Sida rhombifolia, commonly known as arrowleaf sida,[1] is a perennial or sometimes annual plant in the Family Malvaceae, native to the Old Worldtropics and subtropics. Other common names include rhombus-leaved sida, Paddy's lucerne, jelly leaf, and also somewhat confusingly as Cuban jute,[2]Queensland-hemp,[3] and Indian hemp (although S. rhombifolia is not closely related to either jute or hemp). Synonyms include Malva rhombifolia. It is used in Ayurvedic medicine, where it is known as kurumthotti.
The stems are erect to sprawling and branched, growing 50 to 120 centimeters in height, with the lower sections being woody. The dark green, diamond-shaped leaves are arranged alternately along the stem, 4 to 8 centimeters long, with petioles that are less than a third of the length of the leaves. The leaves are paler below, with short, grayish hairs. The apical half of the leaves have toothed or serrated margins while the remainder of the leaves are entire (untoothed). The petioles have small spiny stipules at their bases.
Inflorescenceedit
The moderately delicate flowers occur singly on flower stalks that arise from the area between the stems and leaf petioles. They consist of five petals that are 4 to 8 millimeters long, creamy to orange-yellow in color, and may be somewhat reddish in the center. Each of the five overlapping petals is asymmetric, having a long lobe on one side. The stamens unite in a short column. The fruit is a ribbed capsule, which breaks up into 8 to 10 segments. The plant blooms throughout the year.
Distribution and habitatedit
It is widely distributed as a tropical and subtropical weed in the eastern and western hemispheres.[4] This species is usually confined to waste ground, such as roadsides and rocky areas,[5] stock camps or rabbit warrens, but can be competitive in pasture, because of its unpalatability to livestock. It grows on savannahs, roadsides, thick scrub, hillsides, and swampy woodlands. It is such a tropical species that it is located below 2,000 meters above sea level.
Arrowleaf sida stems are used as rough cordage, sacking, and for making brooms. The stems have a high quality fiber and were once exported from India and elsewhere as “hemp” (Guzmán 1975, Holm and others 1997). Chemical analysis revealed that the leaves contain respectable amounts of nutrients: 74,000 to 347,000 ppm protein, 94,000 to 475,000 ppm carbohydrates, 33,000 to 167,000 ppm fiber, 14,000 to 71,000 ppm fat, and 16,000 to 81,000 ppm ash. However, it was reported that the root contained 450 ppm alkaloids and the presence of ephedrine and saponin (Southwest School of Botanical Medicine 2002). Another source reports an alkaloid content in the root of 0.1 percent and the presence of choline, pseudoephedrine, beta-phenethylamine, vascin, hipaphorine and related indole alkaloids (Shaman Australis Ethnobotanicals 2002). Perhaps because of these chemicals, arrowleaf sida is unpalatable to cattle (Kuniata and Rapp 2001). Arrowleaf sida has significant medicinal applications for which it is cultivated throughout India. The pounded leaves are used to relieve swelling, the fruits are used to relieve headache, the mucilage is used as an emollient, and the root is used to treat rheumatism (Parrotta 2001). AustralianAborigines use the herb to treat diarrhoea. Leaves are smoked in Mexico and a tea is prepared in India for the stimulation it provides (Shaman Australis Ethnobotanicals 2002).[7]
^USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Sida rhombifolia". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
^Usman, Masni H. (2011). Etnobotani Pemanfaatan Tumpuhan Obat oleh Masyarakat Kecamatan Alor Tengah Utara, Kabupaten Alor, Nusa Tenggara Timur (Skripsi). Malang: Universitas Islam Negeri Malang.
^The International Institute of Tropical Forestry (USDA) Forest Service, Sida rhombifolia L.
External linksedit
Jepson Manual Treatment
USDA Plants Profile
Virginia Tech Weed Identification Guide 2012-08-26 at the Wayback Machine
Photo gallery
Sida rhombifolia in West African plants – A Photo Guide.
December 15, 2023
sida, rhombifolia, commonly, known, arrowleaf, sida, perennial, sometimes, annual, plant, family, malvaceae, native, world, tropics, subtropics, other, common, names, include, rhombus, leaved, sida, paddy, lucerne, jelly, leaf, also, somewhat, confusingly, cub. Sida rhombifolia commonly known as arrowleaf sida 1 is a perennial or sometimes annual plant in the Family Malvaceae native to the Old World tropics and subtropics Other common names include rhombus leaved sida Paddy s lucerne jelly leaf and also somewhat confusingly as Cuban jute 2 Queensland hemp 3 and Indian hemp although S rhombifolia is not closely related to either jute or hemp Synonyms include Malva rhombifolia It is used in Ayurvedic medicine where it is known as kurumthotti Sida rhombifoliaScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade RosidsOrder MalvalesFamily MalvaceaeGenus SidaSpecies S rhombifoliaBinomial nameSida rhombifoliaL Contents 1 Description 1 1 Inflorescence 2 Distribution and habitat 3 Uses 3 1 Chemistry 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksDescription edit nbsp Sprawling bushThe stems are erect to sprawling and branched growing 50 to 120 centimeters in height with the lower sections being woody The dark green diamond shaped leaves are arranged alternately along the stem 4 to 8 centimeters long with petioles that are less than a third of the length of the leaves The leaves are paler below with short grayish hairs The apical half of the leaves have toothed or serrated margins while the remainder of the leaves are entire untoothed The petioles have small spiny stipules at their bases Inflorescence edit The moderately delicate flowers occur singly on flower stalks that arise from the area between the stems and leaf petioles They consist of five petals that are 4 to 8 millimeters long creamy to orange yellow in color and may be somewhat reddish in the center Each of the five overlapping petals is asymmetric having a long lobe on one side The stamens unite in a short column The fruit is a ribbed capsule which breaks up into 8 to 10 segments The plant blooms throughout the year Distribution and habitat editIt is widely distributed as a tropical and subtropical weed in the eastern and western hemispheres 4 This species is usually confined to waste ground such as roadsides and rocky areas 5 stock camps or rabbit warrens but can be competitive in pasture because of its unpalatability to livestock It grows on savannahs roadsides thick scrub hillsides and swampy woodlands It is such a tropical species that it is located below 2 000 meters above sea level Uses edit nbsp Sida rhombifolia flower in KeralaThe plant is emollient and is for ulcers high fevers and is antidiarrheal It is useful against heart conditions such as pulmonary catarrh and ovarian diseases Its root is used as an anticrotalic a serum is prepared against the venom of rattlesnakes and black widow spiders In Jalapa Mexico it is used a substitute drug for marijuana In Alor Eastern Indonesia the leaves are used to treat boils and the root is used to treat infant asthma 6 56 Chemistry edit From the International Institute of Tropical Forestry a division of the United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Arrowleaf sida stems are used as rough cordage sacking and for making brooms The stems have a high quality fiber and were once exported from India and elsewhere as hemp Guzman 1975 Holm and others 1997 Chemical analysis revealed that the leaves contain respectable amounts of nutrients 74 000 to 347 000 ppm protein 94 000 to 475 000 ppm carbohydrates 33 000 to 167 000 ppm fiber 14 000 to 71 000 ppm fat and 16 000 to 81 000 ppm ash However it was reported that the root contained 450 ppm alkaloids and the presence of ephedrine and saponin Southwest School of Botanical Medicine 2002 Another source reports an alkaloid content in the root of 0 1 percent and the presence of choline pseudoephedrine beta phenethylamine vascin hipaphorine and related indole alkaloids Shaman Australis Ethnobotanicals 2002 Perhaps because of these chemicals arrowleaf sida is unpalatable to cattle Kuniata and Rapp 2001 Arrowleaf sida has significant medicinal applications for which it is cultivated throughout India The pounded leaves are used to relieve swelling the fruits are used to relieve headache the mucilage is used as an emollient and the root is used to treat rheumatism Parrotta 2001 Australian Aborigines use the herb to treat diarrhoea Leaves are smoked in Mexico and a tea is prepared in India for the stimulation it provides Shaman Australis Ethnobotanicals 2002 7 See also editWalissimaReferences edit Pandanus database of Indian plants USDA NRCS n d Sida rhombifolia The PLANTS Database plants usda gov Greensboro North Carolina National Plant Data Team Retrieved 12 November 2015 BSBI List 2007 xls Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland Archived from the original xls on 2015 06 26 Retrieved 2014 10 17 Sida rhombifolia L Plants of the World Online Kew Science Plants of the World Online Retrieved 2023 11 06 PlantNET FloraOnline plantnet rbgsyd nsw gov au Retrieved 2023 11 06 Usman Masni H 2011 Etnobotani Pemanfaatan Tumpuhan Obat oleh Masyarakat Kecamatan Alor Tengah Utara Kabupaten Alor Nusa Tenggara Timur Skripsi Malang Universitas Islam Negeri Malang The International Institute of Tropical Forestry USDA Forest Service Sida rhombifolia L External links editJepson Manual Treatment USDA Plants Profile Virginia Tech Weed Identification Guide Archived 2012 08 26 at the Wayback Machine Photo gallery Sida rhombifolia in West African plants A Photo Guide Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sida rhombifolia amp oldid 1183737094, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
