Sighetu Marmației
Sighetu Marmației (Romanian pronunciation: [ˌsiɡetu marˈmat͡si.ej], also spelled Sighetul Marmației; German: Marmaroschsiget or Siget; Hungarian: Máramarossziget, Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈmaːrɒmɒroʃsiɡɛt] (listen); Ukrainian: Сигіт, romanized: Syhit; Yiddish: סיגעט, romanized: Siget), until 1960 Sighet, is a city (municipality) in Maramureș County near the Iza River, in northwestern Romania.
Sighetu Marmației | |
|---|---|
Sighetu Marmației's city center | |
Coat of arms | |
Location in Maramureș County | |
Sighetu Marmației Location in Romania | |
| Coordinates: 47°55′43″N 23°53′33″E / 47.92861°N 23.89250°ECoordinates: 47°55′43″N 23°53′33″E / 47.92861°N 23.89250°E | |
| Country | Romania |
| County | Maramureș |
| Government | |
| • Mayor (2020–2024) | Vasile Moldovan[1] (CMM) |
| Population (2011-10-31)[2] | 37,640 |
| Time zone | EET/EEST (UTC+2/+3) |
| Vehicle reg. | MM |
| Website | www |
Geography
Sighetu Marmației is situated along the Tisa river on the border with Ukraine, across from the Ukrainian town of Solotvyno. Neighboring communities include: Sarasău, Săpânța, Câmpulung la Tisa, Ocna Șugatag, Giulești, Vadu Izei, Rona de Jos and Bocicoiu Mare communities in Romania, Bila Cerkva community and the Solotvyno township in Ukraine (Zakarpattia Oblast). The city administers five villages: Iapa (Kabolapatak), Lazu Baciului (Bácsiláz), Șugău (Sugó), Valea Cufundoasă (Mélypatak) and Valea Hotarului (Határvölgy).
Demographics
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1880 | 10,852 | — |
| 1890 | 14,758 | +36.0% |
| 1900 | 17,445 | +18.2% |
| 1910 | 21,370 | +22.5% |
| 1920 | 23,691 | +10.9% |
| 1930 | 27,270 | +15.1% |
| 1948 | 18,329 | −32.8% |
| 1956 | 22,361 | +22.0% |
| 1966 | 29,771 | +33.1% |
| 1977 | 38,146 | +28.1% |
| 1992 | 44,185 | +15.8% |
| 2002 | 41,246 | −6.7% |
| 2011 | 37,640 | −8.7% |
| Source: Census data | ||
The city has 37,640 inhabitants.[3]
- Romanians - 82.2%
- Hungarians - 13%
- Ukrainians - 2.3%
- Roma - 1.5%
According to the 1910 census, the city had 21,370 inhabitants; these consisted of 17,542 (82.1%) Hungarian speakers, 2,002 (9.4%) Romanian, 1,257 (5.9%) German, and 32 Ruthenian speakers. The number of Jews was 7,981; they were included in the Hungarian and German language groups. There were 5,850 Greek Catholics and 4,901 Roman Catholics.[4] According to a 1920 estimate, the city had 23,691 inhabitants, 11,026 being Jews, 6,552 Hungarians and 4,964 Romanians, 149 Germans and 1,000 of other ethnicities.[5] The 1930 census numbered 27,270 inhabitants, 10,526 of them being Jews, 9,658 Romanians, 5,424 Hungarians, 1,221 Ukrainians and 441 of other ethnicities.[5]
Etymology
The municipality's name derives from Hungarian name which means "island in Máramaros". According to the legend, the place name comes from the Hungarian expression "mára már rossz" (too bad by now), referring to that the local tribes moved to Moldavia.[6][7]
Inhabitants simply call to the city Sighet and similar abbreviations in their mother tongue.
History
Inhabited since the Hallstatt period, the populated area lies in the Tisza Valley, an important route as being the only access to the otherwise mountainous, sparsely populated region. After 895 in the 10th century the area became part of Kingdom of Hungary. The first mention of a settlement dates back to the 11th century, and the city as such was first mentioned in 1326.[8] In 1352, it was a free royal town[9] and the capital of Máramaros comitatus, just outside Transylvania.
After the defeat at the Battle of Mohács and the death of Louis II of Hungary, in the ensuing struggle for the Hungarian throne, the kingdom was divided into Royal Hungary of Habsburg Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom of John Zápolya the Voivode of Transylvania. In 1570 the Principality of Transylvania was formed which included Máramaros County. Transylvania, including Maramureș, became an autonomous principality within the Ottoman Empire from 1541. In 1711, King Charles III returned Máramaros County to his Hungarian domain.
1918 saw the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. On November 22, 1918, in an assembly of Romanians from Maramureș took place in the town's central square, electing a national council and deciding to send a delegation to the Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia, which voted the union of Transylvania with Romania and the consequent establishment of Greater Romania.[10] The Allied Powers accepted the Romanian demands and Transylvania including Máramaros County was formally ceded to Romania in the Treaty of Trianon in 1920.[citation needed]
In 1919, six Romanian schools opened in Sighet: a boys' high school, a girls' high school, a boys' elementary school, a co-ed commercial gymnasium, and two commercial high schools (one for boys, the other for girls). The Maramureș ethnographic museum opened in the cultural palace in 1926. During the interwar period, over twenty newspapers appeared in the town, as well as a number of literary reviews. As a result of the August 1940 Second Vienna Award during World War II, it came under Hungarian administration during the war.[10]
A first deportation of Jews from Sighet took place in 1941.[11] The second occurred after Passover 1944, so that by April, the town's ghetto contained close to 13,000 Jews from Sighet itself and the neighboring places of Dragomirești, Ocna Șugatag and Vișeu de Sus. Between May 16 and 22, the ghetto was liquidated in four transports, its inhabitants sent to Auschwitz concentration camp.[12] Among the deportees was Sighet native and future Nobel Peace Prize laureate Elie Wiesel.[13] In 1947, there were some 2,300 Jews in Sighet, including survivors and a considerable number of Jews from other parts of Romania.[12] By 2002, the town had 20 remaining Jews.[14]
The Treaty of Paris at the end of World War II voided the Vienna Awards, and Sighetu Marmației, administered by Romania since October 1944, formally returned to the country in 1947.
In 1948, the new Communist regime nationalized the city's factories, three publishing houses and banks. In 1950, with the counties replaced by regions, Sighet lost its status as an administrative center. In 1960, the building of neighborhoods with apartment blocks began.[15] The same year, the town’s name became Sighetul Marmației; the final “l” was dropped in 1968.[16] 1962 saw the opening of a wood processing factory (Combinatul de Industrializare a Lemnului). Turning out furniture and other wood products, it had over 6,000 employees and played an important part in the city's economic development. After the Romanian Revolution of 1989, it gradually fell upon hard times, with nine private firms employing some 3500 in 2012.[17] A second important employer during the Communist period was a textile factory.[18]
In May 2014 a commemoration was held in honour of the 70th anniversary of the deportations in May 1944. Events included a Klezmer concert, Sabbath services in the one remaining synagogue, a memorial service at the Holocaust Monument at the site of the deportations,[19] as well as an exhibit on life in Sighet prior to the deportations. The exhibit contained contributions by survivors and their families.[20] Additionally, visits were organized to the Jewish Cemetery as well as the Holocaust Museum located in the childhood home of Elie Wiesel. On 3 August 2018, Wiesel's birthplace was vandalized.[21]
Sighet prison
After the establishment of the Romanian communist regime, the Securitate ran the Sighet Prison during the 1950s and 1960s as a place for the detention and political repression of public figures who had been declared "class enemies." The most prominent of these was the former prime minister Iuliu Maniu, who died in the prison in 1953. The former prison is operated as a museum, part of the Memorial of the Victims of Communism and of the Resistance.
International relations
Twin towns — Sister cities
Sighetu Marmației is twinned with:
Notable inhabitants
- Marius Bilașco
- Dumitru Cernicica
- Géza Frid
- Hédi Fried
- John Gassner, Yale University professor
- Zoltan Harmat (1900-1985), Israeli architect
- Simon Hollósy
- Monica Iagăr
- Alexandru Ivasiuc
- György Jakubinyi
- Hermann Kahan
- Amos Manor
- Gisella Perl
- Kornélia Prielle
- Edmund Bordeaux Szekely
- Joel Teitelbaum
- Moshe Teitelbaum
- Yekusiel Yehuda Teitelbaum (II)
- Simon Ungar
- Elie Wiesel
See also
Image gallery
Elie Wiesel's house in Sighet
The Palace of Culture
Roman Catholic church
Reformed church
Former prefecture building
Sighet village museum
References
- ^ "Results of the 2020 local elections". Central Electoral Bureau. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
- ^ "Populaţia stabilă pe judeţe, municipii, oraşe şi localităti componenete la RPL_2011" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2016-01-18. Retrieved 2013-11-23.
- ^ Atlas and Gazetteer of Historic Hungary 1914, Talma Kiadó 2017-01-14 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 963-85683-4-8
- ^ a b "ERDÉLY ETNIKAI ÉS FELEKEZETI STATISZTIKÁJA" (PDF).
- ^ Dupka, György; Zubánics, László (2014). Szépasszony dombja (PDF). INTERMIX. ISBN 978-963-9814-59-2. ISSN 1022-0283.
- ^ Kocsis, Julianna (2014). "Legendák Kárpátalján: Máramaros nevének eredete".
- ^ Ivanciuc, Teofil. "Primele atestări ale târgurilor de coroană maramureşene (The earliest mentions of the Maramureş Royal Market Towns)". Revista Arhivei Maramureşene.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Ivanciuc, Teofil. "Primele atestări ale târgurilor de coroană maramureşene (The earliest mentions of the Maramureş Royal Market Towns)". Revista Arhivei Maramureşene.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b (in Romanian) "Istoricul localității" 2018-12-07 at the Wayback Machine at the Sighetu Marmației City Hall site; accessed June 15, 2013
- ^ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Holocaust Encyclopedia, Kamenets-Podolsk, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/kamenets-podolsk
- ^ a b "Sighet Marmației" at the Shoah Resource Center of Yad Vashem; accessed June 15, 2013
- ^ Mark Chmiel, Elie Wiesel and the Politics of Moral Leadership, p.6. Temple University Press, 2001, ISBN 1566398576
- ^ "Sighetu Marmației" Archived 2013-06-16 at archive.today at the Erdélyi Magyar Adatbank's Recensământ 2002 2012-03-20 at the Wayback Machine; accessed June 15, 2013
- ^ (in Romanian). Sighetu Marmației City Hall. Archived from the original on May 31, 2014. Retrieved June 13, 2014.
- ^ Attila Szabó (ed.), Erdély, Bánság És Partium Történeti És Közigazgatási Helységnévtára. Miercurea Ciuc, 2003, Pro-Print Könyvkiadó, ISBN 973-8468-01-9
- ^ "Sighetenii sărbătoresc 50 de ani de la înființarea Combinatului de Industrializare a Lemnului (CIL)". sight-online.ro (in Romanian). October 10, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2014.
- ^ (in Romanian) "Economia" at the Sighetu Marmației City Hall site; accessed June 13, 2014
- ^ "Commemorations of Deportations from Sighet, Romania". Archived from the original on 13 June 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
- ^ "Deportations from Sighet Maramures". Retrieved 12 June 2014.
- ^ "Anti-Semitic Graffiti Sprayed on Home of Late Holocaust Survivor Elie Wiesel". Haaretz.
- ^ Vacca, Maria Luisa. [Naples - Twin Towns]. Comune di Napoli (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2013-07-22. Retrieved 2013-08-08.
External links
- Photos and Images of Sighetu Marmației
- Sighetu Marmației
- Sighetu Marmației Online News
- The Sighet Memorial of the Victims of Communism