Solanum americanum, commonly known as American black nightshade,[3]small-flowered nightshade[4] or glossy nightshade, is a herbaceousflowering plant of wide though uncertain native range. The certain native range encompasses the tropics and subtropics of the Americas, Melanesia, New Guinea, and Australia.[5]
Solanum americanum var. nodiflorum (Jacq.) Edmonds
Solanum caribaeum Dunal
Solanum curtipes Bitter
Solanum depilatum Bitter
Solanum ganchouenense H. Lév.
Solanum gollmeri Bitter
Solanum humile Lam.
Solanum imerinense Bitter
Solanum inconspicuum Bitter
Solanum indecorum Rich.
Solanum inops Dunal
Solanum minutibaccatum Bitter
Solanum minutibaccatum var. curtipedunculatum Bitter
Solanum nigrum L.
Solanum nigrum var. americanum (Mill.) O.E. Schulz
Solanum nigrum var. atriplicifolium G. Mey.
Solanum nigrum var. minor Hook. f.
Solanum nigrum var. nodiflorum (Jacq.) A. Gray
Solanum nigrum var. pauciflorum Liou
Solanum nigrum var. virginicum L.
Solanum nodiflorum Jacq.
Solanum nodiflorum var. acuminatum Dunal
Solanum nodiflorum var. macrophyllum Dunal
Solanum nodiflorum var. petiolastrum Dunal
Solanum nodiflorum var. puberulum Dunal
Solanum nodiflorum var. sapucayense Chodat
Solanum oleraceum Dunal
Solanum parviflorum Badarò
Solanum photeinocarpum Nakam. & Odash.
Solanum pterocaulon Dunal
Solanum purpuratum Bitter
Solanum quadrangulare Thunb. ex L. f.
Solanum sciaphilum Bitter
Solanum tenellum Bitter
Solanum triangulare Lam.
The plant is widely naturalised around the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans, including Hawaiʻi, Indochina, Madagascar and Africa, possibly via anthropogenic introduction in these locales.
Solanum americanum is one of the most widespread and morphologically variable species belonging to the section Solanum.[6] It can be confused with other black nightshade species in the Solanum nigrum complex.[7]
Solanum americanum grows up to 1–1.5 metres (39–59 in) tall and is an annual or short-lived perennial. The leaves are alternate on the branch, and vary greatly in size, up to 10 centimetres (3.9 in) long and 7 centimetres (2.8 in) broad, with a 4-centimetre (1.6 in) petiole and a coarsely wavy or toothed margin. The flowers are about 1 cm diameter, white or occasionally light purple, with yellow stamens. The fruit is a shiny black berry 5–10 millimetres (0.20–0.39 in) diameter, containing numerous small seeds.
Taxonomyedit
Solanum americanum is a variable taxon. It is considered by some botanists to be more than one species, and others recognise subspecies.[5] Some botanists have suggested that Solanum americanum may be conspecific with the European nightshade, S. nigrum.[2]
Toxicityedit
Solanum americanum berries
Research indicates the presence of toxic glycoalkaloids and there are warnings to be careful on the use of S. americanum as herbal medicine and food.[7] The green fruit is particularly poisonous and eating unripe berries has caused the death of children.[8] Ripe berries and foliage may also cause poisoning,[8] though the toxicity seems to diminish somewhat with ripening.[9] This is via high levels of the glycoalkaloids, solanine and solamargine.[10] Other toxins present in the plant include chaconine, solasonine, solanigrine, gitogenin and traces of saponins,[11] as well as the tropane alkaloidsscopolamine (hyoscine), atropine and hyoscyamine.[12]
Significant amounts of solasodine (0.65%) have been found in the green berries.[13] The ripe fruit also contains 0.3–0.45% solasonine,[13] and acetylcholine, and has a cholinesterase-inhibiting effect on human plasma.[11] In Transkei, rural people have a high incidence of esophageal cancer thought to be a result of using S. americanum as a food.[11] Livestock can also be poisoned by high nitrate levels in the leaves.[11]
Toxicity varies widely depending on the genetic strain and the location conditions, like soil and rainfall.[8][11] Poisonous plant experts advise: "...unless you are certain that the berries are from an edible strain, leave them alone."[14]
^USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Solanum americanum". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
^ abConn, Barry J. (2001). "Solanum americanum – New South Wales Flora Online". PlantNET – The Plant Information Network System. 2.0. Sydney, Australia: The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
^ abMohy-ud-dint, A.; Khan, Z.; Ahmad, M.; Kashmiri, M. A. (2010). "Chemotaxonomic value of alkaloids in Solanum nigrum complex" (PDF). Pakistan Journal of Botany. 42 (1): 653–660. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
^ abcTull, D. (1999). Edible and Useful Plants of Texas and the Southwest: A Practical Guide. University of Texas Press. ISBN978-0-292-78164-1.
^Niering, William A.; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) [1979]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region. Knopf. p. 804. ISBN0-394-50432-1.
^ abcdeNellis, David W. (1997). "Black nightshade Solanum americanum". Poisonous Plants and Animals of Florida and the Caribbean. Pineapple Press. pp. 76, 243. ISBN978-1-56164-111-6.
^Wildflowers of Tucson — Arizona Poisonous Tucson Plants
^Turner, Nancy J.; Aderka, P.von (2009). The North American guide to common poisonous plants and mushrooms. Timber Press. pp. 181–2. ISBN978-0-88192-929-4.
External linksedit
Missouri Plants
Solanum americanum: Occurrence data from Global Biodiversity Information Facility
Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk: Solanum americanum (very detailed description)
Identifying nightshades as weeds 2006-03-14 at the Wayback Machine
Edmonds, Jennifer M.; Chweya, James A. (1997). Black Nightshades: Solanum Nigrum L. and Related Species. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. Vol. 15. Bioversity International. ISBN978-92-9043-321-7.
"Solanum americanum Mill". Solanaceae Source. — Images, specimens and a full list of scientific synonyms. Full descriptions and identification keys coming soon!
Plants for a future
Medina, Freddy R.; Ritchie, Lawrence S. (October–December 1980). "Molluscicidal Activity of the Puerto Rican Weed, Solanum nodiflorum, against Snail Hosts of Fasciola hepatica". Economic Botany. 34 (4): 368–375. doi:10.1007/bf02858313. JSTOR 4254217. S2CID 21001631.
January 01, 1970
solanum, americanum, commonly, known, american, black, nightshade, small, flowered, nightshade, glossy, nightshade, herbaceous, flowering, plant, wide, though, uncertain, native, range, certain, native, range, encompasses, tropics, subtropics, americas, melane. Solanum americanum commonly known as American black nightshade 3 small flowered nightshade 4 or glossy nightshade is a herbaceous flowering plant of wide though uncertain native range The certain native range encompasses the tropics and subtropics of the Americas Melanesia New Guinea and Australia 5 Solanum americanum Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Clade Tracheophytes Clade Angiosperms Clade Eudicots Clade Asterids Order Solanales Family Solanaceae Genus Solanum Species S americanum Binomial name Solanum americanumMill Synonyms 1 2 Solanum adventitium Polgar Solanum amarantoides Dunal Solanum americanum var nodiflorum Jacq Edmonds Solanum caribaeum Dunal Solanum curtipes Bitter Solanum depilatum Bitter Solanum ganchouenense H Lev Solanum gollmeri Bitter Solanum humile Lam Solanum imerinense Bitter Solanum inconspicuum Bitter Solanum indecorum Rich Solanum inops Dunal Solanum minutibaccatumBitter Solanum minutibaccatum var curtipedunculatum Bitter Solanum nigrumL Solanum nigrum var americanum Mill O E Schulz Solanum nigrum var atriplicifolium G Mey Solanum nigrum var minor Hook f Solanum nigrum var nodiflorum Jacq A Gray Solanum nigrum var pauciflorum Liou Solanum nigrum var virginicum L Solanum nodiflorum Jacq Solanum nodiflorum var acuminatumDunal Solanum nodiflorum var macrophyllum Dunal Solanum nodiflorum var petiolastrum Dunal Solanum nodiflorum var puberulum Dunal Solanum nodiflorum var sapucayense Chodat Solanum oleraceum Dunal Solanum parviflorum Badaro Solanum photeinocarpumNakam amp Odash Solanum pterocaulon Dunal Solanum purpuratum Bitter Solanum quadrangulare Thunb ex L f Solanum sciaphilum Bitter Solanum tenellum Bitter Solanum triangulare Lam The plant is widely naturalised around the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans including Hawaiʻi Indochina Madagascar and Africa possibly via anthropogenic introduction in these locales Solanum americanum is one of the most widespread and morphologically variable species belonging to the section Solanum 6 It can be confused with other black nightshade species in the Solanum nigrum complex 7 Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 3 Toxicity 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksDescription editSolanum americanum grows up to 1 1 5 metres 39 59 in tall and is an annual or short lived perennial The leaves are alternate on the branch and vary greatly in size up to 10 centimetres 3 9 in long and 7 centimetres 2 8 in broad with a 4 centimetre 1 6 in petiole and a coarsely wavy or toothed margin The flowers are about 1 cm diameter white or occasionally light purple with yellow stamens The fruit is a shiny black berry 5 10 millimetres 0 20 0 39 in diameter containing numerous small seeds Taxonomy editSolanum americanum is a variable taxon It is considered by some botanists to be more than one species and others recognise subspecies 5 Some botanists have suggested that Solanum americanum may be conspecific with the European nightshade S nigrum 2 Toxicity edit nbsp Solanum americanum berries Research indicates the presence of toxic glycoalkaloids and there are warnings to be careful on the use of S americanum as herbal medicine and food 7 The green fruit is particularly poisonous and eating unripe berries has caused the death of children 8 Ripe berries and foliage may also cause poisoning 8 though the toxicity seems to diminish somewhat with ripening 9 This is via high levels of the glycoalkaloids solanine and solamargine 10 Other toxins present in the plant include chaconine solasonine solanigrine gitogenin and traces of saponins 11 as well as the tropane alkaloids scopolamine hyoscine atropine and hyoscyamine 12 Significant amounts of solasodine 0 65 have been found in the green berries 13 The ripe fruit also contains 0 3 0 45 solasonine 13 and acetylcholine and has a cholinesterase inhibiting effect on human plasma 11 In Transkei rural people have a high incidence of esophageal cancer thought to be a result of using S americanum as a food 11 Livestock can also be poisoned by high nitrate levels in the leaves 11 Toxicity varies widely depending on the genetic strain and the location conditions like soil and rainfall 8 11 Poisonous plant experts advise unless you are certain that the berries are from an edible strain leave them alone 14 See also editSobemovirusReferences edit Solanum nodiflorum Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Retrieved 24 December 2017 a b Solanum americanum Tropicos Missouri Botanical Gardens via The Plant List Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online USDA NRCS n d Solanum americanum The PLANTS Database plants usda gov Greensboro North Carolina National Plant Data Team Retrieved 17 November 2015 BSBI List 2007 xls Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland Archived from the original xls on 2015 06 26 Retrieved 2014 10 17 a b Conn Barry J 2001 Solanum americanum New South Wales Flora Online PlantNET The Plant Information Network System 2 0 Sydney Australia The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Retrieved 29 May 2013 Edmonds amp Chweya 1997 p 93 a b Mohy ud dint A Khan Z Ahmad M Kashmiri M A 2010 Chemotaxonomic value of alkaloids in Solanum nigrum complex PDF Pakistan Journal of Botany 42 1 653 660 Retrieved 29 May 2013 a b c Tull D 1999 Edible and Useful Plants of Texas and the Southwest A Practical Guide University of Texas Press ISBN 978 0 292 78164 1 Niering William A Olmstead Nancy C 1985 1979 The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers Eastern Region Knopf p 804 ISBN 0 394 50432 1 Al Chami L Mendez R Chataing B O Callaghan J Usubilliga A Lacruz L 2003 Toxicological effects of a solamargine in experimental animals Phytotherapy Research 17 3 254 8 doi 10 1002 ptr 1122 PMID 12672156 S2CID 86042610 a b c d e Nellis David W 1997 Black nightshade Solanum americanum Poisonous Plants and Animals of Florida and the Caribbean Pineapple Press pp 76 243 ISBN 978 1 56164 111 6 Wildflowers of Tucson Arizona Poisonous Tucson Plants a b Edmonds amp Chweya 1997 p 66 Turner Nancy J Aderka P von 2009 The North American guide to common poisonous plants and mushrooms Timber Press pp 181 2 ISBN 978 0 88192 929 4 External links editMissouri Plants Solanum americanum Occurrence data from Global Biodiversity Information Facility Solanum americanum Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk Solanum americanum very detailed description Identifying nightshades as weeds Archived 2006 03 14 at the Wayback Machine Edmonds Jennifer M Chweya James A 1997 Black Nightshades Solanum Nigrum L and Related Species Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops Vol 15 Bioversity International ISBN 978 92 9043 321 7 Solanum americanum Mill Solanaceae Source Images specimens and a full list of scientific synonyms Full descriptions and identification keys coming soon Plants for a future Medina Freddy R Ritchie Lawrence S October December 1980 Molluscicidal Activity of the Puerto Rican Weed Solanum nodiflorum against Snail Hosts of Fasciola hepatica Economic Botany 34 4 368 375 doi 10 1007 bf02858313 JSTOR 4254217 S2CID 21001631 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Solanum americanum amp oldid 1176999925, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
