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Sinking of MV Sewol

January 26, 2024

The ferry MV Sewol sank on the morning of April 16, 2014, en route from Incheon towards Jeju in South Korea.[16] The 6,825-ton vessel sent a distress signal from about 2.7 kilometres (1.7 mi; 1.5 nmi) north of Byeongpungdo at 08:58 KST (23:58 UTC, April 15, 2014).[17] Out of 476 passengers and crew, 304 died in the disaster, including around 250 students from Danwon High School in Ansan City.[18][19][20] Of the 172 survivors, more than half were rescued by fishing boats and other commercial vessels that arrived at the scene approximately 40 minutes before the Korea Coast Guard (KCG).[21]

Sinking of MV Sewol
MV Sewol capsized and sinking, as taken by the Korea Coast Guard on April 16, 2014
Native name 세월호 침몰 사고
DateApril 16, 2014; 9 years ago (April 16, 2014)
TimeAround 8:30 a.m. to around 10:30 a.m. (KST)
Location1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) off Donggeochado,[1] South Jeolla, South Korea
Coordinates34°13′5″N 125°57′0″E / 34.21806°N 125.95000°E / 34.21806; 125.95000
CauseUndetermined (see Causes)
Deaths304 died[2]
2 rescue divers[3]
5 emergency workers[4]
Missing5[2]
Property damageCargo: ₩200 billion ($180 million)[5]
Inquest3 separate investigations[6]
SuspectsCaptain and 13 crew members[7]
ChargesHomicide (4 including the captain) [8]
Fleeing and abandoning ship (2) [9]
Negligence (9)[9]
VerdictGuilty
ConvictionsLife sentence (captain)
10 years (chief engineer)
18 months−12 years (13 other crew members)[10]
On board476[11][12][13] (325 Danwon High School students)[14]
Survivors172[15]

The sinking of Sewol resulted in widespread social and political reaction within South Korea. Many people criticized the actions of the ferry's captain and most of the crew.[22] Also criticized were the ferry's operator, Chonghaejin Marine, and the regulators who oversaw its operations,[23] along with the administration of President Park Geun-hye for her response to the disaster and attempts to downplay government culpability,[24] and the Korean Coast Guard for its poor handling of the disaster, and the perceived passivity of the rescue-boat crew on scene.[25] Outrage has also been expressed against the initial false reporting of the disaster by the government and South Korean media, who claimed everyone aboard had been rescued,[26][27] and against the government for prioritizing public image over the lives of its citizens in refusing help from other countries, and publicly downplaying the severity of the disaster.[28][29]

On May 15, 2014, the captain and three crew members were charged with murder, while the other eleven members of the crew were indicted for abandoning the ship.[30] As part of a government campaign to manage public sentiment over the official response to the sinking, an arrest warrant was issued for Yoo Byung-eun (described as the owner of Chonghaejin Marine), but he could not be found despite a nationwide manhunt. On July 22, 2014, police revealed that they had established that a dead man found in a field in Suncheon, roughly 290 kilometres (180 mi) south of Seoul, was Yoo.[18]

Background edit

 
Sewol at a port in Incheon in March 2014, after modifications had been made

At the time of its purchase by Chonghaejin Marine on October 8, 2012, the ship that would come to be known as MV Sewol was eighteen years old and dilapidated.[31] It was originally named Ferry Naminoue and was operated from 1994 to 2012[32] as a transport ship for cargo and passengers by the Japanese company A-Line Ferry.[33]: 9  According to A-Line Ferry, it did not experience any problems during its service in Japan.[34] After it was purchased, the vessel underwent modifications between October 12, 2012, and February 12, 2013, and was registered by Chonghaejin on October 22, 2012.[33]: 9  The modifications were originally claimed to be illegal, but the Korean Register of Shipping stated that the Sewol had "normally passed" all of the blueprint inspections, ship stability tests, and shipboard inclination tests when the cabin was expanded.[35]

After these modifications, which included the addition of two decks of passenger space and the expansion of the cargo space,[36] Sewol had her gross tonnage increased by 239 tons to 6,825 tons and her passenger capacity increased by 116 people for a total of 956 people including the crew.[33]: 11  The modifications resulted in its center of gravity being moved upward by 0.51 m (1 ft 8 in)[33]: 11  as well as a left-right imbalance.[37] After the modifications were completed, Sewol underwent investigations by the Korean Register of Shipping (KR) including an inclining test, and received the ship inspection certification and the certification for the prevention of sea pollution on 12 February 2013.[33]: 15  During the process of approving the modifications, the KR reduced the maximum amount of cargo that could be carried by 1,450 tons to 987 tons, and increased the amount of ballast needed by 1,333 tons, to 1,703 tons.[38] The cargo limits were not known by the Korea Shipping Association, which has the responsibility to manage ferries, or the Korea Coast Guard (KCG), which were responsible for overseeing the Shipping Association.[39] The Board of Audit and Inspection later revealed that the KR's licensing was based on falsified documents.[40] After the inspections, 37 tons of marble were further added to the gallery room at the bridge deck located on the back of the ship.[33]: 17 

Sewol began operations on 15 March 2013.[41] She made three round trips per week from Incheon to Jeju, each one-way voyage of 425 kilometres (264 mi) taking 13.5 hours to complete.[42] On 19 February 2014, she received an interim inspection and a periodic inspection from the Register.[33]: 17  It had made the round trip a total of 241 times until the day of the incident.[41]

 
Route of Sewol during the last voyage from Incheon to Jeju, the capsizing location marked by the rectangular speech bubble[43]

On 15 April 2014, Sewol was scheduled to leave the port at Incheon at 6:30 p.m. KST.[44] A fog, which restricted visibility to less than 1 kilometre (0.62 mi), led the Incheon vessel traffic service (VTS) to issue a low visibility warning around 5:30 p.m., leading the Shipping Association to hold Sewol's departure. The VTS retracted the warning around 8:35 p.m., and the Shipping Association removed the restriction on Sewol's departure after checking the weather conditions with the operator of the Palmido lighthouse and consulting with the KCG.[33]: 30  She departed around 9 p.m., and was the only ship to leave port that evening.[44]

When Sewol departed, she was carrying 443 passengers, 33 crew members, and a total of 2,142.7 tons of cargo, including 185 cars.[33]: 31  Among the 443 passengers were 325 students on a field trip from Danwon High School.[45] Five passengers were of non-Korean nationality.[46] The ship was commanded by 69-year-old Captain Lee Joon-seok,[47] who had been brought in as a replacement for the regular captain.[48] Lee had over forty years of experience at sea and had traveled the route before.[49] He was hired on a one-year contract, with a monthly salary of ₩2.7 million (roughly US$2,500).[50] Lee worked with 33 crew members on the journey,[51] of which nineteen were irregular, part-time workers.[52]

Later investigations discovered problems concerning the state of Sewol at the time of departure. Despite her maximum allowance for 987 tons of cargo, Sewol was carrying 2,142.7 tons of cargo, which had been improperly secured.[33]: 34 [53] Only 761.2 tons of ballast were taken on board, the ballast tanks had not been properly maintained, and the previous voyage had been made without making further adjustments to the ballast during the journey.[33]: 36–37  The regular captain of Sewol, Captain Shin, had warned Chonghaejin about the decrease in stability and attributed it to the removal of the side ramp, later claiming that the company threatened to fire him if he continued his objections. Shin's warnings were also relayed through an official working for the Incheon Port Authority on 9 April 2014, which an official from Chonghaejin responded to by stating that he would deal with anyone making the claims.[54] Shin had also requested a repair for the malfunctioning steering gear on 1 April 2014, but this was not done.[55] The KR had noted in a stability test report dated 24 January 2014 that Sewol had become "too heavy and less stable after modifications were made".[56]

Chonghaejin's had spent just ₩2.6 thousand (US$2) on safety training for the crew the previous year, which was used to buy a paper certificate.[57]

Wednesday, April 16, 2014 edit

 
Passengers and crew aboard ship on the morning of 16 April

On 16 April at 7:30 a.m. (KST), third mate Park Han-kyul and helmsman Cho Joon-ki[58] took over the watch from the previous team. At this time, Sewol was heading at a course of about 165 degrees at a speed of about 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) and was operating two radar devices. Around 8:20 a.m. when the ship was about three to five kilometres (2 to 3 nmi) from entering the Maenggol Channel, Park ordered Cho to change the steering system from autopilot to manual steering. When Sewol arrived at the channel at 8:27 a.m. at a course of around 137 degrees, the wind speed was between four and seven metres per second (8 and 14 kn), the wave height about 0.5 meters (1 ft 8 in), and the visibility good.[33]: 38 

The Maenggol Channel has strong currents, which necessitate extreme caution when steering a ship through it.[59] At the time of the incident, conditions were calm and Sewol was following a route that was frequently used.[60] While the wider areas of the channel contain rock hazards and shallow waters, they were not in the immediate vicinity of the ship's usual path.[61] While prosecutors[62] and some news organizations[63][64] labeled Park as being inexperienced based on her unfamiliarity with the channel, the Korean Maritime Safety Tribunal's investigation report noted that she had on multiple occasions passed through the channel on another ship.[33]: 40 

As Sewol approached the fatal turn, breakfast was being served in the cafeteria.[65][66] CCTV data taken at 8:40 a.m. showed students present and socializing on the deck.[67] One surviving passenger, Choi Eun-seun, recalled having gone up to the deck to smoke right before the incident.[68]

Multiple turns to the right (08:48) edit

Right before the incident, Park and Cho were standing side by side near the ship's wheel at the bridge.[69] Captain Lee was absent from the bridge at the time.[60] At 8:46 a.m., as Sewol was travelling at a speed of 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph) at a course of around 136 degrees, Park ordered Cho to change the course from 135 degrees to 140 degrees, which Cho consequently undertook.[33]: 39 

The accounts of what happened next are conflicting. According to Park's testimony, after she had used the radar to check that Sewol's course was changed and the new course was set to 140 degrees, she ordered Cho to change the course of the ship further to 145 degrees.[70] The order was given at 8:48 a.m. After realizing that the ship was heavily listing to starboard, which led the bow to turn to the right, she gave an order to turn the wheel to port.[33]: 40  Immediately after giving the order, she heard Cho exclaim, "The wheel isn't working" in a flustered voice, after which the ship started listing.

Cho's testimony did not notably differ from that of Park.[70] He testified that the listing began with the order to turn to 140 degrees.[69] According to Cho, he only received the order to change the course to 140 degrees, and not the order to change the course to 145 degrees.[71] Because Sewol kept turning towards the right even as he was holding onto the wheel, he made two turns to the left amounting to a five-degree turn. Because the ship did not stop its rightward turning, it was eventually facing a 145-degree course. Cho testified that Park gave an order to turn "in the opposite direction" at this point, which he followed by turning the ship further to the left by ten degrees, so the total amount of the turn became fifteen degrees to the left.[70]

The court came to the conclusion that Cho's steering led the ship to attempt a fifteen-degree turn for forty seconds. The court concluded that Cho, who was flustered by the ship turning faster than expected while he was following Park's order to turn to 145 degrees, was attempting to turn to the left when he took Park's order to mean a turn in the opposite direction. This led him to make a turn to the right, causing the front of the ship to rapidly turn right.[69]

Effects of the turn edit

Later analysis of Sewol's track chart by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries revealed that the ship's Automatic Identification System (AIS) had stopped collecting data from 8:48:37 to 8:49:13; consequently, the Ministry and the Jindo VTS lost thirty-six seconds of data.[72][73] While earlier reports and investigations believed that there was a power outage,[74][75] Huh Yong-bum, the head of the expert advisory panel on the police-prosecution joint investigation team, testified that the AIS failure was due to system limitations and that the failure did not affect the steering.[73]

According to the joint investigation team, Sewol's sharp turn was a combined result produced by the steering error and the lessened restoring force caused by overloading; however, investigations did not show any malfunctions with the generator or the battery.[37][76] From 8:49:26, AIS data showed the ship's angular velocity accelerated from 0.29 degrees per second (dps) to 0.83, 1.00, and 2.00 until 8:49:39; these readings were consistent with previous testing data gained from earlier tests conducted on an empty Sewol.[77] Consequently, the ship herself listed twenty degrees into the water at 8:49:40, causing cargo to fall to one side of the ship.[78][79] The impact caused the ship's gyroscope to erroneously record angular velocities of 15 dps at 8:49:40, 14 dps the next second, and minus 11 dps the following second. Given that the shifted cargo effectively compounded the destabilizing effect, the ship tilted ten degrees further into the water.[77][78] Passengers also reported hearing a loud "bang".[80]

As Cho sharply turned the ship from 135 to 150 degrees, Sewol began to list to port and tilt towards the water.[71] The overall effect was that the ship turned about 45 degrees to the right, then rotated an additional 22 degrees on the spot for a span of twenty seconds.[81] The cargo falling to one side of the ship caused Sewol to lose all her restoring force and allowed water to flow into the ship through the side door of the cargo loading bay and the car entrance located at the stern. This scenario was confirmed by simulations separately run by the expert advisory panel on the joint investigation team, the Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering, and the Advanced Marine Engineering Center of Seoul National University.[37] Cho testified that the tilting lasted for about two to three minutes after the initial tilt.[82] During this time, Oh Yong-seok, an off-duty helmsman who was sleeping in his cabin, was awakened when he was thrown against its port side.[83] As of 8:50 a.m., Sewol was leaning thirty degrees to port.[84]

Captain Lee, who was in his private cabin at the time of the incident,[85] immediately rushed to the bridge.[86] After a short period, all the ship's mates and helmsmen arrived there as well.[83] Around this time, Cho stopped the engines, although it is unknown whether it was on his own volition or following an order from Lee.[87] At 8:50, Cho ordered an evacuation of the engine room through a call to the assistant engineer.[88] During this time, Park was crying, as she was startled by the sudden incident; this lasted until at least 9:06 a.m.[82][89] With the engines off, Sewol became unable to change directions and began drifting sideways.[87][90] A passenger later testified that lights went out after the ferry started listing.[91]

Calls for rescue (8:52–9:30) edit

Important Announcement repeated during capsizing

Do not move. Just stay where you are. It's dangerous if you move, so just stay where you are.

As reported by CNN on 16 April[92]

As Sewol began sinking, the ferry's intercom system started ordering the passengers to stay put, alleging that moving was dangerous.[93] The announcements were made by a communication officer, Kang Hae-seong, who had not consulted the manual before the broadcast.[83] The announcements began broadcasting by at least 8:52 a.m.[94] and continued even when water began flooding passenger compartments.[95] Other crew members corroborated this order, instructing passengers to stay put.[13] Captain Lee also instructed passengers to stay put and did not change the order even as he himself was leaving the ship.[35]

The first emergency call was made by Choi Duk-ha, a Danwon High School student aboard the ferry.[96] At 8:52 a.m., he called the national emergency service number and reported to the Jeollanam-do fire station that Sewol had begun to capsize.[97] Choi was connected to the Mokpo Coast Guard at 8:54 a.m. and was asked to give the latitude and longitude of the ship's location.[98] Three minutes later, the Mokpo Coast Guard station situation room ordered Patrol Vessel No. 123 to be dispatched to the scene; the vessel was launched at 8:58 a.m.[99][100] Following the Coast Guard search and rescue manual, the boat was to be in charge of surveying the area and "swiftly" rescuing passengers.[99] Choi did not survive the capsizing and was later found dead.[32][101]

At 8:55 a.m., Sewol's crew made their first distress call to the Jeju VTS and asked them to notify the KCG, as the ferry was rolling and in danger.[102][103] At 8:56 a.m., the Jeju VTS called the Jeju Coast Guard. Three minutes later, the Jeju Coast Guard called the Mokpo Coast Guard and discovered that a patrol boat had already been dispatched.[100] At 9:01 a.m., a crew member on Sewol called the Incheon branch of Chonghaejin to report the situation, and Chonghaejin's head office located in Jeju then called Captain Lee at 9:03 a.m. for a report of the situation. The Incheon branch then talked with the first mate in five telephone calls over the next thirty-five minutes.[104]

At 9:06 a.m., the Jindo VTS were informed of the capsizing incident by the Mokpo Coast Guard.[100] Around this time, Sewol's crew began communicating with the Jindo VTS, which was closer to their location.[103] For the next two minutes, Jindo VTS alerted two other ships that Sewol was sinking, with one confirming that it had visual contact with the ship.[105] At 9:07 a.m., the ferry's crew confirmed that she was capsizing and requested the help of the KCG. At 9:14 a.m., the crew stated that the ship's angle of heel made evacuation impossible. Around this time, the captain of Patrol Vessel No. 123 was appointed the commander of the scene.[99] Four minutes afterwards, the crew of Sewol reported to the VTS that the ferry had heeled more than fifty degrees to port.[106]

At 9:23 a.m., the VTS ordered the crew to inform the passengers to wear life jackets. When the crew replied that the broadcasting equipment was out of order, the VTS told them to personally order the passengers to wear life jackets and more clothing.[106] At 9:25 a.m., the VTS asked Captain Lee to decide quickly whether to evacuate the ship, stating that they did not have enough information to make the decision. When Lee inquired about the rescue, the VTS replied that patrol boats were due to arrive in ten minutes and a helicopter in one minute. Lee then replied that there were too many passengers for the helicopter.[106] During this time, Lee told passengers to stay in their cabins.[107] The communications officer, using the ship's intercom, repeatedly ordered passengers not to move.[80][108]

At 9:33 a.m., after confirming that nearby ships had volunteered to help in the rescue operations, the VTS told all ships to drop lifeboats for the passengers. At 9:38 a.m., all communications were cut off between the VTS and Sewol. About three minutes after all communications were cut, about 150 to 160 passengers and crew jumped overboard.[106]

Captain and crew edit

During Sewol's capsizing, members of the crew drank beer[109] and communicated by telephone with staff from Chonghaejin at seven different times.[110] As passengers stayed in their cabins as instructed, Captain Lee and his crew abandoned the ship.[111] Lee, Cho, and the first and second mates were the first people to be rescued.[112] with Captain Lee rescued around 9:46 a.m.[113][114]

Passengers edit

As Sewol capsized, some passengers followed the announcements to stay put, even as the water came in.[115] Most of the student passengers obeyed the announcements.[116] Some passengers, who disobeyed the announcements, climbed to the top of the ship or jumped into the water and were rescued.[117]

Videos recording passengers during the capsizing have been recovered.[118][119] Some recorded the announcements telling passengers to stay in place and put on life jackets,[120] while some showed passengers joking around,[118] putting on life jackets,[120] and sending farewells.[119]

Passengers made calls,[116] sent text messages,[121] or sent KakaoTalk mobile messages[122] during the capsizing. The last message was sent at 10:17 a.m.[114] Text messages and social media posts allegedly made by survivors still trapped after the capsizing circulated in the media, but an investigation by the Cyber Terror Response Center found that none of the trapped passengers used their phones between 12:00 p.m. on 16 April and 10:00 a.m. of 17 April[123] and that all the reported survivors' messages made within that time were falsified.[124]

Sewol took two and a half hours to sink.[108] By around 11:18 a.m., the stern was submerged, with a section of the hull about 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) high and 20 to 30 metres (66 to 98 ft) long showing above the water. At 12:00 noon on 16 April, only 50 centimetres (20 in) of the bulbous bow was above water; at 1:03 p.m., the ship was completely submerged.[125][126]

Rescue operations edit

An investigation conducted by Social Disaster Special Investigation Committee clearly confirmed that the Coast Guard Command was responsible for the lives of 304 people. In a position with clear duties and authority according to their laws and operation procedures, the Coast Guard Command should have mobilized all available resources to grasp the situation and identify the emergencies with the Sewol ferry, providing direction to the mobilized forces to evacuate the Sewol ferry passengers. However, they failed to carry out these actions. The Coast Guard Command neither tried to figure out the specific status of the Sewol nor shared the information already secured (through passenger reports, etc.) with dispatchers. Even though they should have been aware of the urgency of the Sewol Ferry incident based on the information provided by the mobilized forces and the passenger reports, the Coast Guard Command still did not issue the proper commands to the mobilized forces.[127]

During the disaster and the immediate aftermath, the South Korean government's announcements, as well as those from the South Korean media, were inconsistent and inaccurate.[128] An editorial in The Huffington Post stated that government reports were like a rubber band, "increasing at one moment and decreasing at another."[129] South Korean outlets such as JoongAng Ilbo, Maeil Broadcasting Network, and JTBC later made corrections and apologies concerning their earlier reports.[27] Conspiracy theories were also present in the aftermath of the sinking.[130]

First day edit

At 8:58 a.m. (KST) on 16 April 2014, the Mokpo Coast Guard dispatched Patrol Vessel No. 123 in response to the first report of the incident.[100] After receiving the news of the capsizing from the Jeollanam Provincial Government, the Republic of Korea Navy 3rd Fleet sent a Gumdoksuri-class patrol vessel (PKG) to the accident site at 9:03 a.m.; the Navy dispatched another PKG at 9:09 a.m.[131] At 9:04 a.m., the government created the Central Disaster Countermeasure Headquarters (중앙재난안전대책본부), an organization which would directly report to the government. The KCG set up a rescue operations headquarters at 9:10 a.m.[132]

Patrol Vessel No. 123 arrived at the scene near 9:30 a.m.[100] as the first ship to reach the site after the incident.[133] During the time between the dispatch and the operations, No. 123 failed to raise Sewol and chose to call for other ships on the radio.[134] Consequently, crewmembers on No. 123 had not directly communicated with the stricken vessel and were not aware of the content of the communication between Sewol and the Jindo VTS on arrival.[135] At the time of arrival, Sewol had listed about fifty to sixty degrees to port.[136] Rescuers made announcements for five minutes, calling people to abandon ship and jump into the water.[134] No. 123 began rescue operations at 9:38 a.m. with the dispatching of a rubber boat.[136] Passengers who had reached the deck or jumped into the water were rescued, including Captain Lee, but rescuers could not get inside the ship due to the list.[134] People trapped inside Sewol's pilothouse were rescued by breaking through the windows.[134]

At 9:35 a.m., the Korean Ministry of National Defense started operating Counter-disaster Headquarters (재난대책본부). At 9:40 a.m., the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries declared the accident to be the highest state of emergency in terms of naval accidents; consequently, the Central Accident Response Headquarters (중앙사고수습본부) was established.[137] At the same time, the Ministry of Health and Welfare sent emergency vehicles and the first squad of the Disaster Medical Support Team (재난의료지원팀) to Jindo.[138] At 11:28 a.m., the Korea Navy's Ship Salvage Unit (SSU) was reported to have been deployed for the operations.[139]

At 2:42 p.m., 150 special forces personnel from the Republic of Korea Army Special Warfare Command, including forty scuba divers, were sent for the operation. At this point, 196 personnel, including 82 in the SSU and 114 in the Republic of Korea Naval Special Warfare Flotilla, were involved in the operations.[140] At 3:07, the regional government of the Gyeonggi Province was reported to have started operating the Prevention and Countermeasures Headquarters (재난안전대책본부).[141] After 5 p.m., units from the SSU began undersea operations.[142] At 5:13 p.m., the Gyeonggi-do Office of Education was reported to have started operating the Ansan Danwon High School Accident Countermeasures Report Compiling Headquarters (안산 단원고 사고대책 종합상황본부).[143] At 8:00 p.m., operations investigating the ship's hull were ceased.[144]

As of 10:03 p.m., the following units were involved in rescue operations: Naval forces include sailors from the 3rd Fleet (제3함대; 第三艦隊), a Dokdo-class amphibious assault ship, a Chungmugong Yi Sun-sin-class destroyer, and an Ulsan-class frigate. The Republic of Korea Air Force sent support units such as the Lockheed C-130 Hercules, Sikorsky HH-60 Pave Hawk, and HH-47 variant of the Boeing CH-47 Chinook. The Republic of Korea Army sent units including 150 Special Warfare Command soldiers and eleven ambulances.[145]

Second day edit

 
A U.S. Navy MH-60S Seahawk helicopter conducted search and rescue operations at the request of the South Korean navy near where Sewol sank, on 17 April 2014.

Starting on 17 April, Undine Marine Industries, a privately held company,[146] began to lead the search for missing passengers.[147] At 12:30 a.m., hull investigations were started by the KCG with the help of flares.[148] As of 6:00 a.m., 171 ships, twenty-nine aircraft and thirty divers were involved in the rescue effort. The KCG had assigned twenty divers in teams of two. The ROK Navy also assigned eight divers,[149] but the KCG prevented them from participating[147] and waited for divers from Undine Industries.[150] At 7:24 a.m., civilian groups of expert divers were reported to be helping out in the rescue operations.[151] During the morning, the number of divers involved in the operations reached 555.[152] The navy also established a military control tower on the Dokdo-class assault ship.[153] Starting around 2:00 p.m., rescue operations were practically stopped due to bad weather conditions.[154] A marine crane arrived on the scene at night.[155]

Subsequent operations edit

At 10:50 a.m. on 18 April,[156] the KCG began pumping in air to support possible air pockets.[108] At the same time, divers entered the capsized ship's hull[157] but only gained access to the cargo deck.[158] The divers' entrance was later labeled a 'failure' by the Central Disaster Countermeasure Headquarters.[159] On 19 April, a navy petty officer who was injured during rescue operations died.[160] On 21 April, remotely operated underwater vehicles began to be used for operations.[161] On 24 April, the CR200 'Crabster' robot was sent to the rescue site.[162] An Undine Marine diver died on 6 May,[163][164] followed by another diver's death on 30 May.[165] On 17 July, a firefighting helicopter returning from rescue operations crashed near an apartment complex, killing all five officers aboard and injuring a high school student.[166][167]

The government announced on 22 April 2015 that it had approved plans to salvage the wreckage of Sewol in hopes of finding more information about the sinking and recovering the bodies of nine victims still missing. The plan was initially put forward by President Park Geun-hye and was endorsed by the minister of public safety and security, Park In-yong. The operation was expected to take as long as eighteen months and to cost between US$91–137 million.[168]

Survivors and casualties edit

At 11:01 a.m., Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation began reporting that all students had been rescued; this news was re-reported by other news organizations and continued until 11:26 a.m.[169] Around 11 a.m. KST, officers working for the educational departments for the Gyeonggi Province sent text messages to the students' parents stating that all students had been rescued.[170] The officers' belief was apparently confirmed by a police officer in the Danwon Police Department.[169] Initial reports stated that rescuers retrieved 368 people from cold waters as the passengers, mostly students, had jumped overboard when the vessel started sinking; the South Korean government later corrected this statement, saying 295 passengers remained missing.[171] Twenty-two of the twenty-nine crew survived, including fifteen responsible for the navigation.[172]

In its 17 April morning edition, the Chosun Ilbo reported that 174 people had been rescued, four had died, and 284 were missing.[173] According to CNN and its affiliate YTN, six people died.[174] News1 Korea reported that, as of 8:00 a.m., 179 people had been rescued, six had died and 290 were missing.[149] Three more people were found dead at 11:00 a.m. and the confirmed death toll rose to nine.[175] At 10 p.m., Yonhap confirmed that the death toll had risen to fourteen.[176] Over the course of the following months, the death toll rose into the hundreds.[177][178][179] The death toll stood at 294 as of 22 July 2014, with ten missing; the date marked the recovery of the last cabin crew member.[180]

The sinking of Sewol is the deadliest ferry disaster in South Korea since 14 December 1970, when the sinking of the ferry Namyoung killed 326 out of the 338 people aboard.[181][182]

Foreign response edit

 
U.S. Marines assigned to the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit responding to the scene of the Sewol sinking on 16 April 2014

The USS Bonhomme Richard was sent to assist in the air-sea rescue operation,[183][184] but did not get the approval of the ROK Navy for its helicopters to participate in the rescue.[185]

The US Navy rescue and salvage USNS Safeguard was sent to South Korea to take part in the rescue operation.[186][187]

The Japan Coast Guard offered support, as well as a message of sympathy and condolences from the Japanese government. The KCG declined the offer, saying that, while the offer was welcome, special assistance was not needed on this occasion.[188]

Investigation edit

 
Sewol after being refloated, at Mokpo New Port

Causes edit

As of 13 December 2022, investigators have concluded that the cause of the sinking was undetermined.[189] Early theories about the sinking included a range of explanations, given as follows.

An "unreasonably sudden turn" to starboard,[190] made between 8:48 and 8:49 a.m. KST,[191] caused the cargo to shift to port, which in turn caused the ship to list and to eventually become unmanageable for the crew.[190] The existence of the sudden turn has been confirmed by the analysis of the ship's AIS data.[192] The ship's crew agreed that the main cause was the sudden turn.[193] Experts such as Lee Sang-yun, a professor and head of the environment/maritime technology institute of the Pukyong National University, also agreed.[194]

Overloading and improperly secured cargo were also thought to contribute to the sinking.[195] Sewol was carrying 3,608 tons of cargo, more than three times the limit of 987 tons.[196] It is estimated that the actual cargo on the day of the accident weighed 2,215 tons, including 920 tons of trucks, cars and heavy equipment, 131 tons of containers and 1,164 tons of general goods. The cargo included building materials destined for naval bases on the island of Jeju. The overloading was also previously noted by Sewol's off-duty captain and the first mate;[197] the off-duty captain reported that the ship's owners ignored his warning that she should not carry so much cargo because she would not be stable.[198] Lee Sang-yun also proposed overloading as a cause.[199]

Sewol was carrying only 580 tons of ballast water, much less than the recommended 2,030 tons; this would make the vessel more prone to list and capsize.[200] The crew had reportedly pumped out hundreds of tons of ballast water from the bottom of the ship in order to accommodate the additional cargo.[201] The combination of the lack of ballast water and excess cargo meant that the center of gravity on the Sewol was too high for safe operation and the amount of force needed to capsize the ship was reduced to a dangerously low level. The newspaper Chosun Ilbo argued that the discharging of ballast water was a cause of the incident.[202]

Secondary causes also contributed to the capsizing of the ferry by decreasing the restoring force.[203] Renovations which added extra passenger cabins have been proposed as a main secondary cause by Kim Gil-soo (김길수), a professor in the maritime transport technological department at the Korea Maritime University.[204][205] This possible cause has also been supported by the off-duty captain[206] as well as Lee Sang-yun.[194]

It was theorized that the solenoid valve became stuck, which contributed to the sharp turn. The Social Disasters Commission (SDC), an investigation team, concluded that it is highly improbable that this occurred. The SDC also concluded that it cannot confirm if the cause of the sinking was due to an external force, although there was some deformation and damage to the Sewol's hull.[207] The investigative committee was not able to rule out other causes for the sinking. The cause of the sinking was still undetermined as of December 2022.[208]

Other theories edit

Explosion edit

Gong Gil-young (공길영), a professor of aviation engineering at Korea Maritime University, commented that Sewol's sudden turn was simply the 'first cause' and that there were secondary causes to the incident. He advocated an explosion as the most probable secondary cause.[209][210]

Reef collision edit

At the beginning of the investigation, the KCG thought that the cause was a collision with a reef, believing this likely because the area was foggy.[211] Captain Lee denied this was the cause of the accident,[212] and a reef collision has been dismissed as a cause by consensus among experts.[213] The theory is also not currently advocated by the KCG.[190]

Collision with submarine edit

Several media outlets, such as the Jaju Sibo (Self-Reliance News) have speculated the ferry sinking to be result of crashing with a submarine.[214] This was from discussions over a screenshot from videos of the ferry sinking, where a dark vessel was visible in sea fog behind the ship. While most media correctly identified the vessel as a fishing boat, a few have concluded this to be a military submarine of South Korean, Japanese, American, French, or Israeli origin. This theory was repeated by online vigilante group "Zaro -- Netizens' investigation team", who pointed out in a 9-hour long video that the route taken by the ill-fated ferry didn't match conventional routes, and external factors such as a submarine collision can explain the disaster. He claimed an errant sub collided with the Sewol based on his analysis of radar recordings and the Navy may have concealed the submarine crash in order to achieve its goal of sailing 2 million miles without an accident.[215]

Captain and crew edit

On 19 April, Captain Lee Jun-seok was arrested on suspicion of negligence of duty, violation of maritime law and other infringements.[216] Lee had abandoned Sewol with passengers still aboard the ferry, while South Korean law explicitly requires captains to remain on the ship during a disaster.[217][218][219] Two other crew members, a helmsman and the third mate, were also arrested on that day on suspicion of negligence and manslaughter.[220] By 26 April, twelve further arrests had been made with the whole crew responsible for navigation in detention.[221][222]

On 15 May, Captain Lee, First Mate Kang Won-sik, Second Mate Kim Young-ho, and Chief Engineer Park Gi-ho were indicted on charges of homicide through gross negligence (also described as murder), which carry a potential death penalty.[201][223][224][225] The other eleven crew members faced lesser charges of abandoning the ship and ship safety offences.[30]

Three crew members, Park Ji-young, Jeong Hyun-seon, and Kim Ki-woong, were credited by survivors with staying aboard the ferry to help passengers escape. All three went down with the sinking vessel.[226]

Operators edit

On 8 May, the chief executive of Chonghaejin, Kim Han-sik, was arrested and faced charges including causing death by negligence.[227] Four other Chonghaejin officials were also taken into custody.[228] The Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries revoked the company's license to operate ferries on the Incheon-Jeju Island route in May 2014.[229]

Regulation edit

The Sewol disaster raised questions regarding governmental regulation of shipping in South Korea. Shipping is regulated by the Korean Shipping Association, which is also an industry trade group, something experts consider a likely conflict of interest. In addition, government regulators outside the Association frequently move to jobs as part of the association after their government service. Yun Jong-hwui, a professor at Korea Maritime and Ocean University, notes that while South Korean regulations are strong, they are often poorly enforced.[230]

Litigation edit

On 3 June, the Gwangju District Court issued arrest warrants for a senior vessel safety operator of the Korea Shipping Association's Incheon unit and a vessel inspector of the KR's Mokpo unit.[231] Amongst fifteen crew accused of the sinking, prosecutors sought the death penalty for Captain Lee under the charge of homicide for failing to carry out his duty. Lead prosecutor Park Jae-eok said: "Lee supplied the cause of the sinking of the Sewol ... he has the heaviest responsibility for the accident. We ask that the court sentence him to death." While no formal pleas were made, Lee denied intent to kill. The others had lesser charges, including negligence.

On 11 November, the Gwangju District Court found Captain Lee guilty of negligence and sentenced him to thirty-six years' imprisonment. The judges said that he was clearly not the only person responsible for the tragedy and they accepted that his negligence did not amount to an intent to kill. Chief Engineer Park Gi-ho was found guilty of murder and jailed for thirty years. Thirteen other crew members were given jail sentences of up to twenty years imprisonment on charges including abandonment and violating maritime law. Relatives of victims were distraught at the verdict, with some weeping. Agence France-Presse reported that one woman screamed in the courtroom: "It's not fair! What about the lives of our children? They (the defendants) deserve worse than death!"[232]

In the cases against officials over the overloading of cargo, Kim Han-sik, Chonghaejin's chief executive, was found guilty of negligence and received a ten-year prison term. Six other Chonghaejin employees and a Korean Shipping Association official also received prison sentences.[233]

Following appeals by prosecutors and the accused, on 28 April 2015, Captain Lee was found guilty of murder and his sentence increased to life imprisonment, while those for fourteen other crew members were reduced to a maximum of twelve years, including ten years for Chief Engineer Park Gi-ho, whose murder conviction was overturned.[234] Judge Jeon Il-ho explained: "We drew a distinction between the Captain Lee Joon-seok, who has a grave responsibility, and crew members who took orders from the captain."[235] Kim Han-sik's sentence was also reduced to seven years on appeal.[236]

Aftermath edit

Government's report and concerns about public opinion edit

Based on the National Crisis Management Basic Guidelines' explicit provisions, the Blue House should have played the role of a control tower in a national crisis situation. However, this control tower, which was absent on April 16, 2014, became active only when the public opinion toward the government worsened after the disaster. To prevent the spread of criticism of their administration, the Blue House provided misleading information to the public and took actions with the purpose of polarizing the public according to their political interests. The crisis was viewed by the Blue House as a "crisis of the regime," and in specific instances when there was a divide in public sentiment, the president and the government attacked the individuals and groups who were critical of them of being "ideologically biased" and "pro-North Korea forces," and imposed restrictions. During this process, the Blue House utilized right-wing organizations and strengthened their conservative base by providing financial support to the organizations that cooperated with them or by appointing active personnel to key positions. The Blue House did not protect the victims, but instead stigmatized them as instigated by politically aligned groups. In this way, Park Geun-hye's Blue House distorted the victims' demands, aggravated social conflict, and even hindered comprehensive fact-finding investigation efforts aimed to improve future disaster response capabilities and enact special laws.[127]

The Social Disaster Special Investigation Committee confirmed that intelligence agencies such as the National Intelligence Service and the Defense Security Command illegally and unfairly supported the investigation and arrest operation of the Yoo Byung-eun family. At the time, the Blue House defined the Sewol ferry disaster as "a national disaster that caused suffering to the entire nation, caused by greedy expansion of wealth by the Yoo Byung-eun's family." The Blue House used the Yoo Byung-eun investigation and arrest operation as a trump card to deflect the government's responsibility for the Sewol Ferry disaster and to shift the blame onto the shipowner. The National Intelligence Service and the Defense Security Command actively supported the Blue House provisions in this matter.[127]

On 16 November 2016, a report about the disaster, compiled by the National Intelligence Service and intended for President Park, was publicized. The report referred to the sinking as "just a ferry accident (그저 하나의 여객선 사고)" and said "we must control the protest in the name of ferry accident (여객선 사고를 빌미로 한 투쟁을 제어해야 한다)." The report makes no mention of investigating the sinking, salvaging the hull, or supporting the victims' families, instead devoted to determining ways to "control the protesting attempt by the opposition forces in the name of the ferry accident and suggest a method about public opinion manipulation using the government-organized demonstrations."[237]

The sinking contributed to the political downfall of President Park. As criticism of her handling of the disaster grew stronger, Park's administration established a commission to monitor and prosecute her critics.[238] Tatsuya Kato, a Japanese journalist, was indicted on charges of defamation for reporting that Park had responded to the disaster by meeting with fringe religious leader Choi Soon-sil.[239][240] In 2016, the full extent of Choi's ties to Park emerged in South Korean media, which caused a corruption scandal that ultimately resulted in Park's impeachment by the National Assembly on 9 December. A unanimous Constitutional Court ruling on 10 March 2017 upheld the impeachment vote, ending her presidency.[241]

After Moon Jae-in was elected following Park's removal from office, documents revealed that Park had made a secret blacklist of artists to be barred from receiving any sort of government acknowledgement or sponsorship. It was further discovered that the initial purpose of this blacklist was to censor those who commemorated the Sewol victims in their artwork.[242] In July 2017, members of the Park administration were imprisoned for up to three years for their role in creating the illegal blacklist.[243]

A subsequent investigation by the Moon administration launched in October 2017 revealed President Park spent crucial early hours of the rescue operation in her bedroom, meeting with Choi and getting her hair done before attending emergency meetings at 5pm, eight hours following the sinking.[244] National security officials Kim Jang-soo and Kim Kwan-jin, and former presidential chief of staff Kim Ki-choon, were prosecuted on charges of manipulating the Blue House records of Park's whereabouts on the day of the sinking.

Sewol Ferry Disaster and State Crime edit

The arrest of Yoo Byung-eun and the confiscation of his property were key to ending the Sewol Ferry scandal according to the Defense Security Command (DSC), and a special task force was organized to apprehend Yoo. The Defense Security Command argued that monitoring civilians in Geumsuwon, as well as collecting vast amounts of personal information on members of the Evangelical Baptist Church (Salvation Sect) were considered legitimate "administrative support." However, the activities of the Defense Security Command were determined to be operations that should only be carried out by investigative agencies, thus rendering these acts illegal as they could not be categorized as administrative support under the Administrative Procedures Act. It was also confirmed that these illegal actions taken by the Defense Security Command were regularly reported to the Blue House.[245]

The obstruction of the investigation by the Sewol Special Assistance Committee is considered to be a state crime committed deliberately and methodically. 'State crime' is a term used to describe human rights violations committed by the state itself. A government agency that was to cooperate with the Sewol Special Assistance Committee's investigation abused its authority to receive the details of the investigation, and together with the committee, used those details to hinder the investigation. Through this collusion, they were able to manipulate the situation.[246]

Media representation edit

The disaster is the subject of the 2014 documentary film The Truth Shall Not Sink with Sewol.[247] The director's cut of the film was made available for public viewing on YouTube on 31 August 2015.[248] Two British filmmakers that were living in South Korea during the tragedy, Neil George and Matthew Root, created the documentary After the Sewol, which was released in several forms between 2016 and 2020. George later reorganized the footage into Crossroads, with Root credited only as producer, with a 38-minute cut made viewable through Asian Boss. The film uses interviews with survivors, emergency response workers, and family members of the victims along with news coverage to create a study about the conflicting reports about disaster.[249] A separate short documentary In the Absence was created to showcase the disaster in real time, with audio, visual and multi-media messages and video from the victims. The documentary was nominated for Best Documentary Short in the 92nd Academy Awards in 2020.[250]

The disaster was depicted in fiction in the film Birthday released in April 2019.[citation needed]

Reactions edit

 
A memorial wall near the Danwon High School, where most of the victims were from
 
A memorial ceremony in Hwarang Public Garden, a park near the Danwon High School

Political edit

In addition to reaction against the actions of Sewol,[251] there has been a much wider political reaction to the disaster. Criticism has ranged from anger at the lax regulatory environment, which may have contributed to the safety violations that could have sunk Sewol,[252] to anger about the rescue operations,[253] to anger at President Park, whose approval ratings fell from a high of 71 percent before the disaster to "the 40 percent range" weeks afterwards.[254]

Political reaction to the sinking was intensified by a series of events. A prominent South Korean politician from the ruling Saenuri Party, Chung Mong-joon, was forced to apologize when his son wrote a controversial Facebook post attacking the public for criticizing Park's government over the disaster.[255] Many parents of the victims expressed deep anger at the government, ranging from reportedly berating South Korean Prime Minister Jung Hong-won,[256] to shouting at President Park,[257] to staging protests at the Blue House, partly inflamed by a reported remark by a senior news editor at the government-funded Korean Broadcasting System that the number of dead was "not many, compared with the number of people killed in traffic accidents each year."[258]

US President Barack Obama sent his condolences and assured that the United States would help in the search for survivors, and during a state visit to South Korea presented a magnolia tree from the White House to Danwon High School.[259][260] Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe offered sympathy to the victims.[261] Vietnamese President Truong Tan Sang, as well as his deputy prime minister and minister of foreign affairs, sent their condolences to Yun Byung-se, South Korea's Minister of Foreign Affairs.[262] Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong[263] and Chinese President Xi Jinping sent messages of condolences to Park.[264][265] On 23 April, the North Korean government sent condolences.[266] On 24 April, The Pope expressed his condolences for the loss of so many lives.[267]

On 27 April, Prime Minister Jung Hong-won accepted responsibility for the disaster and announced his resignation.[268] Two days later, President Park indirectly apologized for the government's response to the sinking.[269][270][271] On 18 May, the BBC reported that Park Geun-hye announced plans to break up the KCG after it had failed to respond well during the disaster.[272] According to Park, "investigation and information roles will be transferred to the Korean police while the rescue and salvage operation and ocean security roles will be transferred to the Department for National Safety[273] which will be newly established."[274]

Civilian edit

 
Memorial place on Gwanghwamun Plaza
 
Memorial booth on Gwanghwamun Plaza

On 17 April, a representative of Cheonghaejin Marine apologized for the incident.[275] The chairman and CEO of the KR, Chon Young-Kee, resigned on 28 April, following raids on its offices by South Korean prosecutors.[276]

On 18 April, the rescued vice principal of Danwon High School, Kang Min-kyu, 52, committed suicide by hanging himself.[277] Kang had organized the field trip that had brought the high school party aboard Sewol and had written in his two-page suicide note, which was found in his wallet by police: "Surviving alone is too painful when 200 lives are unaccounted for ... I take full responsibility."[278][279] The note ended with a request that his body be cremated and the ashes scattered over the site of the accident "that I might be a teacher in heaven to those kids whose bodies have not been found."[280]

On 22 April, an internet user made a post encouraging others to take part in a yellow ribbon campaign on KakaoTalk. The image accompanying the post had a caption stating, "One small movement, big miracle."[281][282] Since then, the yellow ribbon has been used to symbolize mourning for the sinking victims.[283] The ribbons are prominent in social media, sometimes as profile photos,[284] and were used by celebrities such as Jo Kwon and Hye-rim Park.[282] In 2017, the yellow ribbon campaign received renewed media coverage as various K-pop musicians wrote songs with references to the symbol, wore the ribbon during performances, and posted images of the ribbon on their social media sites to commemorate the third anniversary of the disaster.[285][286][287]

On 17 April 2015, a day after the first anniversary of the sinking, 4,475 participants holding electronic candles formed the shape of the Sewol ferry at the commemoration event titled 'The Saddest Challenge in the World' in front of Seoul City Hall.[288][289] The event continues to be memorialized by Korean students in school ceremonies.[290][291]

Kim Gwan-hong, a Sewol diver, died from apparent suicide in June 2016 after he had suffered injuries during search and rescue operations that prevented him from working again as a diver.[292][293] During a government hearing in 2015, he had testified that painful memories of handling dead bodies from Sewol had haunted him.[293] Kim expressed disappointment in the government for its negligence towards the volunteers: "Now I urge the government not to seek people's help in any disaster but do it itself."[292]

Victims' families edit

The 4–16 Coalition (translated name) represents some of the Sewol victims' families, and it has encouraged the investigation of the Sewol ferry accident.[294] The 4–16 Coalition evaluated the results of the investigation of the SDC, pointing out four major issues. First, the investigation of the failed rescue efforts on the day of the disaster was not conducted properly. Second, there were questionable acts committed by the Park administration during the investigation that were widely publicized, such as concealing information, interfering with the investigation of the sinking and rescue, violations of the rights of the victims’ families, and illegal interrogations. Representatives from the group noted it was impossible to obtain data from Korea's intelligence agencies (the acting prime minister after Park was removed from office designated Park's activities on the day of the disaster as a matter of "presidential record", making the files unable to be accessed for up to 30 years[295]). Third, the cause of the sinking could not be determined. Fourth, various limitations and problems, including confusion due to lack of communication, were revealed in the investigation process.

Salvage edit

On 22 March 2017, the salvage operation began to raise the wreck of Sewol.[296] A Chinese consortium, Shanghai Salvage Company, was contracted by the government to carry out the operation.[297] The ship was lying on her port side, nearly forty metres below the surface. Diesel and oil were drained from the ship. All the cabins were sealed and a huge fence was erected on the seabed to prevent any wreckage from drifting away. A crane lifted the bow of the ship five degrees so that thirty-three lifting beams could be placed underneath. The salvage crew pumped water out of the ship's ballast tanks and attached air bags to increase the ship's buoyancy. Cables were attached to the lifting beams and strand jacks gradually lifted the ship to thirteen metres below the surface, where she was then attached to a barge.[citation needed] Sewol was then towed and loaded onto a semi-submersible vessel, Dockwise White Marlin.[298] She was loaded onto self-propelled modular transporters (SPMTs) while on the vessel, which then transported her to shore. The vessel docked at Mokpo, where ALE were contracted to unload the ship using the SPMTs.[299] The wreck is located on a Mokpo dock at 34°45'30.69"N 126°21'3.30"E.

At the time of the ship's raising, nine passengers were still unaccounted for. In order of retrieval, the remains of teacher Go Chang-Seok were found at the sinking site after the ship's removal, followed by the remains of Danwon High School students Heo Da-Yun and Cho Eun-Hwa and passenger Lee Young-Sook inside the ship. For most victims at this point, only partial remains were retrieved and DNA testing was used to identify them.[300][301][302][303]

By the end of the search operations on 19 October 2018, five victims remained missing: Danwon High School students Nam Hyeon-Cheol (16) and Park Yeong-In (16); teacher Yang Seung-Jin (57); and father and son passengers Kwon Jae-Geun (48) and Kwon Hyeok-Gyu (6).[304]

See also edit

Notes edit

References edit

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    • Translation by Wall Street Journal [1]
    • Translation by CNN [2]
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External links edit

 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Sinking of MV Sewol.
  •   Media related to Sinking of the MV Sewol at Wikimedia Commons
  • "." Year 25 Final Report Grant Number: DTRT13-G-UTC31. New England University Transportation Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

January 26, 2024
sinking, sewol, ferry, sewol, sank, morning, april, 2014, route, from, incheon, towards, jeju, south, korea, vessel, sent, distress, signal, from, about, kilometres, north, byeongpungdo, april, 2014, passengers, crew, died, disaster, including, around, student. The ferry MV Sewol sank on the morning of April 16 2014 en route from Incheon towards Jeju in South Korea 16 The 6 825 ton vessel sent a distress signal from about 2 7 kilometres 1 7 mi 1 5 nmi north of Byeongpungdo at 08 58 KST 23 58 UTC April 15 2014 17 Out of 476 passengers and crew 304 died in the disaster including around 250 students from Danwon High School in Ansan City 18 19 20 Of the 172 survivors more than half were rescued by fishing boats and other commercial vessels that arrived at the scene approximately 40 minutes before the Korea Coast Guard KCG 21 Sinking of MV SewolMV Sewol capsized and sinking as taken by the Korea Coast Guard on April 16 2014Native name세월호 침몰 사고DateApril 16 2014 9 years ago April 16 2014 TimeAround 8 30 a m to around 10 30 a m KST Location1 5 kilometres 0 93 mi off Donggeochado 1 South Jeolla South KoreaCoordinates34 13 5 N 125 57 0 E 34 21806 N 125 95000 E 34 21806 125 95000CauseUndetermined see Causes Deaths304 died 2 2 rescue divers 3 5 emergency workers 4 Missing5 2 Property damageCargo 200 billion 180 million 5 Inquest3 separate investigations 6 SuspectsCaptain and 13 crew members 7 ChargesHomicide 4 including the captain 8 Fleeing and abandoning ship 2 9 Negligence 9 9 VerdictGuiltyConvictionsLife sentence captain 10 years chief engineer 18 months 12 years 13 other crew members 10 On board476 11 12 13 325 Danwon High School students 14 Survivors172 15 The sinking of Sewol resulted in widespread social and political reaction within South Korea Many people criticized the actions of the ferry s captain and most of the crew 22 Also criticized were the ferry s operator Chonghaejin Marine and the regulators who oversaw its operations 23 along with the administration of President Park Geun hye for her response to the disaster and attempts to downplay government culpability 24 and the Korean Coast Guard for its poor handling of the disaster and the perceived passivity of the rescue boat crew on scene 25 Outrage has also been expressed against the initial false reporting of the disaster by the government and South Korean media who claimed everyone aboard had been rescued 26 27 and against the government for prioritizing public image over the lives of its citizens in refusing help from other countries and publicly downplaying the severity of the disaster 28 29 On May 15 2014 the captain and three crew members were charged with murder while the other eleven members of the crew were indicted for abandoning the ship 30 As part of a government campaign to manage public sentiment over the official response to the sinking an arrest warrant was issued for Yoo Byung eun described as the owner of Chonghaejin Marine but he could not be found despite a nationwide manhunt On July 22 2014 police revealed that they had established that a dead man found in a field in Suncheon roughly 290 kilometres 180 mi south of Seoul was Yoo 18 Contents 1 Background 2 Wednesday April 16 2014 2 1 Multiple turns to the right 08 48 2 1 1 Effects of the turn 2 2 Calls for rescue 8 52 9 30 2 3 Captain and crew 2 4 Passengers 3 Rescue operations 3 1 First day 3 2 Second day 3 3 Subsequent operations 3 4 Survivors and casualties 3 5 Foreign response 4 Investigation 4 1 Causes 4 2 Other theories 4 2 1 Explosion 4 2 2 Reef collision 4 2 3 Collision with submarine 4 3 Captain and crew 4 4 Operators 4 5 Regulation 5 Litigation 6 Aftermath 6 1 Government s report and concerns about public opinion 6 2 Sewol Ferry Disaster and State Crime 6 3 Media representation 7 Reactions 7 1 Political 7 2 Civilian 8 Victims families 9 Salvage 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External linksBackground edit nbsp Sewol at a port in Incheon in March 2014 after modifications had been madeAt the time of its purchase by Chonghaejin Marine on October 8 2012 the ship that would come to be known as MV Sewol was eighteen years old and dilapidated 31 It was originally named Ferry Naminoue and was operated from 1994 to 2012 32 as a transport ship for cargo and passengers by the Japanese company A Line Ferry 33 9 According to A Line Ferry it did not experience any problems during its service in Japan 34 After it was purchased the vessel underwent modifications between October 12 2012 and February 12 2013 and was registered by Chonghaejin on October 22 2012 33 9 The modifications were originally claimed to be illegal but the Korean Register of Shipping stated that the Sewol had normally passed all of the blueprint inspections ship stability tests and shipboard inclination tests when the cabin was expanded 35 After these modifications which included the addition of two decks of passenger space and the expansion of the cargo space 36 Sewol had her gross tonnage increased by 239 tons to 6 825 tons and her passenger capacity increased by 116 people for a total of 956 people including the crew 33 11 The modifications resulted in its center of gravity being moved upward by 0 51 m 1 ft 8 in 33 11 as well as a left right imbalance 37 After the modifications were completed Sewol underwent investigations by the Korean Register of Shipping KR including an inclining test and received the ship inspection certification and the certification for the prevention of sea pollution on 12 February 2013 33 15 During the process of approving the modifications the KR reduced the maximum amount of cargo that could be carried by 1 450 tons to 987 tons and increased the amount of ballast needed by 1 333 tons to 1 703 tons 38 The cargo limits were not known by the Korea Shipping Association which has the responsibility to manage ferries or the Korea Coast Guard KCG which were responsible for overseeing the Shipping Association 39 The Board of Audit and Inspection later revealed that the KR s licensing was based on falsified documents 40 After the inspections 37 tons of marble were further added to the gallery room at the bridge deck located on the back of the ship 33 17 Sewol began operations on 15 March 2013 41 She made three round trips per week from Incheon to Jeju each one way voyage of 425 kilometres 264 mi taking 13 5 hours to complete 42 On 19 February 2014 she received an interim inspection and a periodic inspection from the Register 33 17 It had made the round trip a total of 241 times until the day of the incident 41 nbsp Route of Sewol during the last voyage from Incheon to Jeju the capsizing location marked by the rectangular speech bubble 43 On 15 April 2014 Sewol was scheduled to leave the port at Incheon at 6 30 p m KST 44 A fog which restricted visibility to less than 1 kilometre 0 62 mi led the Incheon vessel traffic service VTS to issue a low visibility warning around 5 30 p m leading the Shipping Association to hold Sewol s departure The VTS retracted the warning around 8 35 p m and the Shipping Association removed the restriction on Sewol s departure after checking the weather conditions with the operator of the Palmido lighthouse and consulting with the KCG 33 30 She departed around 9 p m and was the only ship to leave port that evening 44 When Sewol departed she was carrying 443 passengers 33 crew members and a total of 2 142 7 tons of cargo including 185 cars 33 31 Among the 443 passengers were 325 students on a field trip from Danwon High School 45 Five passengers were of non Korean nationality 46 The ship was commanded by 69 year old Captain Lee Joon seok 47 who had been brought in as a replacement for the regular captain 48 Lee had over forty years of experience at sea and had traveled the route before 49 He was hired on a one year contract with a monthly salary of 2 7 million roughly US 2 500 50 Lee worked with 33 crew members on the journey 51 of which nineteen were irregular part time workers 52 Later investigations discovered problems concerning the state of Sewol at the time of departure Despite her maximum allowance for 987 tons of cargo Sewol was carrying 2 142 7 tons of cargo which had been improperly secured 33 34 53 Only 761 2 tons of ballast were taken on board the ballast tanks had not been properly maintained and the previous voyage had been made without making further adjustments to the ballast during the journey 33 36 37 The regular captain of Sewol Captain Shin had warned Chonghaejin about the decrease in stability and attributed it to the removal of the side ramp later claiming that the company threatened to fire him if he continued his objections Shin s warnings were also relayed through an official working for the Incheon Port Authority on 9 April 2014 which an official from Chonghaejin responded to by stating that he would deal with anyone making the claims 54 Shin had also requested a repair for the malfunctioning steering gear on 1 April 2014 but this was not done 55 The KR had noted in a stability test report dated 24 January 2014 that Sewol had become too heavy and less stable after modifications were made 56 Chonghaejin s had spent just 2 6 thousand US 2 on safety training for the crew the previous year which was used to buy a paper certificate 57 Wednesday April 16 2014 edit nbsp Passengers and crew aboard ship on the morning of 16 AprilOn 16 April at 7 30 a m KST third mate Park Han kyul and helmsman Cho Joon ki 58 took over the watch from the previous team At this time Sewol was heading at a course of about 165 degrees at a speed of about 20 knots 37 km h 23 mph and was operating two radar devices Around 8 20 a m when the ship was about three to five kilometres 2 to 3 nmi from entering the Maenggol Channel Park ordered Cho to change the steering system from autopilot to manual steering When Sewol arrived at the channel at 8 27 a m at a course of around 137 degrees the wind speed was between four and seven metres per second 8 and 14 kn the wave height about 0 5 meters 1 ft 8 in and the visibility good 33 38 The Maenggol Channel has strong currents which necessitate extreme caution when steering a ship through it 59 At the time of the incident conditions were calm and Sewol was following a route that was frequently used 60 While the wider areas of the channel contain rock hazards and shallow waters they were not in the immediate vicinity of the ship s usual path 61 While prosecutors 62 and some news organizations 63 64 labeled Park as being inexperienced based on her unfamiliarity with the channel the Korean Maritime Safety Tribunal s investigation report noted that she had on multiple occasions passed through the channel on another ship 33 40 As Sewol approached the fatal turn breakfast was being served in the cafeteria 65 66 CCTV data taken at 8 40 a m showed students present and socializing on the deck 67 One surviving passenger Choi Eun seun recalled having gone up to the deck to smoke right before the incident 68 Multiple turns to the right 08 48 edit Right before the incident Park and Cho were standing side by side near the ship s wheel at the bridge 69 Captain Lee was absent from the bridge at the time 60 At 8 46 a m as Sewol was travelling at a speed of 18 knots 33 km h 21 mph at a course of around 136 degrees Park ordered Cho to change the course from 135 degrees to 140 degrees which Cho consequently undertook 33 39 The accounts of what happened next are conflicting According to Park s testimony after she had used the radar to check that Sewol s course was changed and the new course was set to 140 degrees she ordered Cho to change the course of the ship further to 145 degrees 70 The order was given at 8 48 a m After realizing that the ship was heavily listing to starboard which led the bow to turn to the right she gave an order to turn the wheel to port 33 40 Immediately after giving the order she heard Cho exclaim The wheel isn t working in a flustered voice after which the ship started listing Cho s testimony did not notably differ from that of Park 70 He testified that the listing began with the order to turn to 140 degrees 69 According to Cho he only received the order to change the course to 140 degrees and not the order to change the course to 145 degrees 71 Because Sewol kept turning towards the right even as he was holding onto the wheel he made two turns to the left amounting to a five degree turn Because the ship did not stop its rightward turning it was eventually facing a 145 degree course Cho testified that Park gave an order to turn in the opposite direction at this point which he followed by turning the ship further to the left by ten degrees so the total amount of the turn became fifteen degrees to the left 70 The court came to the conclusion that Cho s steering led the ship to attempt a fifteen degree turn for forty seconds The court concluded that Cho who was flustered by the ship turning faster than expected while he was following Park s order to turn to 145 degrees was attempting to turn to the left when he took Park s order to mean a turn in the opposite direction This led him to make a turn to the right causing the front of the ship to rapidly turn right 69 Effects of the turn edit Later analysis of Sewol s track chart by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries revealed that the ship s Automatic Identification System AIS had stopped collecting data from 8 48 37 to 8 49 13 consequently the Ministry and the Jindo VTS lost thirty six seconds of data 72 73 While earlier reports and investigations believed that there was a power outage 74 75 Huh Yong bum the head of the expert advisory panel on the police prosecution joint investigation team testified that the AIS failure was due to system limitations and that the failure did not affect the steering 73 According to the joint investigation team Sewol s sharp turn was a combined result produced by the steering error and the lessened restoring force caused by overloading however investigations did not show any malfunctions with the generator or the battery 37 76 From 8 49 26 AIS data showed the ship s angular velocity accelerated from 0 29 degrees per second dps to 0 83 1 00 and 2 00 until 8 49 39 these readings were consistent with previous testing data gained from earlier tests conducted on an empty Sewol 77 Consequently the ship herself listed twenty degrees into the water at 8 49 40 causing cargo to fall to one side of the ship 78 79 The impact caused the ship s gyroscope to erroneously record angular velocities of 15 dps at 8 49 40 14 dps the next second and minus 11 dps the following second Given that the shifted cargo effectively compounded the destabilizing effect the ship tilted ten degrees further into the water 77 78 Passengers also reported hearing a loud bang 80 As Cho sharply turned the ship from 135 to 150 degrees Sewol began to list to port and tilt towards the water 71 The overall effect was that the ship turned about 45 degrees to the right then rotated an additional 22 degrees on the spot for a span of twenty seconds 81 The cargo falling to one side of the ship caused Sewol to lose all her restoring force and allowed water to flow into the ship through the side door of the cargo loading bay and the car entrance located at the stern This scenario was confirmed by simulations separately run by the expert advisory panel on the joint investigation team the Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering and the Advanced Marine Engineering Center of Seoul National University 37 Cho testified that the tilting lasted for about two to three minutes after the initial tilt 82 During this time Oh Yong seok an off duty helmsman who was sleeping in his cabin was awakened when he was thrown against its port side 83 As of 8 50 a m Sewol was leaning thirty degrees to port 84 Captain Lee who was in his private cabin at the time of the incident 85 immediately rushed to the bridge 86 After a short period all the ship s mates and helmsmen arrived there as well 83 Around this time Cho stopped the engines although it is unknown whether it was on his own volition or following an order from Lee 87 At 8 50 Cho ordered an evacuation of the engine room through a call to the assistant engineer 88 During this time Park was crying as she was startled by the sudden incident this lasted until at least 9 06 a m 82 89 With the engines off Sewol became unable to change directions and began drifting sideways 87 90 A passenger later testified that lights went out after the ferry started listing 91 Calls for rescue 8 52 9 30 edit Important Announcement repeated during capsizing Do not move Just stay where you are It s dangerous if you move so just stay where you are As reported by CNN on 16 April 92 As Sewol began sinking the ferry s intercom system started ordering the passengers to stay put alleging that moving was dangerous 93 The announcements were made by a communication officer Kang Hae seong who had not consulted the manual before the broadcast 83 The announcements began broadcasting by at least 8 52 a m 94 and continued even when water began flooding passenger compartments 95 Other crew members corroborated this order instructing passengers to stay put 13 Captain Lee also instructed passengers to stay put and did not change the order even as he himself was leaving the ship 35 The first emergency call was made by Choi Duk ha a Danwon High School student aboard the ferry 96 At 8 52 a m he called the national emergency service number and reported to the Jeollanam do fire station that Sewol had begun to capsize 97 Choi was connected to the Mokpo Coast Guard at 8 54 a m and was asked to give the latitude and longitude of the ship s location 98 Three minutes later the Mokpo Coast Guard station situation room ordered Patrol Vessel No 123 to be dispatched to the scene the vessel was launched at 8 58 a m 99 100 Following the Coast Guard search and rescue manual the boat was to be in charge of surveying the area and swiftly rescuing passengers 99 Choi did not survive the capsizing and was later found dead 32 101 At 8 55 a m Sewol s crew made their first distress call to the Jeju VTS and asked them to notify the KCG as the ferry was rolling and in danger 102 103 At 8 56 a m the Jeju VTS called the Jeju Coast Guard Three minutes later the Jeju Coast Guard called the Mokpo Coast Guard and discovered that a patrol boat had already been dispatched 100 At 9 01 a m a crew member on Sewol called the Incheon branch of Chonghaejin to report the situation and Chonghaejin s head office located in Jeju then called Captain Lee at 9 03 a m for a report of the situation The Incheon branch then talked with the first mate in five telephone calls over the next thirty five minutes 104 At 9 06 a m the Jindo VTS were informed of the capsizing incident by the Mokpo Coast Guard 100 Around this time Sewol s crew began communicating with the Jindo VTS which was closer to their location 103 For the next two minutes Jindo VTS alerted two other ships that Sewol was sinking with one confirming that it had visual contact with the ship 105 At 9 07 a m the ferry s crew confirmed that she was capsizing and requested the help of the KCG At 9 14 a m the crew stated that the ship s angle of heel made evacuation impossible Around this time the captain of Patrol Vessel No 123 was appointed the commander of the scene 99 Four minutes afterwards the crew of Sewol reported to the VTS that the ferry had heeled more than fifty degrees to port 106 At 9 23 a m the VTS ordered the crew to inform the passengers to wear life jackets When the crew replied that the broadcasting equipment was out of order the VTS told them to personally order the passengers to wear life jackets and more clothing 106 At 9 25 a m the VTS asked Captain Lee to decide quickly whether to evacuate the ship stating that they did not have enough information to make the decision When Lee inquired about the rescue the VTS replied that patrol boats were due to arrive in ten minutes and a helicopter in one minute Lee then replied that there were too many passengers for the helicopter 106 During this time Lee told passengers to stay in their cabins 107 The communications officer using the ship s intercom repeatedly ordered passengers not to move 80 108 At 9 33 a m after confirming that nearby ships had volunteered to help in the rescue operations the VTS told all ships to drop lifeboats for the passengers At 9 38 a m all communications were cut off between the VTS and Sewol About three minutes after all communications were cut about 150 to 160 passengers and crew jumped overboard 106 Captain and crew edit During Sewol s capsizing members of the crew drank beer 109 and communicated by telephone with staff from Chonghaejin at seven different times 110 As passengers stayed in their cabins as instructed Captain Lee and his crew abandoned the ship 111 Lee Cho and the first and second mates were the first people to be rescued 112 with Captain Lee rescued around 9 46 a m 113 114 Passengers edit As Sewol capsized some passengers followed the announcements to stay put even as the water came in 115 Most of the student passengers obeyed the announcements 116 Some passengers who disobeyed the announcements climbed to the top of the ship or jumped into the water and were rescued 117 Videos recording passengers during the capsizing have been recovered 118 119 Some recorded the announcements telling passengers to stay in place and put on life jackets 120 while some showed passengers joking around 118 putting on life jackets 120 and sending farewells 119 Passengers made calls 116 sent text messages 121 or sent KakaoTalk mobile messages 122 during the capsizing The last message was sent at 10 17 a m 114 Text messages and social media posts allegedly made by survivors still trapped after the capsizing circulated in the media but an investigation by the Cyber Terror Response Center found that none of the trapped passengers used their phones between 12 00 p m on 16 April and 10 00 a m of 17 April 123 and that all the reported survivors messages made within that time were falsified 124 Sewol took two and a half hours to sink 108 By around 11 18 a m the stern was submerged with a section of the hull about 2 metres 6 ft 7 in high and 20 to 30 metres 66 to 98 ft long showing above the water At 12 00 noon on 16 April only 50 centimetres 20 in of the bulbous bow was above water at 1 03 p m the ship was completely submerged 125 126 Rescue operations editAn investigation conducted by Social Disaster Special Investigation Committee clearly confirmed that the Coast Guard Command was responsible for the lives of 304 people In a position with clear duties and authority according to their laws and operation procedures the Coast Guard Command should have mobilized all available resources to grasp the situation and identify the emergencies with the Sewol ferry providing direction to the mobilized forces to evacuate the Sewol ferry passengers However they failed to carry out these actions The Coast Guard Command neither tried to figure out the specific status of the Sewol nor shared the information already secured through passenger reports etc with dispatchers Even though they should have been aware of the urgency of the Sewol Ferry incident based on the information provided by the mobilized forces and the passenger reports the Coast Guard Command still did not issue the proper commands to the mobilized forces 127 During the disaster and the immediate aftermath the South Korean government s announcements as well as those from the South Korean media were inconsistent and inaccurate 128 An editorial in The Huffington Post stated that government reports were like a rubber band increasing at one moment and decreasing at another 129 South Korean outlets such as JoongAng Ilbo Maeil Broadcasting Network and JTBC later made corrections and apologies concerning their earlier reports 27 Conspiracy theories were also present in the aftermath of the sinking 130 First day edit At 8 58 a m KST on 16 April 2014 the Mokpo Coast Guard dispatched Patrol Vessel No 123 in response to the first report of the incident 100 After receiving the news of the capsizing from the Jeollanam Provincial Government the Republic of Korea Navy 3rd Fleet sent a Gumdoksuri class patrol vessel PKG to the accident site at 9 03 a m the Navy dispatched another PKG at 9 09 a m 131 At 9 04 a m the government created the Central Disaster Countermeasure Headquarters 중앙재난안전대책본부 an organization which would directly report to the government The KCG set up a rescue operations headquarters at 9 10 a m 132 Patrol Vessel No 123 arrived at the scene near 9 30 a m 100 as the first ship to reach the site after the incident 133 During the time between the dispatch and the operations No 123 failed to raise Sewol and chose to call for other ships on the radio 134 Consequently crewmembers on No 123 had not directly communicated with the stricken vessel and were not aware of the content of the communication between Sewol and the Jindo VTS on arrival 135 At the time of arrival Sewol had listed about fifty to sixty degrees to port 136 Rescuers made announcements for five minutes calling people to abandon ship and jump into the water 134 No 123 began rescue operations at 9 38 a m with the dispatching of a rubber boat 136 Passengers who had reached the deck or jumped into the water were rescued including Captain Lee but rescuers could not get inside the ship due to the list 134 People trapped inside Sewol s pilothouse were rescued by breaking through the windows 134 At 9 35 a m the Korean Ministry of National Defense started operating Counter disaster Headquarters 재난대책본부 At 9 40 a m the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries declared the accident to be the highest state of emergency in terms of naval accidents consequently the Central Accident Response Headquarters 중앙사고수습본부 was established 137 At the same time the Ministry of Health and Welfare sent emergency vehicles and the first squad of the Disaster Medical Support Team 재난의료지원팀 to Jindo 138 At 11 28 a m the Korea Navy s Ship Salvage Unit SSU was reported to have been deployed for the operations 139 At 2 42 p m 150 special forces personnel from the Republic of Korea Army Special Warfare Command including forty scuba divers were sent for the operation At this point 196 personnel including 82 in the SSU and 114 in the Republic of Korea Naval Special Warfare Flotilla were involved in the operations 140 At 3 07 the regional government of the Gyeonggi Province was reported to have started operating the Prevention and Countermeasures Headquarters 재난안전대책본부 141 After 5 p m units from the SSU began undersea operations 142 At 5 13 p m the Gyeonggi do Office of Education was reported to have started operating the Ansan Danwon High School Accident Countermeasures Report Compiling Headquarters 안산 단원고 사고대책 종합상황본부 143 At 8 00 p m operations investigating the ship s hull were ceased 144 As of 10 03 p m the following units were involved in rescue operations Naval forces include sailors from the 3rd Fleet 제3함대 第三艦隊 a Dokdo class amphibious assault ship a Chungmugong Yi Sun sin class destroyer and an Ulsan class frigate The Republic of Korea Air Force sent support units such as the Lockheed C 130 Hercules Sikorsky HH 60 Pave Hawk and HH 47 variant of the Boeing CH 47 Chinook The Republic of Korea Army sent units including 150 Special Warfare Command soldiers and eleven ambulances 145 Second day edit nbsp A U S Navy MH 60S Seahawk helicopter conducted search and rescue operations at the request of the South Korean navy near where Sewol sank on 17 April 2014 Starting on 17 April Undine Marine Industries a privately held company 146 began to lead the search for missing passengers 147 At 12 30 a m hull investigations were started by the KCG with the help of flares 148 As of 6 00 a m 171 ships twenty nine aircraft and thirty divers were involved in the rescue effort The KCG had assigned twenty divers in teams of two The ROK Navy also assigned eight divers 149 but the KCG prevented them from participating 147 and waited for divers from Undine Industries 150 At 7 24 a m civilian groups of expert divers were reported to be helping out in the rescue operations 151 During the morning the number of divers involved in the operations reached 555 152 The navy also established a military control tower on the Dokdo class assault ship 153 Starting around 2 00 p m rescue operations were practically stopped due to bad weather conditions 154 A marine crane arrived on the scene at night 155 Subsequent operations edit At 10 50 a m on 18 April 156 the KCG began pumping in air to support possible air pockets 108 At the same time divers entered the capsized ship s hull 157 but only gained access to the cargo deck 158 The divers entrance was later labeled a failure by the Central Disaster Countermeasure Headquarters 159 On 19 April a navy petty officer who was injured during rescue operations died 160 On 21 April remotely operated underwater vehicles began to be used for operations 161 On 24 April the CR200 Crabster robot was sent to the rescue site 162 An Undine Marine diver died on 6 May 163 164 followed by another diver s death on 30 May 165 On 17 July a firefighting helicopter returning from rescue operations crashed near an apartment complex killing all five officers aboard and injuring a high school student 166 167 The government announced on 22 April 2015 that it had approved plans to salvage the wreckage of Sewol in hopes of finding more information about the sinking and recovering the bodies of nine victims still missing The plan was initially put forward by President Park Geun hye and was endorsed by the minister of public safety and security Park In yong The operation was expected to take as long as eighteen months and to cost between US 91 137 million 168 Survivors and casualties edit At 11 01 a m Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation began reporting that all students had been rescued this news was re reported by other news organizations and continued until 11 26 a m 169 Around 11 a m KST officers working for the educational departments for the Gyeonggi Province sent text messages to the students parents stating that all students had been rescued 170 The officers belief was apparently confirmed by a police officer in the Danwon Police Department 169 Initial reports stated that rescuers retrieved 368 people from cold waters as the passengers mostly students had jumped overboard when the vessel started sinking the South Korean government later corrected this statement saying 295 passengers remained missing 171 Twenty two of the twenty nine crew survived including fifteen responsible for the navigation 172 In its 17 April morning edition the Chosun Ilbo reported that 174 people had been rescued four had died and 284 were missing 173 According to CNN and its affiliate YTN six people died 174 News1 Korea reported that as of 8 00 a m 179 people had been rescued six had died and 290 were missing 149 Three more people were found dead at 11 00 a m and the confirmed death toll rose to nine 175 At 10 p m Yonhap confirmed that the death toll had risen to fourteen 176 Over the course of the following months the death toll rose into the hundreds 177 178 179 The death toll stood at 294 as of 22 July 2014 with ten missing the date marked the recovery of the last cabin crew member 180 The sinking of Sewol is the deadliest ferry disaster in South Korea since 14 December 1970 when the sinking of the ferry Namyoung killed 326 out of the 338 people aboard 181 182 Foreign response edit nbsp U S Marines assigned to the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit responding to the scene of the Sewol sinking on 16 April 2014The USS Bonhomme Richard was sent to assist in the air sea rescue operation 183 184 but did not get the approval of the ROK Navy for its helicopters to participate in the rescue 185 The US Navy rescue and salvage USNS Safeguard was sent to South Korea to take part in the rescue operation 186 187 The Japan Coast Guard offered support as well as a message of sympathy and condolences from the Japanese government The KCG declined the offer saying that while the offer was welcome special assistance was not needed on this occasion 188 Investigation edit nbsp Sewol after being refloated at Mokpo New PortCauses edit As of 13 December 2022 investigators have concluded that the cause of the sinking was undetermined 189 Early theories about the sinking included a range of explanations given as follows An unreasonably sudden turn to starboard 190 made between 8 48 and 8 49 a m KST 191 caused the cargo to shift to port which in turn caused the ship to list and to eventually become unmanageable for the crew 190 The existence of the sudden turn has been confirmed by the analysis of the ship s AIS data 192 The ship s crew agreed that the main cause was the sudden turn 193 Experts such as Lee Sang yun a professor and head of the environment maritime technology institute of the Pukyong National University also agreed 194 Overloading and improperly secured cargo were also thought to contribute to the sinking 195 Sewol was carrying 3 608 tons of cargo more than three times the limit of 987 tons 196 It is estimated that the actual cargo on the day of the accident weighed 2 215 tons including 920 tons of trucks cars and heavy equipment 131 tons of containers and 1 164 tons of general goods The cargo included building materials destined for naval bases on the island of Jeju The overloading was also previously noted by Sewol s off duty captain and the first mate 197 the off duty captain reported that the ship s owners ignored his warning that she should not carry so much cargo because she would not be stable 198 Lee Sang yun also proposed overloading as a cause 199 Sewol was carrying only 580 tons of ballast water much less than the recommended 2 030 tons this would make the vessel more prone to list and capsize 200 The crew had reportedly pumped out hundreds of tons of ballast water from the bottom of the ship in order to accommodate the additional cargo 201 The combination of the lack of ballast water and excess cargo meant that the center of gravity on the Sewol was too high for safe operation and the amount of force needed to capsize the ship was reduced to a dangerously low level The newspaper Chosun Ilbo argued that the discharging of ballast water was a cause of the incident 202 Secondary causes also contributed to the capsizing of the ferry by decreasing the restoring force 203 Renovations which added extra passenger cabins have been proposed as a main secondary cause by Kim Gil soo 김길수 a professor in the maritime transport technological department at the Korea Maritime University 204 205 This possible cause has also been supported by the off duty captain 206 as well as Lee Sang yun 194 It was theorized that the solenoid valve became stuck which contributed to the sharp turn The Social Disasters Commission SDC an investigation team concluded that it is highly improbable that this occurred The SDC also concluded that it cannot confirm if the cause of the sinking was due to an external force although there was some deformation and damage to the Sewol s hull 207 The investigative committee was not able to rule out other causes for the sinking The cause of the sinking was still undetermined as of December 2022 208 Other theories edit Explosion edit Gong Gil young 공길영 a professor of aviation engineering at Korea Maritime University commented that Sewol s sudden turn was simply the first cause and that there were secondary causes to the incident He advocated an explosion as the most probable secondary cause 209 210 Reef collision edit At the beginning of the investigation the KCG thought that the cause was a collision with a reef believing this likely because the area was foggy 211 Captain Lee denied this was the cause of the accident 212 and a reef collision has been dismissed as a cause by consensus among experts 213 The theory is also not currently advocated by the KCG 190 Collision with submarine edit Several media outlets such as the Jaju Sibo Self Reliance News have speculated the ferry sinking to be result of crashing with a submarine 214 This was from discussions over a screenshot from videos of the ferry sinking where a dark vessel was visible in sea fog behind the ship While most media correctly identified the vessel as a fishing boat a few have concluded this to be a military submarine of South Korean Japanese American French or Israeli origin This theory was repeated by online vigilante group Zaro Netizens investigation team who pointed out in a 9 hour long video that the route taken by the ill fated ferry didn t match conventional routes and external factors such as a submarine collision can explain the disaster He claimed an errant sub collided with the Sewol based on his analysis of radar recordings and the Navy may have concealed the submarine crash in order to achieve its goal of sailing 2 million miles without an accident 215 Captain and crew edit On 19 April Captain Lee Jun seok was arrested on suspicion of negligence of duty violation of maritime law and other infringements 216 Lee had abandoned Sewol with passengers still aboard the ferry while South Korean law explicitly requires captains to remain on the ship during a disaster 217 218 219 Two other crew members a helmsman and the third mate were also arrested on that day on suspicion of negligence and manslaughter 220 By 26 April twelve further arrests had been made with the whole crew responsible for navigation in detention 221 222 On 15 May Captain Lee First Mate Kang Won sik Second Mate Kim Young ho and Chief Engineer Park Gi ho were indicted on charges of homicide through gross negligence also described as murder which carry a potential death penalty 201 223 224 225 The other eleven crew members faced lesser charges of abandoning the ship and ship safety offences 30 Three crew members Park Ji young Jeong Hyun seon and Kim Ki woong were credited by survivors with staying aboard the ferry to help passengers escape All three went down with the sinking vessel 226 Operators edit On 8 May the chief executive of Chonghaejin Kim Han sik was arrested and faced charges including causing death by negligence 227 Four other Chonghaejin officials were also taken into custody 228 The Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries revoked the company s license to operate ferries on the Incheon Jeju Island route in May 2014 229 Regulation edit The Sewol disaster raised questions regarding governmental regulation of shipping in South Korea Shipping is regulated by the Korean Shipping Association which is also an industry trade group something experts consider a likely conflict of interest In addition government regulators outside the Association frequently move to jobs as part of the association after their government service Yun Jong hwui a professor at Korea Maritime and Ocean University notes that while South Korean regulations are strong they are often poorly enforced 230 Litigation editOn 3 June the Gwangju District Court issued arrest warrants for a senior vessel safety operator of the Korea Shipping Association s Incheon unit and a vessel inspector of the KR s Mokpo unit 231 Amongst fifteen crew accused of the sinking prosecutors sought the death penalty for Captain Lee under the charge of homicide for failing to carry out his duty Lead prosecutor Park Jae eok said Lee supplied the cause of the sinking of the Sewol he has the heaviest responsibility for the accident We ask that the court sentence him to death While no formal pleas were made Lee denied intent to kill The others had lesser charges including negligence On 11 November the Gwangju District Court found Captain Lee guilty of negligence and sentenced him to thirty six years imprisonment The judges said that he was clearly not the only person responsible for the tragedy and they accepted that his negligence did not amount to an intent to kill Chief Engineer Park Gi ho was found guilty of murder and jailed for thirty years Thirteen other crew members were given jail sentences of up to twenty years imprisonment on charges including abandonment and violating maritime law Relatives of victims were distraught at the verdict with some weeping Agence France Presse reported that one woman screamed in the courtroom It s not fair What about the lives of our children They the defendants deserve worse than death 232 In the cases against officials over the overloading of cargo Kim Han sik Chonghaejin s chief executive was found guilty of negligence and received a ten year prison term Six other Chonghaejin employees and a Korean Shipping Association official also received prison sentences 233 Following appeals by prosecutors and the accused on 28 April 2015 Captain Lee was found guilty of murder and his sentence increased to life imprisonment while those for fourteen other crew members were reduced to a maximum of twelve years including ten years for Chief Engineer Park Gi ho whose murder conviction was overturned 234 Judge Jeon Il ho explained We drew a distinction between the Captain Lee Joon seok who has a grave responsibility and crew members who took orders from the captain 235 Kim Han sik s sentence was also reduced to seven years on appeal 236 Aftermath editGovernment s report and concerns about public opinion edit Based on the National Crisis Management Basic Guidelines explicit provisions the Blue House should have played the role of a control tower in a national crisis situation However this control tower which was absent on April 16 2014 became active only when the public opinion toward the government worsened after the disaster To prevent the spread of criticism of their administration the Blue House provided misleading information to the public and took actions with the purpose of polarizing the public according to their political interests The crisis was viewed by the Blue House as a crisis of the regime and in specific instances when there was a divide in public sentiment the president and the government attacked the individuals and groups who were critical of them of being ideologically biased and pro North Korea forces and imposed restrictions During this process the Blue House utilized right wing organizations and strengthened their conservative base by providing financial support to the organizations that cooperated with them or by appointing active personnel to key positions The Blue House did not protect the victims but instead stigmatized them as instigated by politically aligned groups In this way Park Geun hye s Blue House distorted the victims demands aggravated social conflict and even hindered comprehensive fact finding investigation efforts aimed to improve future disaster response capabilities and enact special laws 127 The Social Disaster Special Investigation Committee confirmed that intelligence agencies such as the National Intelligence Service and the Defense Security Command illegally and unfairly supported the investigation and arrest operation of the Yoo Byung eun family At the time the Blue House defined the Sewol ferry disaster as a national disaster that caused suffering to the entire nation caused by greedy expansion of wealth by the Yoo Byung eun s family The Blue House used the Yoo Byung eun investigation and arrest operation as a trump card to deflect the government s responsibility for the Sewol Ferry disaster and to shift the blame onto the shipowner The National Intelligence Service and the Defense Security Command actively supported the Blue House provisions in this matter 127 On 16 November 2016 a report about the disaster compiled by the National Intelligence Service and intended for President Park was publicized The report referred to the sinking as just a ferry accident 그저 하나의 여객선 사고 and said we must control the protest in the name of ferry accident 여객선 사고를 빌미로 한 투쟁을 제어해야 한다 The report makes no mention of investigating the sinking salvaging the hull or supporting the victims families instead devoted to determining ways to control the protesting attempt by the opposition forces in the name of the ferry accident and suggest a method about public opinion manipulation using the government organized demonstrations 237 The sinking contributed to the political downfall of President Park As criticism of her handling of the disaster grew stronger Park s administration established a commission to monitor and prosecute her critics 238 Tatsuya Kato a Japanese journalist was indicted on charges of defamation for reporting that Park had responded to the disaster by meeting with fringe religious leader Choi Soon sil 239 240 In 2016 the full extent of Choi s ties to Park emerged in South Korean media which caused a corruption scandal that ultimately resulted in Park s impeachment by the National Assembly on 9 December A unanimous Constitutional Court ruling on 10 March 2017 upheld the impeachment vote ending her presidency 241 After Moon Jae in was elected following Park s removal from office documents revealed that Park had made a secret blacklist of artists to be barred from receiving any sort of government acknowledgement or sponsorship It was further discovered that the initial purpose of this blacklist was to censor those who commemorated the Sewol victims in their artwork 242 In July 2017 members of the Park administration were imprisoned for up to three years for their role in creating the illegal blacklist 243 A subsequent investigation by the Moon administration launched in October 2017 revealed President Park spent crucial early hours of the rescue operation in her bedroom meeting with Choi and getting her hair done before attending emergency meetings at 5pm eight hours following the sinking 244 National security officials Kim Jang soo and Kim Kwan jin and former presidential chief of staff Kim Ki choon were prosecuted on charges of manipulating the Blue House records of Park s whereabouts on the day of the sinking Sewol Ferry Disaster and State Crime edit The arrest of Yoo Byung eun and the confiscation of his property were key to ending the Sewol Ferry scandal according to the Defense Security Command DSC and a special task force was organized to apprehend Yoo The Defense Security Command argued that monitoring civilians in Geumsuwon as well as collecting vast amounts of personal information on members of the Evangelical Baptist Church Salvation Sect were considered legitimate administrative support However the activities of the Defense Security Command were determined to be operations that should only be carried out by investigative agencies thus rendering these acts illegal as they could not be categorized as administrative support under the Administrative Procedures Act It was also confirmed that these illegal actions taken by the Defense Security Command were regularly reported to the Blue House 245 The obstruction of the investigation by the Sewol Special Assistance Committee is considered to be a state crime committed deliberately and methodically State crime is a term used to describe human rights violations committed by the state itself A government agency that was to cooperate with the Sewol Special Assistance Committee s investigation abused its authority to receive the details of the investigation and together with the committee used those details to hinder the investigation Through this collusion they were able to manipulate the situation 246 Media representation edit The disaster is the subject of the 2014 documentary film The Truth Shall Not Sink with Sewol 247 The director s cut of the film was made available for public viewing on YouTube on 31 August 2015 248 Two British filmmakers that were living in South Korea during the tragedy Neil George and Matthew Root created the documentary After the Sewol which was released in several forms between 2016 and 2020 George later reorganized the footage into Crossroads with Root credited only as producer with a 38 minute cut made viewable through Asian Boss The film uses interviews with survivors emergency response workers and family members of the victims along with news coverage to create a study about the conflicting reports about disaster 249 A separate short documentary In the Absence was created to showcase the disaster in real time with audio visual and multi media messages and video from the victims The documentary was nominated for Best Documentary Short in the 92nd Academy Awards in 2020 250 The disaster was depicted in fiction in the film Birthday released in April 2019 citation needed Reactions edit nbsp A memorial wall near the Danwon High School where most of the victims were from nbsp A memorial ceremony in Hwarang Public Garden a park near the Danwon High SchoolPolitical edit In addition to reaction against the actions of Sewol 251 there has been a much wider political reaction to the disaster Criticism has ranged from anger at the lax regulatory environment which may have contributed to the safety violations that could have sunk Sewol 252 to anger about the rescue operations 253 to anger at President Park whose approval ratings fell from a high of 71 percent before the disaster to the 40 percent range weeks afterwards 254 Political reaction to the sinking was intensified by a series of events A prominent South Korean politician from the ruling Saenuri Party Chung Mong joon was forced to apologize when his son wrote a controversial Facebook post attacking the public for criticizing Park s government over the disaster 255 Many parents of the victims expressed deep anger at the government ranging from reportedly berating South Korean Prime Minister Jung Hong won 256 to shouting at President Park 257 to staging protests at the Blue House partly inflamed by a reported remark by a senior news editor at the government funded Korean Broadcasting System that the number of dead was not many compared with the number of people killed in traffic accidents each year 258 US President Barack Obama sent his condolences and assured that the United States would help in the search for survivors and during a state visit to South Korea presented a magnolia tree from the White House to Danwon High School 259 260 Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe offered sympathy to the victims 261 Vietnamese President Truong Tan Sang as well as his deputy prime minister and minister of foreign affairs sent their condolences to Yun Byung se South Korea s Minister of Foreign Affairs 262 Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong 263 and Chinese President Xi Jinping sent messages of condolences to Park 264 265 On 23 April the North Korean government sent condolences 266 On 24 April The Pope expressed his condolences for the loss of so many lives 267 On 27 April Prime Minister Jung Hong won accepted responsibility for the disaster and announced his resignation 268 Two days later President Park indirectly apologized for the government s response to the sinking 269 270 271 On 18 May the BBC reported that Park Geun hye announced plans to break up the KCG after it had failed to respond well during the disaster 272 According to Park investigation and information roles will be transferred to the Korean police while the rescue and salvage operation and ocean security roles will be transferred to the Department for National Safety 273 which will be newly established 274 Civilian edit nbsp Memorial place on Gwanghwamun Plaza nbsp Memorial booth on Gwanghwamun PlazaOn 17 April a representative of Cheonghaejin Marine apologized for the incident 275 The chairman and CEO of the KR Chon Young Kee resigned on 28 April following raids on its offices by South Korean prosecutors 276 On 18 April the rescued vice principal of Danwon High School Kang Min kyu 52 committed suicide by hanging himself 277 Kang had organized the field trip that had brought the high school party aboard Sewol and had written in his two page suicide note which was found in his wallet by police Surviving alone is too painful when 200 lives are unaccounted for I take full responsibility 278 279 The note ended with a request that his body be cremated and the ashes scattered over the site of the accident that I might be a teacher in heaven to those kids whose bodies have not been found 280 On 22 April an internet user made a post encouraging others to take part in a yellow ribbon campaign on KakaoTalk The image accompanying the post had a caption stating One small movement big miracle 281 282 Since then the yellow ribbon has been used to symbolize mourning for the sinking victims 283 The ribbons are prominent in social media sometimes as profile photos 284 and were used by celebrities such as Jo Kwon and Hye rim Park 282 In 2017 the yellow ribbon campaign received renewed media coverage as various K pop musicians wrote songs with references to the symbol wore the ribbon during performances and posted images of the ribbon on their social media sites to commemorate the third anniversary of the disaster 285 286 287 On 17 April 2015 a day after the first anniversary of the sinking 4 475 participants holding electronic candles formed the shape of the Sewol ferry at the commemoration event titled The Saddest Challenge in the World in front of Seoul City Hall 288 289 The event continues to be memorialized by Korean students in school ceremonies 290 291 Kim Gwan hong a Sewol diver died from apparent suicide in June 2016 after he had suffered injuries during search and rescue operations that prevented him from working again as a diver 292 293 During a government hearing in 2015 he had testified that painful memories of handling dead bodies from Sewol had haunted him 293 Kim expressed disappointment in the government for its negligence towards the volunteers Now I urge the government not to seek people s help in any disaster but do it itself 292 Victims families editThe 4 16 Coalition translated name represents some of the Sewol victims families and it has encouraged the investigation of the Sewol ferry accident 294 The 4 16 Coalition evaluated the results of the investigation of the SDC pointing out four major issues First the investigation of the failed rescue efforts on the day of the disaster was not conducted properly Second there were questionable acts committed by the Park administration during the investigation that were widely publicized such as concealing information interfering with the investigation of the sinking and rescue violations of the rights of the victims families and illegal interrogations Representatives from the group noted it was impossible to obtain data from Korea s intelligence agencies the acting prime minister after Park was removed from office designated Park s activities on the day of the disaster as a matter of presidential record making the files unable to be accessed for up to 30 years 295 Third the cause of the sinking could not be determined Fourth various limitations and problems including confusion due to lack of communication were revealed in the investigation process Salvage editOn 22 March 2017 the salvage operation began to raise the wreck of Sewol 296 A Chinese consortium Shanghai Salvage Company was contracted by the government to carry out the operation 297 The ship was lying on her port side nearly forty metres below the surface Diesel and oil were drained from the ship All the cabins were sealed and a huge fence was erected on the seabed to prevent any wreckage from drifting away A crane lifted the bow of the ship five degrees so that thirty three lifting beams could be placed underneath The salvage crew pumped water out of the ship s ballast tanks and attached air bags to increase the ship s buoyancy Cables were attached to the lifting beams and strand jacks gradually lifted the ship to thirteen metres below the surface where she was then attached to a barge citation needed Sewol was then towed and loaded onto a semi submersible vessel Dockwise White Marlin 298 She was loaded onto self propelled modular transporters SPMTs while on the vessel which then transported her to shore The vessel docked at Mokpo where ALE were contracted to unload the ship using the SPMTs 299 The wreck is located on a Mokpo dock at 34 45 30 69 N 126 21 3 30 E At the time of the ship s raising nine passengers were still unaccounted for In order of retrieval the remains of teacher Go Chang Seok were found at the sinking site after the ship s removal followed by the remains of Danwon High School students Heo Da Yun and Cho Eun Hwa and passenger Lee Young Sook inside the ship For most victims at this point only partial remains were retrieved and DNA testing was used to identify them 300 301 302 303 By the end of the search operations on 19 October 2018 five victims remained missing Danwon High School students Nam Hyeon Cheol 16 and Park Yeong In 16 teacher Yang Seung Jin 57 and father and son passengers Kwon Jae Geun 48 and Kwon Hyeok Gyu 6 304 See also editList of maritime disasters in the 21st century Sinking of Oryong 501 Sinking of the MV Seohae System accidentNotes editReferences edit 동거차도에서 본 이 시각 구조 현장 Current Rescue Scene as seen from Donggeochado in Korean YTN 22 April 2014 Retrieved 24 September 2014 a b Two Sewol ferry victims laid to rest Yonhap News 25 September 2017 Retrieved 20 January 2024 South Korea ferry search diver dies Agence France Presse The Guardian 30 May 2014 Retrieved 24 September 2014 Sewol ferry search helicopter crash kills 5 in South Korea CNN 17 July 2014 Retrieved 26 October 2017 Why Seizing Ferry Owner s Assets Is Vital The Chosun Ilbo Chosun com 22 May 2014 Retrieved 24 September 2014 Jeong Hunny 12 August 2014 Three pronged effort to investigate Sewol The Korea Herald Retrieved 24 September 2014 Sewol trial South Korea coast guard was ill equipped BBC 12 August 2014 Retrieved 24 September 2014 Captain Who Fled South Korea Ferry Faces Murder Charge NBC News Reuters 15 May 2014 Retrieved 24 September 2014 a b Crew of Doomed Sewol Ferry Goes on Trial in South Korea NBC News Reuters 10 June 2014 Retrieved 24 September 2014 Kim Jack 28 April 2015 S Korea court finds ferry captain guilty of homicide for 304 deaths Reuters Thomson Reuters Retrieved 12 June 2016 lt 여객선 침몰 gt 승선자 476명 구조자 174명으로 정정 Ferry Capsizing The number of people on board and rescuers changed to 476 and 174 Yonhap News in Korean Yonhap 18 April 2014 Retrieved 20 May 2014 Kim Bong Moon Choi Jong Kwon 9 May 2014 New updates made to total Sewol figures Korea JoongAng Daily JoongAng Ilbo Retrieved 20 May 2014 a b Kim Jung eun 28 July 2014 Student survivors of Sewol ferry disaster testify at South Korea murder trial CNN Turner Broadcasting System Retrieved 25 August 2014 Kim Se jeong 17 February 2016 Parents clash over Danwon classrooms The Korea Times Retrieved 17 June 2016 3rd LD All out efforts to search sunken ferry continue amid weak currents Yonhap 7 May 2014 Retrieved 7 May 2014 Sewol Equasis free registration required French Ministry for Transport Retrieved 25 November 2017 Kim Sam 21 April 2014 Two Hours Turn Class Trip into Shipwreck Horror for South Korea Bloomberg Retrieved 7 June 2014 a b Tycoon wanted in fatal South Korean boat capsize found dead South Korea News Net Archived from the original on 28 July 2014 Retrieved 23 July 2014 Park Madison Hancocks Paula 16 April 2015 Sewol ferry disaster One year on grieving families demand answers CNN Retrieved 15 July 2015 Kim Jack Yoo Choonsik 16 April 2014 More than 300 people missing after South Korea ferry sinks coastguard Reuters Archived from the original on 16 April 2014 Retrieved 20 April 2014 Fishermen Rescued Half the Survivors of Ferry Disaster The Chosun Ilbo Chosun com 30 April 2014 Retrieved 21 August 2015 Duty and Shame as the Ship Sank The New York Times 22 April 2014 Mullen Jethro Kim Stella 8 May 2014 South Korea cracking down on operator in Sewol ferry disaster CEO arrested CNN Choe Sang Hun 9 May 2014 South Korea s Leader and Media Face Scrutiny Over Ferry Disaster The New York Times Jin Jongsoon Song Geoboo 15 June 2017 Bureaucratic Accountability and Disaster Response Why Did the Korea Coast Guard Fail in Its Rescue Mission During the Sewol Ferry Accident Risk Hazards amp Crisis in Public Policy 8 3 220 243 doi 10 1002 rhc3 12115 PMC 7169149 PMID 32328217 Shin Mitch 16 April 2021 7 Years After Sewol Ferry Disaster Bereaved Families Still Urge Government to Reveal the Truth The Diplomat Retrieved 28 May 2021 a b Nam In soo 16 May 2014 Media Outlets Apologize Over Sewol Ferry Disaster Coverage The Wall Street Journal Dow Jones amp Company Retrieved 29 September 2014 Officials vague on rumor Japanese support was refused for S Korean ferry JapanToday 20 April 2014 Retrieved 28 May 2021 Film points finger at South Korean government for Sewol disaster BBC 23 April 2017 Retrieved 28 May 2021 a b Four crew members of sunken South Korea ship charged with murder Asia Bulletin Archived from the original on 5 June 2014 Retrieved 17 May 2014 Greed Was Biggest Culprit in Ferry Disaster The Chosun Ilbo Chosun com 6 May 2014 Retrieved 3 October 2014 a b Kwon Judy Lah Kyung 27 April 2014 Ferry disaster s toll on South Korea s national psyche CNN Turner Broadcasting System Retrieved 3 October 2014 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o 여객선 세월호 전복사고 특별조사 보고서 Safety Investigation Report Report Korean Maritime Safety Tribunal 29 December 2014 Sunken ferry once plied Japan s seas The Japan Times 17 April 2014 Retrieved 18 February 2017 a b Corrections 바로잡습니다 Daily Labor News 매일노동뉴스 in Korean 15 June 2020 Retrieved 14 December 2022 Suh Jae jung 22 September 2014 South Korea Still Stonewalling About the Sewol Foreign Policy in Focus Institute for Policy Studies Retrieved 18 February 2017 a b c 檢 세월호 수사결과 발표 세월호는 과적 상태에서 급선회하다 침몰 Presents MV Sewol investigation results MV Sewol capsized due to sudden turn while overloaded The Chosun Ilbo in Korean Chosun com 6 October 2014 Retrieved 6 October 2014 Kim Suk kyoon 11 November 2015 The Sewol Ferry Disaster in Korea and Maritime Safety Management Ocean Development and International Law 46 4 345 358 doi 10 1080 00908320 2015 1089748 S2CID 154630655 Choe Sang hun 6 May 2014 4 Employed by Operator of Doomed South Korean Ferry Are Arrested The New York Times Retrieved 18 February 2017 Kwon K J Yan Holly 9 July 2014 Report S Korean ferry operators prioritized profits over safety CNN Turner Broadcasting System Retrieved 25 August 2014 a b Sewol Operator Routinely Overloaded Ferry The Chosun Ilbo Chosun com 7 May 2014 Retrieved 3 October 2014 Hopes fade of finding Sewol survivors The Jeju Weekly 21 April 2014 Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 Retrieved 3 October 2014 Hannemann Olaf OpenSeaMap The free nautical chart OpenSeaMap Retrieved 24 April 2014 a b Irregularities Incompetence Led to Ferry Disaster The Chosun Ilbo Chosun com 24 April 2014 Retrieved 4 October 2014 Sewol disaster South Korea to pay nearly 400 000 per student killed BBC 1 April 2015 Retrieved 2 March 2017 Kim Oi hyun Seo Young ji 18 April 2014 3 foreign nationals among the missing from sunken ferry The Hankyoreh Retrieved 4 October 2014 South Korea Sewol ferry crew go on trial BBC 10 June 2014 Retrieved 4 October 2014 Kwaak Jeyup 30 April 2014 South Korean Ferry Official Warned of Stability Issues The Wall Street Journal Dow Jones amp Company Retrieved 15 September 2014 Villapaz Luke 17 April 2014 Who Is Lee Joon Seok South Korean Ferry Captain Apologizes And Faces Criminal Investigation For Sewol Sinking PHOTO International Business Times IBT Media Retrieved 4 October 2014 The captains of the Sewol the Samho Jewelry and the Titanic The Dong a Ilbo donga com 23 April 2014 Retrieved 4 October 2014 lt 세월호참사 gt 승무원 탈출 전 선사와 통화 승무원 명단 누락 종합2보 MV Sewol Disaster Steward calls higher ranked member before escaping crew list missing in Korean Yonhap 29 April 2014 Retrieved 25 August 2014 Jun 전 Jong hyue 종휘 24 June 2014 생명 안전 분야 비정규직 금지 눈길 Life and safety areas hints of banning irregulars in Korean The Hankyoreh Retrieved 4 October 2014 Jenkins Nash 9 July 2014 South Korean Ferry Was Operating Illicitly State Report Says TIME Retrieved 21 February 2017 Jo 조 Seong eun 성은 23 April 2014 세월호 침몰 참사 단독 배 떨림 너무 심하다 문제 제기 회사측 해고 협박 MV Sewol Capsizing Disaster Exclusive Ship vibration is too much problem raised company threatens to fire in Korean KUKINEWS Retrieved 4 October 2014 Choi He suk 23 April 2014 Ferry Disaster More irregularities emerge as Sewol death toll hits 139 The Korea Herald Herald Corporation Retrieved 4 October 2014 South Korean ferry captain says he warned of boat s stability problems The Daily Telegraph AP 30 April 2014 Archived from the original on 11 January 2022 Retrieved 21 February 2017 Choe Sang hun Fackler Martin Cowan Alison Leigh Sayare Scott 26 July 2014 In Ferry Deaths a South Korean Tycoon s Downfall The New York Times Retrieved 4 October 2014 McCurry Justin 20 April 2014 South Korea ferry disaster third mate steering in tricky waters for first time The Guardian Retrieved 7 March 2017 Park 박 Sang soo 상수 15 May 2014 세월호 참사 합수부 공소장으로 본 세월호 침몰 The Disaster of MV Sewol The Sinking of the Sewol seen through the petition of appeal of the Coalition Investigation Team Newsis Archived from the original on 21 October 2014 Retrieved 5 March 2017 a b Jang Jung min Park Ju min 18 April 2014 Vice principal of South Korea school in ferry disaster commits suicide Reuters Thomson Reuters Retrieved 28 February 2017 South Korea ferry disaster What we know about Sewol s sinking Australian Broadcasting Corporation 24 April 2014 Retrieved 28 February 2017 South Korea ferry steered by inexperienced third mate BBC 20 April 2017 Retrieved 28 February 2017 Park Madison 15 May 2014 What went wrong on Sewol CNN Turner Broadcasting System Retrieved 3 October 2014 Did Sewol 3rd Mate Lie to Rescue Services The Chosun Ilbo Chosun com 21 April 2014 Retrieved 28 February 2017 Choi He suk 22 April 2014 Ferry Disaster Death toll surpasses 150 as Sewol search speeds up The Korea Herald Herald Media Retrieved 5 October 2014 McCurry Justin 16 April 2014 South Korea ferry disaster survivors describe chaotic scenes The Guardian Guardian News and Media Retrieved 5 October 2014 Bae 배 Dong min 동민 13 October 2014 평화로운 아침 세월호 침몰 전 내부 모습 공개 Peaceful morning MV Sewol s inner settings before capsizing revealed NEWSis in Korean Newsis com Archived from the original on 21 October 2014 Retrieved 21 October 2014 S Korea ferry survivor haunted by memory of trapped students BBC 23 April 2014 Retrieved 5 March 2017 a b c 기억을 건지다 6개월의 재판 기록 Rescuing memory 6 months worth of court record Korean Broadcasting System Archived from the original on 5 April 2017 Retrieved 5 March 2017 a b c Yang 양 Sung mo 성모 13 April 2015 디 퍼 9시 26분 어떤 일이 세월호 재판 6개월의 기록 Digital First What happened on 9 26 Six months worth of court records in the Sewol Trial Korean Broadcasting System Retrieved 7 March 2017 a b Jeong Dae ha 12 September 2014 ko 세월호 조타실 변침 방향은 오른쪽 왼쪽 Was the MV Sewol s steering room turning direction to the right left in Korean The Hankyoreh Retrieved 7 March 2017 Wook 욱 Huh 허 16 September 2014 검경합수본 자문단장 세월호 운행 불가능한 배 종합 Head of the expert advisory board for the police prosecution joint investigation board MV Sewol was a ship impossible to sail Compiled in Korean AsiaToday Retrieved 6 October 2014 a b 자문단장 끊어진 세월호 AIS 36초 시스템 한계 탓 Head of advisory panel said 36 seconds of lost data of the AIS on the Sewol is due to system limitations in Korean Seoul Broadcasting System 16 September 2014 Retrieved 6 October 2014 Choi He suk 22 April 2014 Ferry Disaster Death toll surpasses 150 as Sewol search speeds up The Korea Herald Herald Media Retrieved 6 October 2014 Nam Hyun woo 22 April 2014 More questions arise for cause The Korea Times Retrieved 6 October 2014 Cho 조 Im song 임성 6 October 2014 세월호 폭침설 국정원 개입설 등 사실무근 YTN Retrieved 20 October 2014 a b Jung 정 Dae ha 대하 Park 박 16 September 2014 세월호 침몰 주요 원인은 과적 전문가 증언 MV Sewol s main reason for capsizing is overloading expert testifies in Korean The Hankyoreh Retrieved 6 October 2014 a b lt 세월호 4월 16일 08 49 초당 15도 급선회 실상은 gt MV Sewol s was turning at 15 degrees per second on 16 April at 8 49 in Korean Yonhap 16 September 2014 Retrieved 6 October 2014 Choi Hye jin 16 September 2014 KBS News 세월호 대각도로 방향 바꾸다 화물 쏠려 침몰 MV Sewol capsized as the cargo shifted to one side following a large angular turn in Korean Korean Broadcasting System Retrieved 6 October 2014 a b Hancocks Paula Shoichet Catherine E Pearson Michael 17 April 2014 South Korean shipwreck survivors Passengers told don t move as ship sank CNN Retrieved 17 April 2014 세월호 45도 급선회 사라졌던 3분36초간의 기록 MV Sewol Sudden turn of 45 degrees the records of 3 minutes and 36 seconds that have disappeared Yonhap in Korean Naver Corporation 22 April 2014 Retrieved 13 November 2014 a b Park 박 So hee 소희 1 October 2014 입 연 세월호 기관장 죽을죄를 지었습니다 The Chief Engineer of MV Sewol who opened his mouth I committed a crime punishable by death in Korean OhmyNews Retrieved 4 November 2014 a b c Choe Sang hun Kirk Semple Lee Su hyun 20 April 2014 Errors Mounted as Chaos Ruled Capsizing Ferry The New York Times Retrieved 15 October 2014 Kang Jin kyu 25 September 2014 Simulations show far different fate for the Sewol Korea JoongAng Daily JoongAng Ilbo Retrieved 15 October 2014 McCurry Justin 20 April 2014 South Korea ferry disaster third mate steering in tricky waters for first time The Guardian Retrieved 22 April 2014 Jang Jung min Park Ju min 18 April 2014 S Korea ferry captain rushed back to bridge as ship listed crewman Reuters Retrieved 20 October 2014 a b Kim 김 Do gyun 도균 22 April 2014 엔진 꺼진 채 표류하다 침몰 선장이 꺼라 지시 The ship drifted with engines off and capsized Captain ordered off in Korean Seoul Broadcasting System Retrieved 28 October 2014 Sewol s captain under fire for fleeing sinking ship The Hankyoreh 18 April 2014 Retrieved 28 October 2014 Choi 최 Chi bong 치봉 16 May 2014 20대 女항해사 배 가라앉는데 한쪽 구석에서 As the ship was sinking the female third mate in her 20s in the corner was in Korean Seoul Shinmun Retrieved 4 November 2014 South Korea Sewol ferry What we know BBC 15 May 2014 Retrieved 2 September 2014 Kim Jung eun 28 July 2014 Student survivors of Sewol ferry disaster testify at South Korea murder trial CNN Turner Broadcasting System Retrieved 3 September 2014 Park Madison 18 April 2014 Ferry accident Woman 71 survives because stranger wouldn t give up on her CNN Turner Broadcasting System Retrieved 21 November 2014 Hancocks Paula Shoichet Catherine E Pearson Michael 17 April 2014 South Korean shipwreck survivors Passengers told don t move as ship sank CNN Turner Broadcasting System Retrieved 21 November 2014 Bacon John 2 May 2014 Heartbreaking video shows students as ferry sinks USA Today Gannett Company Retrieved 11 November 2014 세월호 카톡 공개 다들 사랑해 진짜 사랑하고 마지막 동영상 찍었어 눈물 MV Sewol s Katalk reveal I love everyone I really love everyone and I took the last video tears in Korean Seoul Broadcasting System 16 July 2014 Retrieved 21 November 2014 Stevens Andrew 27 April 2014 South Koreans mourn teen hero who made first emergency call from ferry CNN Turner Broadcasting System Retrieved 3 September 2014 Choi He suk 25 April 2014 Ferry Disaster Sewol search turns increasingly grim The Korea Herald Herald Corporation Retrieved 29 April 2014 Kang Jin kyu 30 April 2014 Videos at ferry disaster give glimpses of doom Korea Joongang Daily JoongAng Ilbo Retrieved 14 November 2014 a b c Noh Hyun woong 7 October 2014 More stunning evidence of government incompetence in Sewol s golden moments The Hankyoreh Retrieved 14 November 2014 a b c d e Lee Kyung mi Kim Young dong 24 April 2014 Student made first call for rescue from sinking Sewol ferry The Hankyoreh Retrieved 29 April 2014 Lost at sea The Economist 26 April 2014 Retrieved 14 November 2014 Choe Sang hun 30 April 2014 Mom This Looks Like the End of Me Doomed Vessel s Last Minutes The New York Times Retrieved 14 November 2014 a b Transcript of conversation between sinking ferry traffic control CNN 19 April 2014 Retrieved 20 April 2014 세월호 참사 승객들의 SNS 동영상 청해진해운 세월호 침몰中 7차례나 통화 승객 구호 퇴선 지시 없었으면 사법 처리 MV Sewol Disaster Passengers SNS Video Chonghaejin Marine MV Sewol Spoke to Each Other 7 Times During the Capsizing If there were no orders to make passengers abandon ship it goes under judicial law The Chosun Ilbo in Korean Chosun com 30 April 2014 Retrieved 24 September 2014 Transcript Shows Urgent Calls to Help Sinking South Korean Ferry The Wall Street Journal Dow Jones amp Company 21 April 2014 Retrieved 16 November 2014 a b c d lt 여객선침몰 gt 마지막 교신 좌현 60도 이동 쉽지 않다 Ferry Capsizing Last contact The ferry is tilted 60 degrees to the left moving will not be easy Yonhap News in Korean Yonhap 20 April 2014 Retrieved 20 April 2014 Translation by Wall Street Journal 1 Translation by CNN 2 Wong Gillian Kim Hyung Jin 20 April 2014 Confusion Over Ferry Evacuation May Have Added to Death Toll ABC News Retrieved 22 April 2014 a b c Sang hun Choe Lee Su hyun Ham Ji ha 17 April 2014 Human Error Suspected as Hope Fades in Korean Ferry Sinking The New York Times Retrieved 20 April 2014 Park Ju min 2 September 2014 Crew of doomed South Korea ferry drank beer while awaiting rescue media Reuters Thomson Reuters Retrieved 15 September 2014 세월호 참사 승객들의 SNS 동영상 청해진해운 세월호 침몰中 7차례나 통화 승객 구호 퇴선 지시 없었으면 사법 처리 MV Sewol Disaster Passengers SNS Video Chonghaejin Marine MV Sewol Spoke to Each Other 7 Times During the Capsizing If there were no orders to make passengers abandon ship it goes under judicial law The Chosun Ilbo in Korean Chosun com 30 April 2014 Retrieved 24 September 2014 Translation 3 Park Ju min 17 June 2014 Accused South Korea ferry crew say rescue was coastguard s job Reuters Thomson Reuters Retrieved 15 September 2014 Ryall Julian 15 May 2014 South Korea ferry captain charged with manslaughter Telegraph Media Group Retrieved 15 September 2014 Coast Guard Gave Special Treatment to Ferry Captain The Chosun Ilbo Chosun com 2 May 2014 Retrieved 17 September 2014 a b Kang Jin kyu 30 April 2014 Videos at ferry disaster give glimpses of doom JoongAng Ilbo Retrieved 17 September 2014 South Korea ferry Students floated from cabins BBC 28 July 2014 Retrieved 17 September 2014 a b Hayashi Yuka Nam In soo Martin Alexander Pfanner Eric Lee Min jeong 18 April 2014 As South Korean Ferry Disaster Unfolded Anguished Final Goodbyes The Wall Street Journal Dow Jones amp Company Retrieved 24 September 2014 Hancocks Paula Shoichet Catherine E Pearson Michael 17 April 2014 South Korean shipwreck survivors Passengers told don t move as ship sank CNN Turner Broadcasting System Retrieved 17 September 2014 a b Robertson Nic Fantz Ashley Shoichet Catherine 14 May 2014 Videos capturing ferry s final moments fuel fresh outrage over ship s fate CNN Turner Broadcasting System Retrieved 17 September 2014 a b Choe Sang hun 30 April 2014 Mom This Looks Like the End of Me Doomed Vessel s Last Minutes The New York Times Retrieved 17 September 2014 a b Bacon John 2 May 2014 Heartbreaking video shows students as ferry sinks USA Today Gannett Company Retrieved 17 September 2014 Bak 백 Seung mok 승목 16 April 2014 단독 엄마 내가 말 못할까봐 사랑한다 침몰 배 탑승 학생의 문자메시지 Exclusive Mom just in case I can t say it I love you Student s Text Message During the Capsizing Ship in Korean Kyunghyang Shinmun Retrieved 17 September 2014 SNS Messages Become Precious Clues in Korean Ferry Disaster Business Korea Co Ltd 23 April 2014 Archived from the original on 4 October 2014 Retrieved 17 September 2014 lt 여객선침몰 gt 경찰 SNS 살아 있다 메시지 전부 가짜 종합 Ferry capsizing Police say the SNS I m alive messages are all fake Compiled Yonhap News in Korean Yonhap 17 April 2014 Retrieved 18 April 2014 Cha Frances 18 April 2014 South Korea ferry disaster Fake survivor posts add to nation s anguish CNN Turner Broadcasting System Retrieved 17 September 2014 세월호는 완전 침몰 임박 해상 크레인 현장 도착 Sewol s capsizing imminent marine crane arrives to the scene in Korean Seoul Broadcasting System 18 April 2014 Retrieved 18 April 2014 세월호 수면 아래로 완전 침몰 속보 Sewol completely submerged Breaking news Yonhap News in Korean Yonhap 18 April 2014 Retrieved 18 April 2014 a b c 가습기살균제사건과 4 16세월호참사 특별조사위원회 세월호참사에서 해경 등 초동대응의 적정성 조사 Google Docs pp 487 262 289 305 Retrieved 20 December 2022 Cho Chung un 16 May 2014 Weekender Sewol disaster reveals failure of mass media as watchdog The Korea Herald Herald Corporation Retrieved 29 September 2014 Min Yong jun 17 April 2014 죽은 언론의 사회 The Huffington Post Archived from the original on 8 September 2014 Retrieved 29 September 2014 Translation by The Huffington Post here 4 Cain Geoffrey 20 August 2014 After Sewol Ferry Disaster Koreans Lower Trust in Government NBC News Retrieved 29 September 2014 lt 여객선침몰 gt 해군 승조원들 구명조끼 던져주며 구조 Ferry Capsizing Navy sailors rescue by throwing life jackets in Korean Yonhap 16 April 2014 Retrieved 21 April 2014 452명 탄 여객선 진도 해상서 침몰中 110명 구조 A ferry with 452 people capsizing near Jindo coast 110 people rescued Yonhap News in Korean 16 April 2014 Retrieved 21 April 2014 Senior Coast Guard official arrested over Sewol ferry sinking Yonhap 29 July 2014 Retrieved 22 September 2014 a b c d 첫출동 해경 경비정 세월호와 교신 못한 채 사고해역 도착 First dispatch Coast Guard Patrol Vessel Arrived at Accident Scene Without Communicating with MV Sewol in Korean dongA com 28 April 2014 Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 Retrieved 29 September 2014 Sa 사 Jung won 정원 28 April 2014 해경 123정 세월호 승객 향해 탈출하라 방송 KBS Retrieved 29 September 2014 a b Footage Reveals Half Hearted Rescue Efforts in Ferry Disaster The Chosun Ilbo Chosun com 29 April 2014 Retrieved 22 September 2014 lt 여객선침몰 gt 해수부 해양사고 심각 경보 발령 종합 Ferry Capsizing Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries declared the naval accidental state grave Yonhap News in Korean 16 April 2014 Retrieved 21 April 2014 lt 여객선침몰 gt 복지부 재난의료지원팀 급파 Ferry Capsizing Ministry of Health and Welfare quickly dispatched the Disaster Medical Support Team Yonhap News in Korean 16 April 2014 Retrieved 21 April 2014 여객선 침몰 대비 수중구조 해군SSU 투입 속보 Preparing for the capsizing of the ferry sea rescue operations navy unit SSU deployed Yonhap News breaking news in Korean 16 April 2014 Retrieved 25 April 2014 lt 여객선침몰 gt 육군 특전사 150명 해군 구조대 196명 투입 Ferry Capsizing 150 Army Special Warfare Command units 196 Navy rescuers sent for operations Yonhap News in Korean 16 April 2014 Retrieved 27 April 2014 lt 여객선침몰 gt 경기도 재난안전대책본부 가동 Ferry Capsizing Gyeonggi do starts operating the Prevention and Countermeasures Headquarters Yonhap News in Korean 16 April 2014 Retrieved 27 April 2014 고교생 등 477명 탄 여객선 침몰 290명 생사불명 A ferry with 477 people including high school students capsize 290 missing Yonhap News in Korean 16 April 2014 Retrieved 27 April 2014 lt 여객선침몰 gt 경기교육청 종합상황본부 확대 설치 Ferry Capsizing The Gyeonggi do Office of Education establishes the Accident Countermeasures Report Compiling Headquarters Yonhap News in Korean 16 April 2014 Retrieved 27 April 2014 침몰 여객선 선체 수색 중단 17일 새벽 재개키로 The hull investigations of the capsized ferry stopped Operations planned to begin again on the morning of the 17th Yonhap news in Korean 16 April 2014 Retrieved 27 April 2014 Kim 김 JongWon 종원 16 April 2014 진도 여객선 침몰 군 해경 선체수색 나섰지만 안타깝게 Jin do ferry capsize Military navy went to investigate but regretfully Asia Today in Korean Retrieved 17 April 2014 Withnall Adam 26 May 2014 South Korea ferry disaster Civilian divers scouring the Sewol wreckage are being paid by the body presidential office suggests The Independent Independent Print Limited Retrieved 25 September 2014 a b Choi He suk 30 April 2014 Newsmaker Rescue firm blamed for favoritism slow work The Korea Herald Herald Corporation Retrieved 25 September 2014 lt 여객선침몰 gt 조명탄 쏘며 선체 수색 재개 Ferry Capsizing Hull investigations begin again while shooting flares Yonhap News in Korean Yonhap 17 April 2014 Retrieved 27 April 2014 a b Kim 김 HanSik 한식 Kim 김 TaeSung 태성 Bak 박 JunBae 준배 Kim 김 Ho 호 17 April 2014 오전 7시 수색 개시 사망자 6명 모두 신원 확인 종합 Start Investigation at 7 a m all six deaths identified in Korean News1 Korea Retrieved 17 April 2014 Kang Jin kyu 2 May 2014 Navy s divers grounded day after ferry accident Korea JoongAng Daily JoongAng Ilbo Retrieved 25 September 2014 lt 여객선침몰 gt 다이버 등 민간단체 수색 구조에 동참 Ferry Capsizing Civilian groups such as divers help in the search rescue operations Yonhap News in Korean Yonhap 17 April 2014 Retrieved 27 April 2014 Ahn Kwan ok 17 April 2014 Hundreds missing in tragic ferry sinking The Hankyoreh Retrieved 25 September 2014 3rd LD Nearly 300 still missing in ferry disaster Yonhap 17 April 2014 Retrieved 25 September 2014 lt 여객선침몰 gt 야속한 하늘이여 기상악화로 수색중단 Ferry Capsizing The cruel sky Search operations stopped due to worsening weather conditions in Korean 17 April 2014 Retrieved 27 April 2014 Song Su hyun 19 April 2014 Massive marine cranes arrive to aid rescue efforts Korea JoongAng Daily JoongAng Ilbo Retrieved 25 September 2014 중대본 오전 10시50분부터 선체로 공기주입 시작 속보 Central Disaster Headquarters say Started pumping air inside the ship on 10 50 a m Breaking news in Korean Yonhap 18 April 2014 Retrieved 26 September 2014 Moore Malcolm 18 April 2014 South Korean ferry disaster Captain abandoned ship while passengers told to stay below The Telegraph Telegraph Media Group Archived from the original on 11 January 2022 Retrieved 25 September 2014 Jang Jung min Park Ju min 18 April 2014 S Korea ferry captain rushed back to bridge as ship listed crewman Reuters Thomson Reuters Retrieved 25 September 2014 속보 중대본 선내 진입 성공 실패로 정정 Breaking News Central Disaster Countermeasure Headquarters change investigations inside from success to failure in Korean YTN 18 April 2014 Retrieved 28 April 2014 Choi He suk 20 April 2014 Ferry Disaster Navy sailor dies from injury sustained while supporting Sewol rescue The Korea Herald Herald Corporation Retrieved 29 September 2014 lt 세월호참사 gt 침몰 7일째 무인탐사기 게 로봇 투입 Sewol Disaster On the 7th day of the capsizing unmanned search devices Crabster robot added to operations Yonhap News in Korean 22 April 2014 Retrieved 30 April 2014 CR2000 Crabster at Sewol Sinking Site Yahoo News Yahoo Retrieved 26 September 2014 Kwaak Jeyup S 6 May 2014 Diver s Death in Ferry Search Highlights Difficulties The Wall Street Journal Dow Jones amp Company Retrieved 29 September 2014 South Korean diver dies during ferry search Al Jazeera Agence France Presse 6 May 2014 Retrieved 6 May 2014 South Korea ferry search diver dies Agence France Presse The Guardian 30 May 2014 Retrieved 29 September 2014 Kwon KJ Smith Spark Laura 17 July 2014 Sewol ferry search helicopter crash kills 5 in South Korea Retrieved 25 September 2014 Firefighting helicopter crashes in South Korea killing 5 Fox News Channel Associated Press 17 July 2014 Retrieved 29 September 2014 South Korea approve plans to salvage sunken ferry The Big Story Retrieved 22 April 2015 a b Yu 유 Sung hae 성해 21 May 2014 세월호 학생 전원 구조 최초 오보는 MBC 왜 MV Sewol All Students Rescued First Misreport made by MBC Why in Korean OhmyNews Retrieved 29 September 2014 Ferry Tragedy Could Have Been Avoided The Chosun Ilbo Chosun com 17 April 2014 Retrieved 29 September 2014 Sridharan Vasudevan 16 April 2014 South Korea Ferry Tragedy US Amphibious Assault Vessel to Join Rescue Operation as 295 Remain Missing International Business Times Civilian Diver Dies Searching for Bodies From South Korea Ferry Time 6 May 2014 Kwon 권 KyungAhn 경안 Kim 김 HyungWon 형원 17 April 2014 침몰까지 140分 눈뜨고 아이들 잃는 나라 140 Minutes to capsizing A country that loses children while staring The Chosun Ilbo in Korean South Korean shipwreck survivors Passengers told don t move as ship sank CNN 16 April 2014 2nd LD Search resumes for missing in sunken ferry Yonhap 17 April 2014 Retrieved 17 April 2014 해경 무인로봇 동원 수색재개 사망자 14명으로 늘어 Coast Guard restarts operations with unmanned robots death counts increase to 14 Yonhap News in Korean Yonhap 17 April 2014 Retrieved 17 April 2014 S Korea ferry sinking Hundreds still missing Updated Friday 18 April 2014 Retrieved 18 April 2014 Death toll in South Korean Ferry Tragedy reaches 36 Biharprabha Indo Asian News Service Retrieved 19 April 2014 Divers comb sunken ferry after recovering 13 bodies from inside Yonhap News Agency 20 April 2014 Retrieved 19 April 2014 Badly decomposed body found in South Korea is fugitive ferry tycoon say police the Guardian 22 July 2014 Retrieved 22 April 2015 Hong Gil dong 18 April 2014 Major disasters in Korea The Korea Herald Archived from the original on 12 June 2014 Retrieved 31 May 2014 Over 280 missing after South Korean ferry capsizes Reuters 16 April 2014 Archived from the original on 5 June 2014 Rowland Ashley 16 April 2014 USS Bonhomme Richard Heads to Capsized Korea Ferry Stars and Stripes Military Archived from the original on 16 April 2014 Retrieved 16 April 2014 Wyllie David 16 April 2014 South Korea Ferry Sinking U S Navy Ship to Join Rescue Effort NBC News Retrieved 16 April 2014 침몰 당시 구조하러 온 미군 헬기 우리 군이 돌려보내 The Hankyoreh in Korean 18 April 2014 Retrieved 20 April 2014 Rowland Ashley 23 April 2014 Navy recovery vessel USNS Safeguard en route to South Korea Stars and Stripes LEAD S Korea readies diving bell for search of sunken ferry Yonhap News Agency 30 April 2014 韓国 特段支援はいらない 海保の申し出辞退 Yomiuri Shimbun in Japanese 18 April 2014 Archived from the original on 17 April 2014 Retrieved 18 April 2014 FAILURE TO FIND CAUSE OF SEWOL SINKING News Today l KBS WORLD TV 220608 retrieved 14 December 2022 a b c 세월호 사고원인 변침 잠정 결론 시간대별 구성 Sewol s cause of accident sudden turn is concluded to be the cause timeline Kyunghyang Shinmun in Korean 17 April 2014 Retrieved 18 April 2014 Transcript Shows Ferry Captain Delayed Evacuation NPR 18 April 2014 Archived from the original on 20 April 2014 Retrieved 20 April 2014 세월호 침몰 급격한 방향전환이 원인으로 드러나 Sewol capsizing a sudden turn is revealed to be the cause Yonhap News in Korean 17 April 2014 Retrieved 17 April 2014 수사세월호 선원들 변침 실수 복원력 부족했다 Investigation MV Sewol s crew Mistake with the sudden turn did not have enough restoring force in Korean Maeil Broadcasting Network 22 April 2014 Retrieved 4 May 2014 a b lt 여객선침몰 gt 과속 유속 복원력 상실 가능성 Ferry Capsizing Acceleration Velocity could be a possibility for losing stability in Korean Yonhap News 17 April 2014 Retrieved 2 May 2014 과속 유속 복원력 상실 가능성 3단계는 이 장애물을 피하기 위해 배를 급격히 선회했다는 것이다 물류팀 처벌 마무리 과적 직접 원인 가능성 Finished prosecuting the distribution team Finish and overloading viewed as direct causes in Korean YTN 4 May 2014 Retrieved 4 May 2014 Campbell Charlie 2 May 2014 Reports The South Korean Ferry Sank Because It Was Dangerously Overloaded Time magazine Retrieved 4 May 2014 Park Eun Jee 2 May 2014 Doomed Sewol carried three times its cargo limit Korea JoongAng Daily JoongAng Ilbo Retrieved 4 May 2014 South Korea Ferry Owners Ignored Warning About Stability Problems Off Duty Captain Says Huffington Post Associated Press 30 April 2014 Retrieved 6 May 2014 Bae Ji sook 20 April 2014 Ferry Disaster Overload massive extension might have caused disaster The Korea Herald Herald Corp Retrieved 2 May 2014 Murder trial of Sewol captain begins in South Korea wsws org 17 June 2014 Retrieved 23 June 2014 a b Captain and 3 Officers Charged With Murder in Korean Ferry Sinking The New York Times 16 May 2014 Retrieved 16 May 2014 Greed Was Biggest Culprit in Ferry Disaster Chosun Ilbo 6 May 2014 Retrieved 6 May 2014 세월호 참사로 본 해양업계 관행은 공길영 한국해양대 항해학부 교수 Custom of the maritime industry as seen by the Sewol disaster Gong Gil young a professor of Navigation at the Korea Maritime University in Korean YTN 3 May 2014 Retrieved 4 May 2014 Kim 김 Ji eun 지은 18 April 2014 진도 여객선 침몰 참사 항로변경前 이미 선체 손상 가능성 급선회하며 쏠림현상 겹친 듯 Jindo ferry capsizing Before the turn a possibility of prior structural damage the sudden turn and the cargo piling appears to have combined in Korean 인터넷한국일보 Archived from the original on 17 April 2014 Retrieved 18 April 2014 세월호 기준치 3배 화물 실었다 복원성 상실 가능성 Ohmy News 22 April 2014 Park Chan Kyong 29 April 2014 Captain says warnings over Korean ferry ignored Yahoo Agence France Presse Retrieved 4 May 2014 W P Stewart P George and W Ashley Stewart Technology Associates A Guha ABS and V Achanta May 2017 Heavy Lift Dynamics Sewol Ferry Offshore Salvage PDF Retrieved 20 December 2022 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link 사참위 종합보고서 socialdisasterscommission co kr in Korean Retrieved 20 December 2022 선박 내부 구조와 침몰 원인은 공길영 한국해양대 교수 The inside structure of the ship and the cause of the capsizing Kong Gil Young professor of the Korea Maritime University in Korean YTN 17 April 2014 Retrieved 18 April 2014 진도 해상 여객선 침몰 세월호 침몰 원인 암초 충돌로 긴 파공 생겼을 것 in Korean Herald Corp 16 April 2014 Retrieved 21 May 2014 공길영 한국해양대 항해시스템공학부 교수는 사고 해역은 암초가 전혀 없는 곳이기 때문에 암초 충돌 가능성은 희박하다 며 카페리 특성상 배에 실려 있던 화물이나 차량에서 폭발이 일어나면서 선체에 파공이 생겨 침수됐을 개연성이 높다 고 지적 속보 진도 여객선 침몰 이유 안개 탓으로 암초 부딪혀 Breaking News The cause of Jindo Ferry capsizing Due to the fog the ferry hit a reef MBN News in Korean Maeil Broadcasting Network 16 April 2014 Retrieved 19 April 2014 Lee Hyung Joo 형주 17 April 2014 단독 선장 암초충돌 아니다 원인 몰라 Exclusive Captain says It s not a collision with a reef don t know the cause 동아일보 in Korean Dong A Retrieved 19 April 2014 Lee Kyung Jin 경진 17 April 2014 진도 여객선 세월호 침몰 원인 변침으로 잠정결론 에어포켓만이 희망 The cause of the Jindo Ferry Sewol capsizing temporarily concluded as a sudden turn the only hope is air pockets TV Daily Asia E Retrieved 19 April 2014 세월호 사고원인 잠수함과 충돌 가능성 높아 The cause of the Sewol ferry accident is likely collision with a submarine in Korean Jaju Sibo 19 April 2014 Retrieved 9 January 2022 Navy says Sewol ferry sinking not caused by submarine collision Yonhap News Agency 26 December 2016 Retrieved 9 January 2022 Lee YouKyung Klug Foster 19 April 2014 Captain of sunken SKorean ferry 2 crew arrested Yahoo Associated Press Retrieved 15 May 2014 Mullen Jethro 23 April 2014 Abandon ship In recent maritime disasters captains don t hang around CNN Retrieved 2 May 2014 Drew Christopher Mouawad Jad 19 April 2014 Breaking Proud Tradition Captains Flee and Let Others Go Down With Ship The New York Times Retrieved 20 April 2014 대한민국 선원법 ROK Maritime Law concerning Sailors in Korean 2008 via Wikisource Choi He suk 20 April 2014 Ferry Disaster Communications log shows gross negligence of crew The Korea Herald Retrieved 15 May 2014 Park Ju Min 21 April 2014 South Korea s Park says conduct of ferry crew tantamount to murder Reuters Retrieved 15 May 2014 Kim Hyung Jin Lee YouKyung 26 April 2014 Entire Crew That Navigated Sunken South Korean Ferry Sewol Now in Custody Huffington Post Associated Press Retrieved 15 May 2014 Ryall Julian 15 May 2014 South Korea ferry captain charged with manslaughter The Daily Telegraph London Retrieved 15 May 2014 Kim Sam 15 May 2014 Korea Charges Four Crew Members of Sunken Ship With Homicide Bloomberg Businessweek Archived from the original on 18 May 2014 Retrieved 15 May 2014 Prime Time News 22 00 29 April 2014 Archived from the original on 17 May 2014 Retrieved 16 May 2014 Per Liljas 23 April 2014 South Korea Ferry Disaster Heroes Among Sewol Crew Praised Time Retrieved 21 May 2014 South Korea cracking down on operator in Sewol ferry disaster CEO arrested CNN 8 May 2014 Retrieved 8 May 2014 Kwaak Jeyup S 8 May 2014 South Korean Prosecutors Arrest Chief Executive of Sewol Ferry Operator The Wall Street Journal Retrieved 15 May 2014 Ferry Owner s Children Go Underground English chosun com 13 May 2014 Retrieved 9 June 2014 Nam In soo Lee Min jeong Kwaak Jeyup S 23 April 2014 South Korea Ferry Probe Cargo Was Three Times Recommended Maximum The Wall Street Journal Retrieved 1 June 2014 Chonghaejin s audit report for last year showed the company spent 541 000 won 521 on crew training including evacuation drills as it ran a 2013 operating loss of 785 million won In comparison Daea Express Shipping Co which runs four ferries on the one hour Incheon Deokjuk island route spent 11 14 million won on crew training last year Hong Gil dong 3 June 2014 Arrest warrants issued for two ship inspectors Koreaherald com Retrieved 8 June 2014 Ferry trial Sewol captain sentenced to 36 years in jail BBC News 11 November 2014 Retrieved 12 November 2014 South Korea ferry boss jailed for 10 years over Sewol sinking The Guardian London AP 20 November 2014 Retrieved 13 May 2015 Lee Kyung min 28 April 2015 Sewol captain gets life in prison The Korea Times Retrieved 29 April 2015 Sewol ferry S Korea court gives captain life sentence for murder BBC 28 April 2015 Retrieved 29 April 2015 Choe Sang hun 12 May 2015 South Korean Court Lowers Jail Sentence of Ferry Company s Chief The New York Times Retrieved 13 May 2015 단독 민정수석실 세월호 문건 입수 여론조작 조언도 Exclusive Documents about MV Sewol has been revealed including the method about Public Opinion Manipulation in Korean JTBC 16 November 2016 South Korea Country report Freedom in the World 2015 freedomhouse org 21 January 2015 Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 Retrieved 28 February 2016 Korean Prosecutors Indict Japanese Journalist on Defamation Charge WSJ wsj com Retrieved 1 November 2016 US journal criticizes Park s regression into dictatorship m koreatimes co kr 18 July 2016 Retrieved 1 November 2016 Park Geun hye Court ousts South Korea s scandal hit president BBC Retrieved 10 March 2017 Exclusive The Blacklist Started with the Sewol Kyunghwang Shinmun 12 January 2017 6 Ex Officials in South Korea Are Sentenced for Blacklisting Artists NYT Seven hour mystery about Park Sewol solved Korea JoongAng Daily 37 직나 12 정보기관 국정원 기무사 등 의 세월호 참사 개입 여부에 대한 조사 pdf Google Docs Retrieved 20 December 2022 32 직나 6 416세월호참사 특별조사위원회 등에 대한 진상규명 활동 방해 조사 pdf Google Docs Retrieved 20 December 2022 Chang Justin 6 October 2014 Busan Film Review The Truth Shall Not Sink With Sewol Variety Retrieved 16 October 2014 우리 방식대로 1000만 가자 한국 다큐 다시 세월호를 말하다 Hoping for 10 million views Korean documentary sheds new light on the sinking of Sewol ferry in Korean OhmyNews 5 September 2015 Retrieved 19 July 2016 Elder Duncan New film After The Sewol explores the aftermath of the Sewol ferry disaster JEJU WEEKLY www jejuweekly com in Korean Archived from the original on 20 October 2022 Retrieved 16 February 2020 Carey Matthew 31 January 2020 Oscar Nominated In The Absence Takes Haunting Look At Sewol Ferry Disaster Deadline Retrieved 16 February 2020 Ferry Captain s Selfishness Raises Larger Questions The Chosun Ilbo 18 April 2014 Tragic ferry Sewol repeatedly overloaded report Daily News New York 4 May 2014 South Korea ferry disaster Families anger erupts BBC News 20 April 2014 South Korea ferry disaster Distrust anger over President s actions The Straits Times 2 May 2014 Ruling party lawmaker apologizes over son s Facebook posting Yonhap News Agency 21 April 2014 Prime Minister berated by families of Sewol victims The Korea Herald 18 April 2014 Grieving Parents Jeer South Korea s President at Ferry Memorial NBC News 30 April 2014 South Korea ferry victims parents protest at presidential palace The Telegraph 9 May 2014 Archived from the original on 11 January 2022 Obama offers condolences White House magnolia tree to South Korea The Washington Times 25 April 2014 Retrieved 18 May 2014 Statement by the President on the Tragic Ferry Sinking Off the Coast of the Republic of Korea whitehouse gov 17 April 2014 via National Archives Japan PM offers sympathy to South Korea ferry disaster victims 17 April 2014 Kim Kwon Young 17 April 2014 lt 여객선침몰 gt 베트남 인명피해에 깊은 애도 Ferry capsizing Vietnam Deep condolences over the lives lost Yonhap News in Korean Retrieved 17 April 2014 PM Lee sends condolences to President Park on South Korea ferry disaster The Straits Times Retrieved 17 April 2014 习近平就韩国客轮沉没事故向韩国总统致慰问电 in Simplified Chinese Xinhua News Agency 17 April 2014 Retrieved 17 April 2014 Xi Jinping Sends Message of Condolences to ROK President over Accident of the Sinking of the ROK Passenger Ship Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People s Republic of China 17 April 2014 Retrieved 8 May 2014 Pearson Michael Jiang Steven Stevens Andrew 1 May 2014 South Korean authorities search ferry owner s offices as probe widens CNN Retrieved 8 May 2014 Pope expresses hope for a moral rebirth in South Korea The Hankyoreh 26 April 2014 South Korean prime minister resigns over ferry disaster response CNN 27 April 2014 South Korean president apologizes for response to ferry sinking CNN 29 April 2014 Editorial What we really need is a remodeling of the President The Hankyoreh 30 April 2014 As expected Park opted to apologize indirectly at a Cabinet meeting rather than facing the public directly President s apology The Korea Times 29 April 2014 but not directly to the people but in indirect ways like remarks in meetings with her aides BBC News South Korea to break up coastguard after ferry disaster BBC 1 January 1970 Retrieved 21 May 2014 Not to be confused with the Korean Ministry of Security and Public Administration South Korean president dismantles coast guard after ferry disaster CNN com 18 May 2014 Retrieved 6 June 2014 lt 여객선침몰 gt 청해진해운 김한식 대표 죽을 죄 졌습니다 종합 Ferry capsizing Representative of Cheonghaejin Marine Company Kim HanSik I committed a crime worthy of death Yonhap News compiled in Korean 17 April 2014 Archived from the original on 18 April 2014 Retrieved 18 April 2014 Howard Gary 28 April 2014 KR chairman and ceo Chon Young kee resigns over Sewol Seatrade Global Retrieved 2 May 2014 South Korean ferry victims kin ask How are we going to live now CNN Retrieved 24 April 2014 Yan Holly Paula Hancocks 18 April 2014 Police Arrest warrant issued for captain 2 crew members of sunken S Korea ferry CNN Retrieved 18 April 2014 Sewol vice principal s suicide ruled not honorable death Korea Herald 3 March 2016 Retrieved 2 May 2021 단원고등학교 교감 자살 저승에서도 선생을 할까 Chosun Ilbo 19 April 2014 Retrieved 19 April 2014 노란리본달기 캠페인 하나의 작은 움직임이 큰 기적을 세월호 구조 염원 Wear a yellow ribbon campaign One small movement hopefully for a big miracle desire for rescue in the MV Sewol in Korean Maeil Broadcasting Network 22 April 2014 Retrieved 8 May 2014 a b Suh Ye seul 23 April 2014 Ferry Disaster Yellow ribbons carry hopes for miracle The Korea Herald Retrieved 8 May 2014 Cheng Jonathan 5 May 2014 Children s Day Becomes Day of Grief The Wall Street Journal Retrieved 8 May 2014 Mullen Jethro 24 April 2014 Ferry disaster Yellow ribbons become symbol of hope solidarity CNN Retrieved 8 May 2014 Celebrities show their respect for the Sewol ferry tragedy victims allkpop 16 April 2017 Video Sewol tribute song released The Korea Herald 7 April 2017 god 촛불하나 로 2만관객과 한마음 세월호 참사 1000일 기억 in Korean jTBC 9 January 2017 Jin man Lee 17 April 2015 Participants hold electronic candles to form the shape of the Sewol ferry Yahoo Celebrity India Archived from the original on 19 June 2015 Retrieved 5 February 2018 Photo Guinness record setting candlelight vigil National News The Hankyoreh English hani co kr 18 April 2015 Retrieved 24 March 2017 전주신흥고등학교 학생회 세월호 참사 4주기 추모 행사 전북도민일보 in Korean 19 April 2018 Retrieved 18 October 2018 광주일고 3학년 English Together 2018 네이버 카페 cafe naver com in Korean Retrieved 18 October 2018 a b Kim Bo eun June 20 2016 Lawmaker seeks gov t support for Sewol divers The Korea Times a b Borowiec Steven July 27 2016 A diver s pain Living with the ghost of Sewol tragedy Al Jazeera 4월16일의약속국민연대 416act net in Korean Retrieved 20 December 2022 7 Years After Sewol Ferry Disaster Bereaved Families Still Urge Government to Reveal the Truth thediplomat com Retrieved 20 December 2022 South Korea begins operations to recover sunken Sewol ferry CNN 22 March 2017 Marex 6 September 2017 Chinese Company Picked to Salvage Sewol Maritime Executive Retrieved 31 January 2018 Sewol finally brought ashore Maritime Journal 5 May 2017 Retrieved 31 January 2018 Load in of Sewol ferry completed in East China Sea Safety4Sea 16 June 2017 Retrieved 31 January 2018 Heroic teacher s remains recovered from Sewol koreajoongangdaily joins com 18 May 2017 Retrieved 11 February 2022 Search team identifies missing student s remains in Sewol ferry The Korea Herald 14 May 2017 Herald Korea 19 May 2017 Remains found in Sewol ferry identified as a student The Korea Herald Retrieved 11 February 2022 Remains found in Sewol ho ferry confirmed as missing passenger Lee Arirang News 5 June 2017 Archived from the original on 13 June 2017 Retrieved 6 June 2017 Jung ho Bang Final search of Sewol hull complete with five victims still missing english hani co kr Retrieved 11 February 2022 External links edit nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Sinking of MV Sewol nbsp Media related to Sinking of the MV Sewol at Wikimedia Commons Teaching Case Study on Korea Ferry Disaster of April 2014 Year 25 Final Report Grant Number DTRT13 G UTC31 New England University Transportation Center Massachusetts Institute of Technology Portals nbsp Transport nbsp South Korea Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sinking of MV Sewol amp oldid 1199101893, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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