...15H. doi:10.1093/mnras/20.1.15.
  11. ^ Thompson, Richard (24 September 2015). . Space Weather Services. Australian Government. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
  12. ^ Clark, Stuart (2007). The Sun Kings: The unexpected tragedy of Richard Carrington and the tale of how modern astronomy began. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12660-9.[page needed]
  13. ^ The 9 articles by E. Loomis published from November 1859 – July 1862 in the American Journal of Science regarding "The great auroral exhibition", 28  – 4 August September 1859:
  14. ^ Lovett, R.A. (2 March 2011). "What if the biggest solar storm on record happened today?". National Geographic News. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
  15. ^ Hayakawa, H. (2018). "Low-latitude aurorae during the extreme space weather events in 1859". The Astrophysical Journal. 869 (1): 57. arXiv:1811.02786. Bibcode:2018ApJ...869...57H. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aae47c. S2CID 119386459.
  16. ^ González‐Esparza, J.A.; Cuevas‐Cardona, M.C. (2018). "Observations of Low Latitude Red Aurora in Mexico During the 1859 Carrington Geomagnetic Storm". Space Weather. 16 (6): 593. Bibcode:2018SpWea..16..593G. doi:10.1029/2017SW001789.
  17. ^ Green, J. (2006). "Duration and extent of the great auroral storm of 1859". Advances in Space Research. 38 (2): 130–135. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..130G. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.08.054. PMC 5215858. PMID 28066122.
  18. ^ Hayakawa, H. (2016). "East Asian observations of low-latitude aurora during the Carrington magnetic storm". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 68 (6): 99. arXiv:1608.07702. Bibcode:2016PASJ...68...99H. doi:10.1093/pasj/psw097. S2CID 119268875.
  19. ^ Moreno Cárdenas, Freddy; Cristancho Sánchez, Sergio; Vargas Domínguez, Santiago; Hayakawa, Satoshi; Kumar, Sandeep; Mukherjee, Shyamoli; Veenadhari, B. (2016). "The grand aurorae borealis seen in Colombia in 1859". Advances in Space Research. 57 (1): 257–267. arXiv:1508.06365. Bibcode:2016AdSpR..57..257M. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2015.08.026. S2CID 119183512.
  20. ^ "The Aurora Borealis". Baltimore American and Commercial Advertiser. 3 September 1859. p. 2, column 2. Retrieved 16 February 2011.
  21. ^ Herbert, Count Frank (8 October 1909). "The Great Aurora of 1859". The Daily News. Perth, WA, AU. p. 9. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
  22. ^ Severe Space Weather Events – Understanding Societal and Economic Impacts: A Workshop Report. Committee on the Societal and Economic Impacts of Severe Space Weather Events: A Workshop, National Research Council (Report). National Academies Press. 2008. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-309-12769-1.
  23. ^ Odenwald, Sten F. (2002). The 23rd Cycle. Columbia University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-231-12079-1 – via archive.org.
  24. ^ Carlowicz, Michael J.; Lopez, Ramon E. (2002). Storms from the Sun: The emerging science of space weather. National Academies Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-309-07642-5.
  25. ^ "The American journal of science". [V. 325A] : Publication / Carnegie Institution of Washington, Geophysical Laboratory ;no. 1000. 1880: v. ISSN 0002-9599. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  26. ^ Green, James L.; Boardsen, Scott; Odenwald, Sten; Humble, John; Pazamickas, Katherine A. (1 January 2006). "Eyewitness reports of the great auroral storm of 1859". Advances in Space Research. The Great Historical Geomagnetic Storm of 1859: A Modern Look. 38 (2): 145–154. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..145G. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.12.021. hdl:2060/20050210157. ISSN 0273-1177.
  27. ^ Carrington-class coronal mass ejection narrowly misses Earth (video). NASA. 28 April 2014. Event occurs at 04:03. Retrieved 26 July 2014 – via YouTube.
  28. ^ Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 1 January 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series.
  29. ^ Hudson, Hugh S. (2021). "Carrington Events". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 59: 445–477. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-112420-023324. ISSN 0066-4146. S2CID 241040835. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  30. ^ a b Battersby, Stephen (19 November 2019). "Core concept: What are the chances of a hazardous solar superflare?". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (47): 23368–23370. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11623368B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1917356116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6876210. PMID 31744927.
  31. ^ Crockett, Christopher (17 September 2021). "Are we ready? Understanding just how big solar flares can get". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-091721-1. S2CID 239204944. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  32. ^ Paleari, Chiara I.; F. Mekhaldi; F. Adolphi; M. Christl; C. Vockenhuber; P. Gautschi; J. Beer; N. Brehm; T. Erhardt; H.-A. Synal; L. Wacker; F. Wilhelms; R. Muscheler (2022). "Cosmogenic radionuclides reveal an extreme solar particle storm near a solar minimum 9125 years BP". Nat. Commun. 13 (214): 214. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27891-4. PMC 8752676. PMID 35017519.
  33. ^ a b Wolff, E.W.; Bigler, M.; Curran, M.A.J.; Dibb, J.; Frey, M.M.; Legrand, M. (2012). "The Carrington event not observed in most ice core nitrate records". Geophysical Research Letters. 39 (8): 21, 585–21, 598. Bibcode:2012GeoRL..39.8503W. doi:10.1029/2012GL051603. 
  34. ^ McCracken, K.G.; Dreschhoff, G.A.M.; Zeller, E.J.; Smart, D.F.; Shea, M.A. (2001). "Solar cosmic ray events for the period 1561–1994 – 1. Identification in polar ice, 1561–1950". Journal of Geophysical Research. 106 (A10): 21, 585–21, 598. Bibcode:2001JGR...10621585M. doi:10.1029/2000JA000237.  
  35. ^ Duderstadt, K.A.; et al. (2014). "Nitrate deposition to surface snow at Summit, Greenland, following the 9 November 2000 solar proton event". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 119 (11): 6938–6957. Bibcode:2014JGRD..119.6938D. doi:10.1002/2013JD021389.
  36. ^ Mekhaldi, F.; McConnell, J.R.; Adolphi, F.; Arienzo, M.M.; Chellman, N.J.; Maselli, O.J.; et al. (November 2017). "No coincident nitrate enhancement events in polar ice cores following the largest known Solar storms" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 122 (21): 11, 900–911, 913. Bibcode:2017JGRD..12211900M. doi:10.1002/2017JD027325.

Further reading

  • Bell, Trudy E.; Phillips, Tony (6 May 2008). . Science@NASA (science.nasa.gov). Archived from the original on 9 May 2008.
  • Boteler, D. (2006). "The super storms of August/September 1859 and their effects on the telegraph system". Advances in Space Research. 38 (2): 159–172. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..159B. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2006.01.013.
  • Boteler, D. (2006). "Comment on time conventions in the recordings of 1859". Advances in Space Research. 38 (2): 301–303. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..301B. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2006.07.006.
  • "The largest magnetic storm on record ... or is it? The 'Carrington Event' of August 27 to September 7, 1859: Recorded at Greenwich Observatory, London". British Geological Survey. 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2009.
  • Brooks, Michael (18 March 2009). . New Scientist. Archived from the original on 22 March 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2009.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  • Burke, W.; Huang, C.; Rich, F. (2006). "Energetics of the April 2000 magnetic superstorm observed by DMSP". Advances in Space Research. 38 (2): 239–252. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..239B. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.07.085.
  • Calvin, Robert Clauer; Siscoe, George L., eds. (2006). "The great historical geomagnetic storm of 1859: A modern look". Advances in Space Research. 38 (2): 115–388. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2006.09.002.
  • Clark, Stuart (2007). The Sun Kings: The unexpected tragedy of Richard Carrington and the tale of how modern astronomy began. ISBN 978-0-691-12660-9.
  • Cliver, E.W.; Svalgaard, L. (2004). (PDF). Solar Physics. 224 (1–2): 407. Bibcode:2004SoPh..224..407C. doi:10.1007/s11207-005-4980-z. S2CID 120093108. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
  • Cliver, E. (2006). "The 1859 space weather event: Then and now" (PDF). Advances in Space Research. 38 (2): 119–129. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..119C. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.07.077. from the original on 20 June 2017.
  • Green, J.; Boardsen, S. (2006). "Duration and extent of the great auroral storm of 1859". Advances in Space Research. 38 (2): 130–135. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..130G. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.08.054. PMC 5215858. PMID 28066122.
  • Green, J.; Boardsen, S.; Odenwald, S.; Humble, J.; Pazamickas, K. (2006). "Eyewitness reports of the great auroral storm of 1859". Advances in Space Research. 38 (2): 145–154. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..145G. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.12.021. hdl:2060/20050210157.
  • Hayakawa, H. (2016). "East Asian observations of low-latitude aurora during the Carrington magnetic storm". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 68 (6): 99. arXiv:1608.07702. Bibcode:2016PASJ...68...99H. doi:10.1093/pasj/psw097. S2CID 119268875.
  • Humble, J. (2006). "The solar events of August/September 1859 – Surviving Australian observations". Advances in Space Research. 38 (2): 155–158. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..155H. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.08.053.
  • Kappenman, J. (2006). "Great geomagnetic storms and extreme impulsive geomagnetic field disturbance events – An analysis of observational evidence including the great storm of May 1921". Advances in Space Research. 38 (2): 188–199. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..188K. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.08.055.
  • Kemp, Bill (31 July 2016). "PFOP: Solar Superstorm Awed Locals in 1859". A Page from Our Past. The Pantagraph. Bloomington, IL. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  • Li, X.; Temerin, M.; Tsurutani, B.; Alex, S. (2006). "Modeling of 1–2 September 1859 super magnetic storm". Advances in Space Research. 38 (2): 273–279. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..273L. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.06.070.
  • Manchester, W.B., IV; Ridley, A.J.; Gombosi, T.I.; de Zeeuw, D.L. (2006). "Modeling the Sun-to-Earth propagation of a very fast CME". Advances in Space Research. 38 (2): 253–262. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..253M. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.09.044.
  • Nevanlinna, H. (2006). "A study on the great geomagnetic storm of 1859: Comparisons with other storms in the 19th century". Advances in Space Research. 38 (2): 180–187. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..180N. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.07.076.
  • Odenwald, S.; Green, J.; Taylor, W. (2006). "Forecasting the impact of an 1859-calibre superstorm on satellite resources". Advances in Space Research. 38 (2): 280–297. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..280O. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.10.046. hdl:2060/20050210154.
  • Ridley, A.J.; de Zeeuw, D.L.; Manchester, W.B.; Hansen, K.C. (2006). "The magnetospheric and ionospheric response to a very strong interplanetary shock and coronal mass ejection". Advances in Space Research. 38 (2): 263–272. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..263R. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2006.06.010.
  • Robertclauer, C.; Siscoe, G. (2006). "The great historical geomagnetic storm of 1859: A modern look". Advances in Space Research. 38 (2): 117–118. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..117R. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2006.09.001.
  • Shea, M.; Smart, D. (2006). "Geomagnetic cutoff rigidities and geomagnetic coordinates appropriate for the Carrington flare Epoch". Advances in Space Research. 38 (2): 209–214. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..209S. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.156.
  • Shea, M.; Smart, D.; McCracken, K.; Dreschhoff, G.; Spence, H. (2006). "Solar proton events for 450 years: The Carrington event in perspective". Advances in Space Research. 38 (2): 232–238. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..232S. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.02.100.
  • Shea, M.; Smart, D. (2006). "Compendium of the eight articles on the "Carrington Event" attributed to or written by Elias Loomis in the American Journal of Science, 1859–1861". Advances in Space Research. 38 (2): 313–385. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..313S. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2006.07.005.
  • Silverman, S. (2006). "Comparison of the aurora of September 1–2, 1859 with other great auroras". Advances in Space Research. 38 (2): 136–144. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..136S. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.157.
  • Silverman, S. (2006). "Low latitude auroras prior to 1200 C.E. and Ezekiel's vision". Advances in Space Research. 38 (2): 200–208. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..200S. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.158.
  • Siscoe, G.; Crooker, N.; Clauer, C. (2006). "Dst of the Carrington storm of 1859". Advances in Space Research. 38 (2): 173–179. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..173S. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.02.102.
  • Smart, D.; Shea, M.; McCracken, K. (2006). "The Carrington event: Possible solar proton intensity–time profile". Advances in Space Research. 38 (2): 215–225. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..215S. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.04.116.
  • "Solar Storm 1859". Solar Storms. – Excerpts of articles from newspapers concerning the Carrington Event
  • Townsend, L.W.; Stephens, D.L.; Hoff, J.L.; Zapp, E.N.; Moussa, H.M.; Miller, T.M.; Campbell, C.E.; Nichols, T.F. (2006). "The Carrington event: Possible doses to crews in space from a comparable event". Advances in Space Research. 38 (2): 226–231. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..226T. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.01.111.
  • Tsurutani, B.T.; Gonzalez, W.D.; Lakhina, G.S.; Alex, S. (2003). "The extreme magnetic storm of 1–2 September 1859". Journal of Geophysical Research. 108 (A7): 1268. Bibcode:2003JGRA..108.1268T. doi:10.1029/2002JA009504.
  • Wilson, L. (2006). "Excerpts from and Comments on the Wochenschrift für Astronomie, Meteorologie und Geographie, Neue Folge, zweiter Jahrgang (new series 2)". Advances in Space Research. 38 (2): 304–312. Bibcode:2006AdSpR..38..304W. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2006.07.004.

External links

  •   Media related to Carrington Event at Wikimedia Commons
  •   Quotations related to Carrington Event at Wikiquote

January 09, 2023
carrington, event, most, intense, geomagnetic, storm, recorded, history, peaking, from, september, 1859, during, solar, cycle, created, strong, auroral, displays, that, were, reported, globally, caused, sparking, even, fires, multiple, telegraph, stations, geo. The Carrington Event was the most intense geomagnetic storm in recorded history peaking from 1 to 2 September 1859 during solar cycle 10 It created strong auroral displays that were reported globally 1 and caused sparking and even fires in multiple telegraph stations The geomagnetic storm was most likely the result of a coronal mass ejection CME from the Sun colliding with Earth s magnetosphere 2 Carrington EventSunspots of 1 September 1859 as sketched by Richard Carrington A and B mark the initial positions of an intensely bright event which moved over the course of five minutes to C and D before disappearing TypeGeomagnetic stormFormed1 September 1859 1859 09 01 Dissipated2 September 1859 1859 09 02 DamageSevere damage to telegraph stationsAreas affectedWorldwidePart of Solar cycle 10The geomagnetic storm was associated with a very bright solar flare on 1 September 1859 It was observed and recorded independently by British astronomers Richard Christopher Carrington and Richard Hodgson the first records of a solar flare A geomagnetic storm of this magnitude occurring today would cause widespread electrical disruptions blackouts and damage due to extended outages of the electrical power grid 3 4 5 Contents 1 History 1 1 Geomagnetic storm 1 2 Associated solar flare 2 Impact 2 1 Auroras 2 2 Telegraphs 3 Similar events 4 Other evidence 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksHistory EditThe Carrington Event took place a few months before the solar maximum a period of elevated solar activity of solar cycle 10 citation needed Geomagnetic storm Edit The July 2012 solar storm as photographed by STEREO was a CME of comparable strength to the one which is thought to have struck the Earth during the 1859 Carrington Event On 1 2 September 1859 one of the largest geomagnetic storms as recorded by ground based magnetometers occurred 6 Estimates of the storm strength Dst range from 0 80 to 1 75 µT 7 The geomagnetic storm is thought to have been initiated by a major CME that traveled directly toward Earth taking 17 6 hours to make the 150 million kilometre 93 10 6 mi journey Typical CMEs take several days to arrive at Earth but it is believed that the relatively high speed of this CME was made possible by a prior CME perhaps the cause of the large aurora event on 29 August that cleared the way of ambient solar wind plasma for the Carrington Event 8 Associated solar flare Edit Just before noon on 1 September the English amateur astronomers Richard Christopher Carrington and Richard Hodgson independently recorded the earliest observations of a solar flare 8 Carrington and Hodgson compiled independent reports which were published side by side in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society and exhibited their drawings of the event at the November 1859 meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society 9 10 Because of a geomagnetic solar flare effect a magnetic crochet 11 observed in the Kew Observatory magnetometer record by Scottish physicist Balfour Stewart and a geomagnetic storm observed the following day Carrington suspected a solar terrestrial connection 12 Worldwide reports of the effects of the geomagnetic storm of 1859 were compiled and published by American mathematician Elias Loomis which support the observations of Carrington and Stewart 13 Impact EditAuroras Edit Aurora during a geomagnetic storm that was most likely caused by a coronal mass ejection from the Sun on 24 May 2010 taken from the International Space Station Auroras were seen around the world those in the northern hemisphere as far south as the Caribbean The aurora over the Rocky Mountains in the United States was so bright that the glow woke gold miners who began preparing breakfast because they thought it was morning 8 People in the Northeastern United States could read a newspaper by the aurora s light 14 The aurora was visible from the poles to low latitude areas such as south central Mexico 15 16 Queensland Cuba Hawaii 17 southern Japan and China 18 and even at lower latitudes very close to the equator such as in Colombia 19 On Saturday 3 September 1859 the Baltimore American and Commercial Advertiser reported Those who happened to be out late on Thursday night had an opportunity of witnessing another magnificent display of the auroral lights The phenomenon was very similar to the display on Sunday night though at times the light was if possible more brilliant and the prismatic hues more varied and gorgeous The light appeared to cover the whole firmament apparently like a luminous cloud through which the stars of the larger magnitude indistinctly shone The light was greater than that of the moon at its full but had an indescribable softness and delicacy that seemed to envelop everything upon which it rested Between 12 and 1 o clock when the display was at its full brilliancy the quiet streets of the city resting under this strange light presented a beautiful as well as singular appearance 20 In 1909 an Australian gold miner named C F Herbert retold his observations in a letter to the Daily News in Perth I was gold digging at Rokewood about four miles 6 4 km from Rokewood township Victoria Myself and two mates looking out of the tent saw a great reflection in the southern heavens at about 7 o clock p m and in about half an hour a scene of almost unspeakable beauty presented itself Lights of every imaginable color were issuing from the southern heavens one color fading away only to give place to another if possible more beautiful than the last the streams mounting to the zenith but always becoming a rich purple when reaching there and always curling round leaving a clear strip of sky which may be described as four fingers held at arm s length The northern side from the zenith was also illuminated with beautiful colors always curling round at the zenith but were considered to be merely a reproduction of the southern display as all colors south and north always corresponded It was a sight never to be forgotten and was considered at the time to be the greatest aurora recorded The rationalist and pantheist saw nature in her most exquisite robes recognising the divine immanence immutable law cause and effect The superstitious and the fanatical had dire forebodings and thought it a foreshadowing of Armageddon and final dissolution 21 Telegraphs EditBecause of the geomagnetically induced current from the electromagnetic field telegraph systems all over Europe and North America failed in some cases giving their operators electric shocks 22 Telegraph pylons threw sparks 23 Some operators were able to continue to send and receive messages despite having disconnected their power supplies 24 25 The following conversation occurred between two operators of the American telegraph line between Boston Massachusetts and Portland Maine on the night of 2 September 1859 and reported in the Boston Evening Traveler Boston operator to Portland operator Please cut off your battery power source entirely for fifteen minutes Portland operator Will do so It is now disconnected Boston Mine is disconnected and we are working with the auroral current How do you receive my writing Portland Better than with our batteries on Current comes and goes gradually Boston My current is very strong at times and we can work better without the batteries as the aurora seems to neutralize and augment our batteries alternately making current too strong at times for our relay magnets Suppose we work without batteries while we are affected by this trouble Portland Very well Shall I go ahead with business Boston Yes Go ahead The conversation was carried on for around two hours using no battery power at all and working solely with the current induced by the aurora the first time on record that more than a word or two was transmitted in such manner 26 Similar events EditSee also List of solar storms Overall less severe storms occurred in 1921 this was comparable by some measures and 1960 when widespread radio disruption was reported The March 1989 geomagnetic storm knocked out power across large sections of Quebec On 23 July 2012 a Carrington class solar superstorm solar flare CME solar electromagnetic pulse was observed but its trajectory narrowly missed Earth 5 27 In June 2013 a joint venture from researchers at Lloyd s of London and Atmospheric and Environmental Research AER in the US used data from the Carrington Event to estimate the cost of a similar event in the present to the US alone at US 600 billion to 2 6 trillion equivalent to 698 billion to 3 02 trillion in 2021 28 3 which at the time equated to roughly 3 6 to 15 5 per cent of annual GDP Other research has looked for signatures of large solar flares and CMEs in carbon 14 in tree rings and beryllium 10 among other isotopes in ice cores The signature of a large solar storm has been found for 774 775 CE and for 993 994 CE 29 30 Carbon 14 levels stored in 775 suggest an event about 20 times the normal variation of the sun s activity and 10 or more times the size of the Carrington Event 31 An event in 7176 BCE may have exceeded even the 774 775 CE event based on this proxy data 32 Whether the physics of solar flares is similar to that of even larger superflares is still unclear The sun may differ in important ways such as size and speed of rotation from the types of stars that are known to produce superflares 30 Other evidence EditIce cores containing thin nitrate rich layers have been analysed to reconstruct a history of past solar storms predating reliable observations This was based on the hypothesis that solar energetic particles would ionize nitrogen leading to the production of nitric oxide and other oxidised nitrogen compounds which would not be too diluted in the atmosphere before being deposited along with snow 33 Beginning in 1986 some researchers claimed that data from Greenland ice cores showed evidence of individual solar particle events including the Carrington Event 34 More recent ice core work however casts significant doubt on this interpretation and shows that nitrate spikes are likely not a result of solar energetic particle events but can be due to terrestrial events such as forest fires and correlate with other chemical signatures of known forest fire plumes Nitrate events in cores from Greenland and Antarctica do not align so the hypothesis that they reflect proton events is now in significant doubt 33 35 36 See also EditA index COBRA 2020 British TV series imagining an equivalent storm affecting modern Britain K index Nuclear electromagnetic pulse 774 775 carbon 14 spikeReferences Edit Kimball D S April 1960 A Study of the Aurora of 1859 PDF Geophysical Institute at the University of Alaska Retrieved 28 November 2021 Tsurutani B T 2003 The extreme magnetic storm of 1 2 September 1859 Journal of Geophysical Research 108 A7 1268 Bibcode 2003JGRA 108 1268T doi 10 1029 2002JA009504 Retrieved 28 November 2021 a b Solar Storm Risk to the North American Electric Grid PDF Lloyd s of London and Atmospheric and Environmental Research Inc 2013 Retrieved 17 February 2022 Baker D N et al 2008 Severe Space Weather Events Understanding Societal and Economic Impacts Washington D C The National Academy Press doi 10 17226 12507 ISBN 978 0 309 12769 1 a b Phillips Dr Tony 23 July 2014 Near miss The solar superstorm of July 2012 NASA Retrieved 26 July 2014 Cliver E W Svalgaard L 2005 The 1859 solar terrestrial disturbance and the current limits on extreme space weather activity PDF Solar Physics 224 1 2 407 422 Bibcode 2004SoPh 224 407C doi 10 1007 s11207 005 4980 z S2CID 120093108 Near miss The Solar superstorm of July 2012 NASA Science science nasa gov Retrieved 14 September 2016 a b c Odenwald Sten F Green James L 28 July 2008 Bracing the satellite infrastructure for a Solar superstorm Scientific American 299 2 80 87 doi 10 1038 scientificamerican0808 80 PMID 18666683 Retrieved 16 February 2011 Carrington R C 1859 Description of a singular appearance seen in the Sun on September 1 1859 Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 20 13 15 Bibcode 1859MNRAS 20 13C doi 10 1093 mnras 20 1 13 Hodgson R 1859 On a curious appearance seen in the Sun Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 20 15 16 Bibcode 1859MNRAS 20 15H doi 10 1093 mnras 20 1 15 Thompson Richard 24 September 2015 A solar flare effect Space Weather Services Australian Government Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 Retrieved 2 September 2015 Clark Stuart 2007 The Sun Kings The unexpected tragedy of Richard Carrington and the tale of how modern astronomy began Princeton NJ Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 12660 9 page needed The 9 articles by E Loomis published from November 1859 July 1862 in the American Journal of Science regarding The great auroral exhibition 28 4 August September 1859 Loomis Elias November 1859 The great auroral exhibition of August 28 to September 4 1859 The American Journal of Science 2nd series 28 385 408 Loomis Elias January 1860 The great auroral exhibition of August 28 to September 4 1859 2nd article The American Journal of Science 2nd series 29 92 97 Loomis Elias February 1860 The great auroral exhibition of August 28 to September 4 1859 3rd article The American Journal of Science 2nd series 29 249 266 Loomis Elias May 1860 The great auroral exhibition of August 28 to September 4 1859 4th article The American Journal of Science 2nd series 29 386 399 Loomis Elias July 1860 The great auroral exhibition of August 28 to September 4 1859 and the geographical distribution of auroras and thunder storms 5th article The American Journal of Science 2nd series 30 79 100 Loomis Elias November 1860 The great auroral exhibition of August 28 to September 4 1859 6th article The American Journal of Science 2nd series 30 339 361 Loomis Elias July 1861 The great auroral exhibition of August 28 to September 4 1859 7th article The American Journal of Science 2nd series 32 71 84 Loomis Elias September 1861 On the great auroral exhibition of August 28 to September 4 1859 and auroras generally 8th article The American Journal of Science 2nd series 32 318 335 Loomis Elias July 1862 On electrical currents circulating near the earth s surface and their connection with the phenomena of the aurora polaris 9th article The American Journal of Science 2nd series 34 34 45 Lovett R A 2 March 2011 What if the biggest solar storm on record happened today National Geographic News Retrieved 5 September 2011 Hayakawa H 2018 Low latitude aurorae during the extreme space weather events in 1859 The Astrophysical Journal 869 1 57 arXiv 1811 02786 Bibcode 2018ApJ 869 57H doi 10 3847 1538 4357 aae47c S2CID 119386459 Gonzalez Esparza J A Cuevas Cardona M C 2018 Observations of Low Latitude Red Aurora in Mexico During the 1859 Carrington Geomagnetic Storm Space Weather 16 6 593 Bibcode 2018SpWea 16 593G doi 10 1029 2017SW001789 Green J 2006 Duration and extent of the great auroral storm of 1859 Advances in Space Research 38 2 130 135 Bibcode 2006AdSpR 38 130G doi 10 1016 j asr 2005 08 054 PMC 5215858 PMID 28066122 Hayakawa H 2016 East Asian observations of low latitude aurora during the Carrington magnetic storm Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 68 6 99 arXiv 1608 07702 Bibcode 2016PASJ 68 99H doi 10 1093 pasj psw097 S2CID 119268875 Moreno Cardenas Freddy Cristancho Sanchez Sergio Vargas Dominguez Santiago Hayakawa Satoshi Kumar Sandeep Mukherjee Shyamoli Veenadhari B 2016 The grand aurorae borealis seen in Colombia in 1859 Advances in Space Research 57 1 257 267 arXiv 1508 06365 Bibcode 2016AdSpR 57 257M doi 10 1016 j asr 2015 08 026 S2CID 119183512 The Aurora Borealis Baltimore American and Commercial Advertiser 3 September 1859 p 2 column 2 Retrieved 16 February 2011 Herbert Count Frank 8 October 1909 The Great Aurora of 1859 The Daily News Perth WA AU p 9 Retrieved 1 April 2018 Severe Space Weather Events Understanding Societal and Economic Impacts A Workshop Report Committee on the Societal and Economic Impacts of Severe Space Weather Events A Workshop National Research Council Report National Academies Press 2008 p 13 ISBN 978 0 309 12769 1 Odenwald Sten F 2002 The 23rd Cycle Columbia University Press p 28 ISBN 978 0 231 12079 1 via archive org Carlowicz Michael J Lopez Ramon E 2002 Storms from the Sun The emerging science of space weather National Academies Press p 58 ISBN 978 0 309 07642 5 The American journal of science V 325A Publication Carnegie Institution of Washington Geophysical Laboratory no 1000 1880 v ISSN 0002 9599 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Green James L Boardsen Scott Odenwald Sten Humble John Pazamickas Katherine A 1 January 2006 Eyewitness reports of the great auroral storm of 1859 Advances in Space Research The Great Historical Geomagnetic Storm of 1859 A Modern Look 38 2 145 154 Bibcode 2006AdSpR 38 145G doi 10 1016 j asr 2005 12 021 hdl 2060 20050210157 ISSN 0273 1177 Carrington class coronal mass ejection narrowly misses Earth video NASA 28 April 2014 Event occurs at 04 03 Retrieved 26 July 2014 via YouTube Johnston Louis Williamson Samuel H 2023 What Was the U S GDP Then MeasuringWorth Retrieved 1 January 2023 United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series Hudson Hugh S 2021 Carrington Events Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 59 445 477 doi 10 1146 annurev astro 112420 023324 ISSN 0066 4146 S2CID 241040835 Retrieved 30 September 2021 a b Battersby Stephen 19 November 2019 Core concept What are the chances of a hazardous solar superflare Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116 47 23368 23370 Bibcode 2019PNAS 11623368B doi 10 1073 pnas 1917356116 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 6876210 PMID 31744927 Crockett Christopher 17 September 2021 Are we ready Understanding just how big solar flares can get Knowable Magazine doi 10 1146 knowable 091721 1 S2CID 239204944 Retrieved 30 September 2021 Paleari Chiara I F Mekhaldi F Adolphi M Christl C Vockenhuber P Gautschi J Beer N Brehm T Erhardt H A Synal L Wacker F Wilhelms R Muscheler 2022 Cosmogenic radionuclides reveal an extreme solar particle storm near a solar minimum 9125 years BP Nat Commun 13 214 214 doi 10 1038 s41467 021 27891 4 PMC 8752676 PMID 35017519 a b Wolff E W Bigler M Curran M A J Dibb J Frey M M Legrand M 2012 The Carrington event not observed in most ice core nitrate records Geophysical Research Letters 39 8 21 585 21 598 Bibcode 2012GeoRL 39 8503W doi 10 1029 2012GL051603 McCracken K G Dreschhoff G A M Zeller E J Smart D F Shea M A 2001 Solar cosmic ray events for the period 1561 1994 1 Identification in polar ice 1561 1950 Journal of Geophysical Research 106 A10 21 585 21 598 Bibcode 2001JGR 10621585M doi 10 1029 2000JA000237 Duderstadt K A et al 2014 Nitrate deposition to surface snow at Summit Greenland following the 9 November 2000 solar proton event Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 119 11 6938 6957 Bibcode 2014JGRD 119 6938D doi 10 1002 2013JD021389 Mekhaldi F McConnell J R Adolphi F Arienzo M M Chellman N J Maselli O J et al November 2017 No coincident nitrate enhancement events in polar ice cores following the largest known Solar storms PDF Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 122 21 11 900 911 913 Bibcode 2017JGRD 12211900M doi 10 1002 2017JD027325 Further reading EditThis further reading section may contain inappropriate or excessive suggestions that may not follow Wikipedia s guidelines Please ensure that only a reasonable number of balanced topical reliable and notable further reading suggestions are given removing less relevant or redundant publications with the same point of view where appropriate Consider utilising appropriate texts as inline sources or creating a separate bibliography article November 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Bell Trudy E Phillips Tony 6 May 2008 A Super Solar Flare Science NASA science nasa gov Archived from the original on 9 May 2008 Boteler D 2006 The super storms of August September 1859 and their effects on the telegraph system Advances in Space Research 38 2 159 172 Bibcode 2006AdSpR 38 159B doi 10 1016 j asr 2006 01 013 Boteler D 2006 Comment on time conventions in the recordings of 1859 Advances in Space Research 38 2 301 303 Bibcode 2006AdSpR 38 301B doi 10 1016 j asr 2006 07 006 The largest magnetic storm on record or is it The Carrington Event of August 27 to September 7 1859 Recorded at Greenwich Observatory London British Geological Survey 2011 Retrieved 28 March 2009 Brooks Michael 18 March 2009 Space storm alert 90 seconds from catastrophe New Scientist Archived from the original on 22 March 2009 Retrieved 28 March 2009 a href Template Cite news html title Template Cite news cite news a CS1 maint unfit URL link Burke W Huang C Rich F 2006 Energetics of the April 2000 magnetic superstorm observed by DMSP Advances in Space Research 38 2 239 252 Bibcode 2006AdSpR 38 239B doi 10 1016 j asr 2005 07 085 Calvin Robert Clauer Siscoe George L eds 2006 The great historical geomagnetic storm of 1859 A modern look Advances in Space Research 38 2 115 388 doi 10 1016 j asr 2006 09 002 Carrington R C 1859 Description of a singular appearance seen in the Sun on September 1 1859 Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 20 13 15 Bibcode 1859MNRAS 20 13C doi 10 1093 mnras 20 1 13 Clark Stuart 2007 The Sun Kings The unexpected tragedy of Richard Carrington and the tale of how modern astronomy began ISBN 978 0 691 12660 9 Cliver E W Svalgaard L 2004 The 1859 Solar Terrestrial Disturbance and the Current Limits of Extreme Space Weather Activity PDF Solar Physics 224 1 2 407 Bibcode 2004SoPh 224 407C doi 10 1007 s11207 005 4980 z S2CID 120093108 Archived from the original PDF on 11 August 2011 Retrieved 29 August 2015 Cliver E 2006 The 1859 space weather event Then and now PDF Advances in Space Research 38 2 119 129 Bibcode 2006AdSpR 38 119C doi 10 1016 j asr 2005 07 077 Archived from the original on 20 June 2017 Green J Boardsen S 2006 Duration and extent of the great auroral storm of 1859 Advances in Space Research 38 2 130 135 Bibcode 2006AdSpR 38 130G doi 10 1016 j asr 2005 08 054 PMC 5215858 PMID 28066122 Green J Boardsen S Odenwald S Humble J Pazamickas K 2006 Eyewitness reports of the great auroral storm of 1859 Advances in Space Research 38 2 145 154 Bibcode 2006AdSpR 38 145G doi 10 1016 j asr 2005 12 021 hdl 2060 20050210157 Hayakawa H 2016 East Asian observations of low latitude aurora during the Carrington magnetic storm Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 68 6 99 arXiv 1608 07702 Bibcode 2016PASJ 68 99H doi 10 1093 pasj psw097 S2CID 119268875 Humble J 2006 The solar events of August September 1859 Surviving Australian observations Advances in Space Research 38 2 155 158 Bibcode 2006AdSpR 38 155H doi 10 1016 j asr 2005 08 053 Kappenman J 2006 Great geomagnetic storms and extreme impulsive geomagnetic field disturbance events An analysis of observational evidence including the great storm of May 1921 Advances in Space Research 38 2 188 199 Bibcode 2006AdSpR 38 188K doi 10 1016 j asr 2005 08 055 Kemp Bill 31 July 2016 PFOP Solar Superstorm Awed Locals in 1859 A Page from Our Past The Pantagraph Bloomington IL Retrieved 2 May 2020 Li X Temerin M Tsurutani B Alex S 2006 Modeling of 1 2 September 1859 super magnetic storm Advances in Space Research 38 2 273 279 Bibcode 2006AdSpR 38 273L doi 10 1016 j asr 2005 06 070 Manchester W B IV Ridley A J Gombosi T I de Zeeuw D L 2006 Modeling the Sun to Earth propagation of a very fast CME Advances in Space Research 38 2 253 262 Bibcode 2006AdSpR 38 253M doi 10 1016 j asr 2005 09 044 Nevanlinna H 2006 A study on the great geomagnetic storm of 1859 Comparisons with other storms in the 19th century Advances in Space Research 38 2 180 187 Bibcode 2006AdSpR 38 180N doi 10 1016 j asr 2005 07 076 Odenwald S Green J Taylor W 2006 Forecasting the impact of an 1859 calibre superstorm on satellite resources Advances in Space Research 38 2 280 297 Bibcode 2006AdSpR 38 280O doi 10 1016 j asr 2005 10 046 hdl 2060 20050210154 Ridley A J de Zeeuw D L Manchester W B Hansen K C 2006 The magnetospheric and ionospheric response to a very strong interplanetary shock and coronal mass ejection Advances in Space Research 38 2 263 272 Bibcode 2006AdSpR 38 263R doi 10 1016 j asr 2006 06 010 Robertclauer C Siscoe G 2006 The great historical geomagnetic storm of 1859 A modern look Advances in Space Research 38 2 117 118 Bibcode 2006AdSpR 38 117R doi 10 1016 j asr 2006 09 001 Shea M Smart D 2006 Geomagnetic cutoff rigidities and geomagnetic coordinates appropriate for the Carrington flare Epoch Advances in Space Research 38 2 209 214 Bibcode 2006AdSpR 38 209S doi 10 1016 j asr 2005 03 156 Shea M Smart D McCracken K Dreschhoff G Spence H 2006 Solar proton events for 450 years The Carrington event in perspective Advances in Space Research 38 2 232 238 Bibcode 2006AdSpR 38 232S doi 10 1016 j asr 2005 02 100 Shea M Smart D 2006 Compendium of the eight articles on the Carrington Event attributed to or written by Elias Loomis in the American Journal of Science 1859 1861 Advances in Space Research 38 2 313 385 Bibcode 2006AdSpR 38 313S doi 10 1016 j asr 2006 07 005 Silverman S 2006 Comparison of the aurora of September 1 2 1859 with other great auroras Advances in Space Research 38 2 136 144 Bibcode 2006AdSpR 38 136S doi 10 1016 j asr 2005 03 157 Silverman S 2006 Low latitude auroras prior to 1200 C E and Ezekiel s vision Advances in Space Research 38 2 200 208 Bibcode 2006AdSpR 38 200S doi 10 1016 j asr 2005 03 158 Siscoe G Crooker N Clauer C 2006 Dst of the Carrington storm of 1859 Advances in Space Research 38 2 173 179 Bibcode 2006AdSpR 38 173S doi 10 1016 j asr 2005 02 102 Smart D Shea M McCracken K 2006 The Carrington event Possible solar proton intensity time profile Advances in Space Research 38 2 215 225 Bibcode 2006AdSpR 38 215S doi 10 1016 j asr 2005 04 116 Solar Storm 1859 Solar Storms Excerpts of articles from newspapers concerning the Carrington EventTownsend L W Stephens D L Hoff J L Zapp E N Moussa H M Miller T M Campbell C E Nichols T F 2006 The Carrington event Possible doses to crews in space from a comparable event Advances in Space Research 38 2 226 231 Bibcode 2006AdSpR 38 226T doi 10 1016 j asr 2005 01 111 Tsurutani B T Gonzalez W D Lakhina G S Alex S 2003 The extreme magnetic storm of 1 2 September 1859 Journal of Geophysical Research 108 A7 1268 Bibcode 2003JGRA 108 1268T doi 10 1029 2002JA009504 Wilson L 2006 Excerpts from and Comments on the Wochenschrift fur Astronomie Meteorologie und Geographie Neue Folge zweiter Jahrgang new series 2 Advances in Space Research 38 2 304 312 Bibcode 2006AdSpR 38 304W doi 10 1016 j asr 2006 07 004 External links Edit Media related to Carrington Event at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Carrington Event at Wikiquote Portals Physics Astronomy Stars Outer space Solar System Science Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Carrington Event amp oldid 1131202741, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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