Smart speaker
A smart speaker is a type of loudspeaker and voice command device with an integrated virtual assistant that offers interactive actions and hands-free activation with the help of one "hot word" (or several "hot words"). Some smart speakers can also act as a smart device that utilizes Wi-Fi and other protocol standards to extend usage beyond audio playback, such as to control home automation devices. This can include, but is not limited to, features such as compatibility across a number of services and platforms, peer-to-peer connection through mesh networking, virtual assistants, and others. Each can have its own designated interface and features in-house, usually launched or controlled via application or home automation software.[1] Some smart speakers also include a screen to show the user a visual response.
As of winter 2017, it is estimated by NPR and Edison Research that 39 million Americans (16% of the population over 18) own a smart speaker.[2]
A smart speaker with a touchscreen is known as a smart display.[3][4] It is a smart device that integrates conversational user interface with display screens to augment voice interaction with images and video. They are powered by one of the common voice assistants and offer controls for smart home devices, feature streaming apps, and web browsers with touch controls for selecting content. The first smart displays were introduced in 2017 by Amazon (Amazon Echo).
Accuracy edit
According to a study by Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America released In March 2020, the six biggest tech development companies, Amazon, Apple, Google, Yandex, IBM and Microsoft, have misidentified more words spoken by "black people" than "white people". The systems tested errors and unreadability, with a 19 and 35 percent discrepancy for the former and a 2 and 20 percent discrepancy for the latter.[5]
The North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL) also identified a discrepancy between male and female voices. According to their research, Google's speech recognition software is 13 percent more accurate for men than women. It performs better than the systems used by Bing, AT&T, and IBM.[6]
Privacy concerns edit
The built-in microphone in smart speakers is continuously listening for "hot words" followed by a command. However, these continuously listening microphones also raise privacy concerns among users.[7] These include what is being recorded, how the data will be used, how it will be protected, and whether it will be used for invasive advertising.[8][9] Furthermore, an analysis of Amazon Echo Dots showed that 30–38% of "spurious audio recordings were human conversations", suggesting that these devices capture audio other than strictly detection of the hot word.[10]
As a wiretap edit
There are strong concerns that the ever-listening microphone of smart speakers presents a perfect candidate for wiretapping. In 2017, British security researcher Mark Barnes showed that pre-2017 Echos have exposed pins which allow for a compromised OS to be booted.[11]
Voice assistance vs privacy edit
While voice assistants provide a valuable service, there can be some hesitation towards using them in various social contexts, such as in public or around other users.[12] However, only more recently have users begun interacting with voice assistants through an interaction with smart speakers rather than an interaction with the phone. On the phone, most voice assistants have the option to be engaged by a physical button (e.g., Siri with a long press of the home button) rather than solely by hot word-based engagement in a smart speaker. While this distinction increases the privacy by limiting when the microphone is on, users felt that having to press a button first removed the convenience of voice interaction.[13] This trade-off is not unique to voice assistants; as more and more devices come online, there is an increasing trade-off between convenience and privacy.[14]
Factors influencing adoption edit
While there are many factors influencing smart speaker adoption, specifically with regards to privacy, Lau et al. define five distinct categories as pros and cons: convenience, identity as an early adopter, contributing factors, perceived lack of utility, privacy, and security concerns.[7] Tennant et al. explored adoption using the technology acceptance model and identified factors influencing expected usefulness, ease of use, and attitudes toward smart speaker devices in the context of home care support.[15] The authors describe some of the critical challenges in designing for this context given the potential impact of the voice assistant's personality on someone's perspective of the care situation and a user's desire for intelligent support from the technology.[15]
Security concerns edit
When configured without authentication, smart speakers can be activated by people other than the intended user or owner. For example, visitors to a home or office, or people in a publicly accessible area outside an open window, partial wall, or security fence, may be able to be heard by a speaker. One team demonstrated the ability to stimulate the microphones of smart speakers and smartphones through a closed window, from another building across the street, using a laser.[16]
Most popular smart speaker devices and platforms edit
| Virtual assistant | Owned by | Devices | No. of users | Languages (dialects) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alice | Yandex |
| 30 million Yandex devices in CIS (January 2019) | Russian, Turkish | Yandex Station went on sale in July 2018 |
| AliGenie | Alibaba Group | Chinese | Went on sale in August 2017 | ||
| Amazon Alexa[17] | Amazon |
| 31 million Echo devices in U.S. (January 2018)[18] | Summer 2019: English (US, UK, Ireland, Canada and Australia); French (France and Canada); German; Italian; Japanese; Portuguese (Brazilian) and Spanish (Spain and Mexico)[19][20][21] | |
| Siri | Apple, Inc. | Summer 2019: Arabic, Chinese (Cantonese and Mandarin), Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Norwegian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Thai, and Turkish[21] | |||
| DuerOS Open Platform[22] | Baidu | Xiaoyu, RavenH, Aladdin ceiling-mounted smart speaker-lamp-projector[23][24] | Chinese | Xiaoyu went on sale in spring 2017.[22] | |
| Clova | Naver Corporation, Line Corporation | Japanese and Korean | Introduced summer 2017[25] | ||
| Google Assistant[17] | Google Home series: Home, Home Max, Home Mini, Nest Hub, Nest Hub Max,[17] Nest Mini, Nest Audio, Nest Wi-Fi (point only) | 14 million Google Homes in U.S. (January 2018)[18] | Summer 2019: Danish, Dutch, English (U.S., U.K., Canada, Australia, India and Singapore), French (France and Canada), German (Austria and Germany), Hindi, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Portuguese (Brazilian), Spanish (Spain and Mexico) and Swedish[26][21] | ||
| Beijing LingLong, part of JD | DingDong | Mandarin and Cantonese for Greater China | In cooperation with Chinese AI firm iFlytek. Went on sale November 2016.[27] | ||
| Microsoft Cortana | Microsoft | Harman Kardon INVOKE | October 2019: English (US, UK, Canada, Australia and India); Chinese (Simplified); French; German; Italian; Japanese; Portuguese (Brazil); Spanish (Spain and Mexico)[28] | Support for Cortana on the Harman Kardon INVOKE was officially discontinued on March 9, 2021.[29][30] | |
| Safety Labs Sirona | Safety Labs Inc | Sirona.TV | English (US, UK, Canada, Australia and India); | ||
| Xiaowei[22] | Tencent | forthcoming[22] | Chinese | ||
| Bixby | Samsung Electronics | Galaxy Home | [31] | ||
| Hallo Magenta | Deutsche Telekom | Hallo Magenta | German |
Gallery edit
- The first-generation Amazon Echo smart speaker in black
- An Apple HomePod speaker
- The Google Home smart speaker idle on a table
- The Amazon Echo Show smart speaker in white
- The Harman Kardon INVOKE smart speaker in graphite
See also edit
References edit
- ^ smart speaker 2019-04-10 at the Wayback Machine, techtarget.com, May 2017
- ^ The Smart Audio Report from NPR and Edison Research, Fall-Winter 2017 (PDF), (PDF) from the original on 2019-01-01, retrieved 2018-01-13
- ^ Brown, Rich. "Echo Show, Nest Hub, Facebook Portal and more: How to pick the best smart display in 2019". CNET. from the original on 2019-07-08. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
- ^ Faulkner, Cameron (9 October 2018). "How Google's new Home Hub compares to the Echo Show and Facebook Portal". The Verge. from the original on 2019-12-06. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
- ^ Metz, Cade (2020-03-23). "There Is a Racial Divide in Speech-Recognition Systems, Researchers Say". The New York Times. from the original on 2022-10-13. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
- ^ Bajorek, Joan Palmiter (2019-05-10). "Voice Recognition Still Has Significant Race and Gender Biases". Harvard Business Review. from the original on 2020-04-25. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
- ^ a b Lau, Josephine; Zimmerman, Benjamin; Schaub, Florian (1 November 2018). "Alexa, Are You Listening?: Privacy Perceptions, Concerns and Privacy-seeking Behaviors with Smart Speakers". Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction. 2 (CSCW): 102:1–102:31. doi:10.1145/3274371. S2CID 53223356.
- ^ "Amazon hands over Echo 'murder' data". BBC News. 7 March 2017. from the original on 6 January 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ "Amazon patents 'voice-sniffing' algorithms". BBC News. 11 April 2018. from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ Ford, Marcia, and William Palmer. "Alexa, are you listening to me? An analysis of Alexa voice service network traffic." Personal and Ubiquitous Computing (2018): 1-13.
- ^ Greenberg, Andy (1 August 2017). "A Hacker Turned an Amazon Echo Into a 'Wiretap'". Wired. from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019 – via www.wired.com.
- ^ "Sarah Mennicken and Elaine M. Huang. 2012. Hacking the Natural Habitat: An In-the-Wild Study of Smart Homes, Their Development, and the People Who Live in Them. In Pervasive Computing. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 143–160". doi:10.1007/978-3-642-31205-2_10. S2CID 3480089. from the original on 2022-10-13. Retrieved 2019-02-26.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Christoffer Lambertsson. 2017. Expectations of Privacy in Voice Interaction–A Look at Voice Controlled Bank Transactions. Ph.D. Dissertation. KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- ^ "Rao, Sonia (12 September 2018) "In today's homes, consumers are willing to sacrifice privacy for convenience". Retrieved 25 February 2019". The Washington Post. from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
- ^ a b Tennant, Ryan; Allana, Sana; Mercer, Kate; Burns, Catherine M (2022-06-30). "Caregiver Expectations of Interfacing With Voice Assistants to Support Complex Home Care: Mixed Methods Study". JMIR Human Factors. 9 (2): e37688. doi:10.2196/37688. ISSN 2292-9495. PMC 9284358. PMID 35771594.
- ^ "Lasers can silently issue 'voice commands' to your smart speakers". 5 November 2019. from the original on 2019-11-05. Retrieved 2019-11-06.
- ^ a b c d Best, Smart Speaker (11 April 2021). "Best Smart Speaker". wired.com. from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
- ^ a b Bishop, Todd (January 26, 2018). "New data: Google Home faring better against Amazon Echo, grabbing 40% of U.S. holiday sales". GeekWire. from the original on December 6, 2019. Retrieved November 29, 2019.
- ^ "AVS for International". developer.amazon.com. Amazon. from the original on 13 June 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
- ^ Barrett, Brian. "THE YEAR ALEXA GREW UP". Wired. from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
- ^ a b c "Language Support in Voice Assistants Compared". Globalme. from the original on 3 September 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
- ^ a b c d Horwitz, Josh (5 July 2017). "China's tech giants are racing to popularize their versions of the Amazon Echo". from the original on 2018-03-19. Retrieved 2018-03-19.
- ^ "Baidu launches three new smart speakers that don't need Alexa or Google Assistant". 8 January 2018. from the original on 2018-03-21. Retrieved 2018-03-20.
- ^ Bonnington, Christina (16 November 2017). "Baidu's New Smart Speaker Looks Like Nothing Else on the Market". Slate. from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
- ^ "LINE to Introduce Clova Virtual Assistant for Korea and Japan - Voicebot". www.voicebot.ai. 3 March 2017. from the original on 2018-03-19. Retrieved 2018-03-19.
- ^ "Change your Google Assistant language". Google Home Help. from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
- ^ Bateman, Joshua D. (22 November 2016). "Behold China's Answer to Amazon Echo: The LingLong DingDong". Wired. Condé Nast. from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
- ^ "Cortana's regions and languages". support.microsoft.com. from the original on 22 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
- ^ "Cortana service on the Harman Kardon Invoke". support.microsoft.com. from the original on 2022-05-15. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
- ^ "Harmon Kardon Invoke Statement". HARMAN Newsroom. from the original on 2022-09-21. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
- ^ Ingraham, Nathan (9 August 2018). "Does Samsung's Galaxy Home stand a chance?". Engadget. Oath Inc. from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.