Shēhuà (畲话) is not to be confused with Shēyǔ (畲语, also known as Ho Ne), which is a Hmong–Mien language spoken in East-Central Guangdong. Shehua and Sheyu speakers have separate histories and identities, although both are officially classified by the Chinese government as She people. The Dongjia of Majiang County, Guizhou are also officially classified as She people, but speak a Western Hmongic language closely related to Chong'anjiang Miao (重安江苗语).
During the Tang dynasty, Shehua speakers lived in the Jiangxi-Guangdong-Fujian border region. Afterwards, they moved to their present locations further to the northeast.[1]
ClassificationEdit
Some linguists consider Shehua to be a variety of Hakka Chinese, while others consider it to be an unclassified variety of Chinese that has received some influence from Hakka and is not part of Hakka.[1] Hiroki Nakanishi (2010) considers Shehua to be a Hakka dialect that may have a Sheyu (Hmongic) substratum. However, Zhao (2004) considers Shehua to be an independent branch of Chinese, and that it should not be classified within Hakka.[4]
Depending on their locations, Shehua dialects have been variously influenced by Hakka, Gan, Wu, and Min.
DialectsEdit
You (2002:31-35)[1] divides Shehua into 9 dialectal areas (fangyan qu 方言区), and with respective locations and speaker demographics from You (2002) listed as well. The Eastern Fujian and Southern Zhejiang dialectal areas each have over 100,000 speakers, while the smallest dialectal areas are in Guangdong and Jiangxi, with each having only a few thousand speakers. Altogether, there are more than 400,000 Shehua speakers in China.[1]
Mindong (闽东区, Eastern Fujian), spoken in the counties of Fu'an 福安, Fuding 福鼎, Xiapu 霞浦, Ningde 宁德, Shouning 寿宁, Zhouning 周宁, Zherong 柘荣, Pingnan 屏南, Luoyuan 罗源, Lianjiang 连江, Fuzhou 福州郊区, Minhou 闽侯, Minqing 闽清, and Yongqin 永泰. 184,000 speakers. In contact with Eastern Min.
Minbei (闽北区, Northern Fujian), spoken in the counties of Nanping 南平, Jian'ou 建瓯, Jianyang 建阳, Shaowu 邵武, Shunchang 顺昌, and Guangze 光泽. 21,000 speakers. In contact with Northern Min.
Minzhong (闽中区, Central Fujian), spoken in the counties of Sanming 三明, Yong'an 永安, Shaxian 沙县, and Ninghua 宁化. Also spoken in Shuangguishan 双贵山, Youxi County, Fujian.[3] 12,000 speakers. In contact with Central Min.
Minnan (闽南区, Southern Fujian), spoken in the counties of Licheng District 鲤城区 (in Quanzhou), Anxi 安溪, Dehua 德化, Yongchun 永春, Hua'an 华安, Longyan 龙岩, and Zhangping 漳平. 12,000 speakers. In contact with Southern Min. In Zhangping City, Shanyangge Shehua 山羊隔畲话[5] is spoken by over 800 people in the two villages of Shanyangge 山羊隔, Guilin Township 桂林乡, and Jianci 尖祠, Xi'nan Township 溪南乡.[6] Shanyangge Shehua is distinct from Shejiake 畲家客, which is a Southern Min dialect spoken by over 100 people in Zhangping County in the two villages of Changta Village 长塔村, Xianghu Township 象湖乡 and Wei Village 尾村, Shuangyang Township 双洋乡.[6]
Zhenan (浙南区, Southern Zhejiang), spoken in the counties of Pingyang 平阳, Cangnan 苍南, Rui'an 瑞安, Wencheng 文成, Taishun 泰顺, Lishui 丽水, Jingning 景宁, Yunhe 云和, Longquan 龙泉, Songyang 松阳, Qingtian 青田, and Wuyi 武义. 120,000 speakers. In contact with Wu Chinese.
Zhezhong (浙中区, Central Zhejiang), spoken in the counties of Longyou 龙游, Quxian 衢县, Lanxi 兰溪, Jinhua 金华, and Suichang 遂昌. 23,000 speakers. In contact with Wu Chinese.
Zhebei (浙北区, Northern Zhejiang), spoken in the counties of Tonglu 桐庐, Jiande 建德, Lin'an 临安, Fuyang 富阳, and Anji 安吉. 13,000 speakers. In contact with Wu Chinese.
Yuedong (粤东区, Eastern Guangdong), spoken in the counties of Chaozhou 潮州 and Fengshun 丰顺. 2,200 speakers. In contact with the Teochew dialect of Southern Min. In Fengshun County, it is spoken in Fengping Village 凤坪村, Tanjiang Town 潭江镇.[7] You, Lei & Lan (2005) document the Shehua variety of Fenghuangshan 凤凰山 ("Phoenix Mountain") in eastern Guangdong.[8]
Gandong (赣东区, Eastern Jiangxi), spoken in the counties of Guixi 贵溪 and Yanshan 铅山. 4,000 speakers. In contact with Gan Chinese. The Shehua variety of Taiyuan 太源畲族乡, Yanshan County, Jiangxi has been documented in detail by Hu & Hu (2013),[9] while the Shehua variety of Zhangping Township 樟坪畲族乡, Guixi City, Jiangxi has been documented in detail by Liu (2008).[10]
In Anhui Province, there is also a Shehua dialect spoken by about 2,400 people in Yunti She Ethnic Township (云梯畲族乡), Ningguo City that has been influenced by Lower Yangtze Mandarin.[11][12]
You (2002)[1] provides a comparative vocabulary list for the following 13 datapoints. The Zhebei dialectal area 浙北方言区 has not been included by You (2002).
The following maps show ethnic She townships and other administrative divisions (highlighted in magenta) in Zhejiang, Fujian, and Jiangxi provinces. The She people of these three provinces speak Shehua, while the She of central Guangdong and Guizhou speak Hmongic languages.
The most Shehua speakers are located in Ningde Prefecture, Fujian, and Wenzhou and Lishui Prefectures, Zhejiang. Smaller communities of Shehua speakers are located in central Zhejiang, southern Fujian, the mountainous interior of western Fujian, southeastern Anhui, eastern Guangdong, and northeastern Jiangxi near its border with Fujian.[1] It is not known whether Shehua is spoken by She people living in central and southern Jiangxi.
She ethnic county, townships and towns in Zhejiang
Like many Hakka dialects, most Shehua dialects have the final stop consonants -p, -t, and -k. Some varieties of the Mindong Shehua dialect (including the Fu'an and Fuding varieties) have the initial voiceless lateral fricative ɬ- where other Shehua dialects have an initial s-.
Shehua has 6 phonemic contour tones, which can be organized into the following 6 tone categories (You 2002:80-83).
Tone category 1: dark level 阴平 (historically voiceless)
Tone category 2: light level 阳平 (historically voiced)
Tone category 3: rising 上声 (historically tense or checked)
Tone category 6: departing 去声 (historically breathy)
Tone category 7: dark entering 阴入 (historically voiceless)
Tone category 8: light entering 阳入 (historically voiced)
LexiconEdit
Unique vocabularyEdit
You (2002:183-216)[1] notes that Shehua has many unique vocabulary items that have no cognates in Hakka, Gan, Wu, or any other Chinese language. Instead, many words have parallels in Hmong-Mien languages (You 2002:490-504), and in Tai and Kam-Sui languages (You 2002:458-489). Other words appear to have no parallels in any other language family or branch (You 2002:505-518).
Wu Chong-chieh 吳中杰. 2004. Languages of She Minority / Shezu yuyan yanjiu 畬族語言研究. Ph.D. dissertation. Hsinchu, Taiwan: National Tsing Hua University 國立清華大學語言研究所.
Chang Kuang-yu 張光宇. 2008. Guangdong Chao'an Shehua diaocha yanjiu 廣東潮安畬話調查研究. Hsinchu, Taiwan: National Tsing Hua University 國立清華大學語言研究所.
Fujian Provincial Gazetteer 福建省志 方言志. Appendix: The Fujian She language 附：福建畲语.
^ abWu Chong-chieh 吳中杰. 2014. Northern and Southern Vernaculars of She (San-hak): On Shuangguishan, Youxi County, Fujian Province / 畲話的南北分片問題：以閩中尤溪雙貴山為例的探討. In 客家研究第七卷第二期, 2014 年12 月39-62 頁.
^You Wenliang 游文良; Lei Nan 雷楠; Lan Ruitang 蓝瑞汤. 2005. Fenghuangshan Sheyu 凤凰山畲语. Jilin People's Press 吉林人民出版社.
^Hu Songbai 胡松柏; Hu Derong 胡德荣. 2013. Yanshan Taiyuan Shehua yanjiu 铅山太源畲话研究. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press 中国社会科学出版社.
^Liu Lunxin 刘纶鑫. 2008. Guixi Zhangping Shehua yanjiu 贵溪樟坪畲话研究. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press 中国社会科学出版社.
^Wu Chong-chieh 吳中杰. 2004. Languages of She Minority / Shezu yuyan yanjiu 畬族語言研究. Ph.D. dissertation. Hsinchu, Taiwan: National Tsing Hua University 國立清華大學語言研究所.
Nakanishi Hiroki 中西裕树. 2010. On the genetic affiliation of Shehua 《论畬话的归属》. Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series, no. 24 (2010): 247-67. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23825447
Hu Songbai 胡松柏; Hu Derong 胡德荣. 2013. Yanshan Taiyuan Shehua yanjiu 《铅山太源畲话研究》. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press 中国社会科学出版社.
shehua, hmongic, language, guangdong, language, 畲话, shēhuà, meaning, speech, unclassified, sinitic, language, spoken, people, southeastern, china, also, called, shanha, 山哈, shanhahua, 山哈话, speakers, located, mainly, fujian, zhejiang, provinces, southeastern, c. For the Hmongic language of Guangdong see She language Shehua 畲话 Shehua meaning She speech is an unclassified Sinitic language spoken by the She people of Southeastern China It is also called Shanha San hak 山哈 3 or Shanhahua 山哈话 Shehua speakers are located mainly in Fujian and Zhejiang provinces of Southeastern China with smaller numbers of speakers in a few locations of Jiangxi in Guixi and Yanshan County Guangdong in Chaozhou and Fengshun County and Anhui in Ningguo provinces 1 ShehuaShanhaNative toFujian ZhejiangEthnicitySheNative speakers400 000 2002 1 2 Language familySino Tibetan SiniticChinese unclassified ShehuaLanguage codesISO 639 3None mis Linguasphere79 AAA gbfShehua 畲话 is not to be confused with Sheyǔ 畲语 also known as Ho Ne which is a Hmong Mien language spoken in East Central Guangdong Shehua and Sheyu speakers have separate histories and identities although both are officially classified by the Chinese government as She people The Dongjia of Majiang County Guizhou are also officially classified as She people but speak a Western Hmongic language closely related to Chong anjiang Miao 重安江苗语 Contents 1 History 2 Classification 3 Dialects 4 Distribution 5 Phonology 6 Lexicon 6 1 Unique vocabulary 6 2 Swadesh list 7 Further reading 8 Notes 9 References 9 1 Citations 9 2 SourcesHistory EditDuring the Tang dynasty Shehua speakers lived in the Jiangxi Guangdong Fujian border region Afterwards they moved to their present locations further to the northeast 1 Classification EditSome linguists consider Shehua to be a variety of Hakka Chinese while others consider it to be an unclassified variety of Chinese that has received some influence from Hakka and is not part of Hakka 1 Hiroki Nakanishi 2010 considers Shehua to be a Hakka dialect that may have a Sheyu Hmongic substratum However Zhao 2004 considers Shehua to be an independent branch of Chinese and that it should not be classified within Hakka 4 Depending on their locations Shehua dialects have been variously influenced by Hakka Gan Wu and Min Dialects EditYou 2002 31 35 1 divides Shehua into 9 dialectal areas fangyan qu 方言区 and with respective locations and speaker demographics from You 2002 listed as well The Eastern Fujian and Southern Zhejiang dialectal areas each have over 100 000 speakers while the smallest dialectal areas are in Guangdong and Jiangxi with each having only a few thousand speakers Altogether there are more than 400 000 Shehua speakers in China 1 Mindong 闽东区 Eastern Fujian spoken in the counties of Fu an 福安 Fuding 福鼎 Xiapu 霞浦 Ningde 宁德 Shouning 寿宁 Zhouning 周宁 Zherong 柘荣 Pingnan 屏南 Luoyuan 罗源 Lianjiang 连江 Fuzhou 福州郊区 Minhou 闽侯 Minqing 闽清 and Yongqin 永泰 184 000 speakers In contact with Eastern Min Minbei 闽北区 Northern Fujian spoken in the counties of Nanping 南平 Jian ou 建瓯 Jianyang 建阳 Shaowu 邵武 Shunchang 顺昌 and Guangze 光泽 21 000 speakers In contact with Northern Min Minzhong 闽中区 Central Fujian spoken in the counties of Sanming 三明 Yong an 永安 Shaxian 沙县 and Ninghua 宁化 Also spoken in Shuangguishan 双贵山 Youxi County Fujian 3 12 000 speakers In contact with Central Min Minnan 闽南区 Southern Fujian spoken in the counties of Licheng District 鲤城区 in Quanzhou Anxi 安溪 Dehua 德化 Yongchun 永春 Hua an 华安 Longyan 龙岩 and Zhangping 漳平 12 000 speakers In contact with Southern Min In Zhangping City Shanyangge Shehua 山羊隔畲话 5 is spoken by over 800 people in the two villages of Shanyangge 山羊隔 Guilin Township 桂林乡 and Jianci 尖祠 Xi nan Township 溪南乡 6 Shanyangge Shehua is distinct from Shejiake 畲家客 which is a Southern Min dialect spoken by over 100 people in Zhangping County in the two villages of Changta Village 长塔村 Xianghu Township 象湖乡 and Wei Village 尾村 Shuangyang Township 双洋乡 6 Zhenan 浙南区 Southern Zhejiang spoken in the counties of Pingyang 平阳 Cangnan 苍南 Rui an 瑞安 Wencheng 文成 Taishun 泰顺 Lishui 丽水 Jingning 景宁 Yunhe 云和 Longquan 龙泉 Songyang 松阳 Qingtian 青田 and Wuyi 武义 120 000 speakers In contact with Wu Chinese Zhezhong 浙中区 Central Zhejiang spoken in the counties of Longyou 龙游 Quxian 衢县 Lanxi 兰溪 Jinhua 金华 and Suichang 遂昌 23 000 speakers In contact with Wu Chinese Zhebei 浙北区 Northern Zhejiang spoken in the counties of Tonglu 桐庐 Jiande 建德 Lin an 临安 Fuyang 富阳 and Anji 安吉 13 000 speakers In contact with Wu Chinese Yuedong 粤东区 Eastern Guangdong spoken in the counties of Chaozhou 潮州 and Fengshun 丰顺 2 200 speakers In contact with the Teochew dialect of Southern Min In Fengshun County it is spoken in Fengping Village 凤坪村 Tanjiang Town 潭江镇 7 You Lei amp Lan 2005 document the Shehua variety of Fenghuangshan 凤凰山 Phoenix Mountain in eastern Guangdong 8 Gandong 赣东区 Eastern Jiangxi spoken in the counties of Guixi 贵溪 and Yanshan 铅山 4 000 speakers In contact with Gan Chinese The Shehua variety of Taiyuan 太源畲族乡 Yanshan County Jiangxi has been documented in detail by Hu amp Hu 2013 9 while the Shehua variety of Zhangping Township 樟坪畲族乡 Guixi City Jiangxi has been documented in detail by Liu 2008 10 In Anhui Province there is also a Shehua dialect spoken by about 2 400 people in Yunti She Ethnic Township 云梯畲族乡 Ningguo City that has been influenced by Lower Yangtze Mandarin 11 12 You 2002 1 provides a comparative vocabulary list for the following 13 datapoints The Zhebei dialectal area 浙北方言区 has not been included by You 2002 Fu an 福安 Ningde Fujian Mindong dialectal area 闽东方言区 Fuding 福鼎 Ningde Fujian Mindong dialectal area 闽东方言区 includes Xiamen She Ethnic Township 硖门畲族乡 Luoyuan 罗源 Fuzhou Fujian Mindong dialectal area 闽东方言区 Sanming 三明 Fujian Minzhong dialectal area 闽中方言区 Shunchang 顺昌 Nanping 南平 Fujian Minbei dialectal area 闽北方言区 Hua an 华安 Zhangzhou 华安 southern Fujian Minnan dialectal area 闽北方言区 Guixi 贵溪 Yingtan 鹰潭 Jiangxi Gandong dialectal area 赣东方言区 Cangnan 苍南 Wenzhou 温州 Zhejiang Zhe nan dialectal area 浙南方言区 Jingning 景宁 Lishui 丽水 Zhejiang Zhe nan dialectal area 浙南方言区 Lishui 丽水 Zhejiang Zhe nan dialectal area 浙南方言区 Longyou 龙游 Quzhou 衢州 Zhejiang Zhezhong dialectal area 浙中方言区 includes Muchen She Ethnic Township 沐尘畲族乡 Chaozhou 潮州 Guangdong Yuedong dialectal area 粤东方言区 Fengshun 丰顺 Meizhou 梅州 Guangdong Yuedong dialectal area 粤东方言区 Distribution EditThe following maps show ethnic She townships and other administrative divisions highlighted in magenta in Zhejiang Fujian and Jiangxi provinces The She people of these three provinces speak Shehua while the She of central Guangdong and Guizhou speak Hmongic languages The most Shehua speakers are located in Ningde Prefecture Fujian and Wenzhou and Lishui Prefectures Zhejiang Smaller communities of Shehua speakers are located in central Zhejiang southern Fujian the mountainous interior of western Fujian southeastern Anhui eastern Guangdong and northeastern Jiangxi near its border with Fujian 1 It is not known whether Shehua is spoken by She people living in central and southern Jiangxi nbsp She ethnic county townships and towns in Zhejiang nbsp She ethnic townships in Fujian nbsp She ethnic townships in JiangxiPhonology EditLike many Hakka dialects most Shehua dialects have the final stop consonants p t and k Some varieties of the Mindong Shehua dialect including the Fu an and Fuding varieties have the initial voiceless lateral fricative ɬ where other Shehua dialects have an initial s Shehua has 6 phonemic contour tones which can be organized into the following 6 tone categories You 2002 80 83 Tone category 1 dark level 阴平 historically voiceless Tone category 2 light level 阳平 historically voiced Tone category 3 rising 上声 historically tense or checked Tone category 6 departing 去声 historically breathy Tone category 7 dark entering 阴入 historically voiceless Tone category 8 light entering 阳入 historically voiced Lexicon EditUnique vocabulary Edit You 2002 183 216 1 notes that Shehua has many unique vocabulary items that have no cognates in Hakka Gan Wu or any other Chinese language Instead many words have parallels in Hmong Mien languages You 2002 490 504 and in Tai and Kam Sui languages You 2002 458 489 Other words appear to have no parallels in any other language family or branch You 2002 505 518 Swadesh list Edit Below is a vocabulary table comparing Swadesh lists of Shehua Fengshun Hakka Boluo and She Boluo from Gan 2011 188 191 13 Chinesegloss Englishgloss Shehua Fengshun Hakka Boluo She Boluo 我 I ŋai1 ŋai2 vaŋ4你 you ŋi1 ŋi2 muŋ2我们 we ŋai1nai6ŋin2 ŋai2ne6 pa1这 this kai6 lia6 lja3那 that hɔŋ6 kai6 u3谁 who mɔi6ŋin2 nai5ŋin2 pe4le2什么 what mat7kai1 mat7kai5 ha5la5不 not m1 a6全部 all tsʰiɛn2pu5 tsʰjen5pʰu4多 many tɔ1 tɔ1 u5一 one ʒit7 it2 i6二 two ŋi6 ŋi5 u1大 big tʰai6 tʰai6 vɔŋ2长 long tʃʰɔŋ2 tsʰɔŋ2 ka1ta3小 small sai1 sɛ5 sɔŋ1女人 female pu1ŋioŋ2ŋin2 ŋi3ŋin2 le2va3男人 male nam2ŋin2 lam2ŋin2 le2pu3人 person ŋin2 ŋin2 le2鱼 fish ŋiu2 ŋ 2 pja4鸟 bird tau3 tiau1 lɔ4taŋ1狗 dog kou3 kiu3 kja3虱子 louse sɛt7ŋioŋ2 set7 taŋ5树 tree ʃu6 su6 tɔŋ5种子 seed tsuŋ3tsi3 ka3lɔ1叶子 leaf ʒep3 jap8 pjɔŋ2根 root kin1 kʰjuŋ2树皮 bark su5pi2 tɔŋ5kʰu5皮肤 skin pʰi2 pʰi2 kʰu5肉 meat pi3 ŋiuk7 kwe2血 blood hiet7 si3骨头 bone kut7 suŋ3kɔ3脂肪 fat 鸡蛋 egg lan3 kai1tsʰun2 kwe1kja5角 horn kɔk7 kaŋ1尾 tail mui1 mui1 ka1tɔ3羽毛 feather iuŋ2mau1 pi1头发 hair tʰeu2mou1 tʰiu2mau1 kaŋ6kʰu5pi1头 head tʰeu2 tʰiu2 kaŋ6kʰu5耳朵 ear ŋi3kʰuŋ6 ŋi3kuŋ1 ka2kʰuŋ3眼睛 eye ȵian3kʰiʔ8 ŋan2 ka1kʰɔ3鼻子 nose pʰi6kuŋ6 pʰi6 ŋ 3pju4嘴 mouth tsɔi1 tsɔi5 tjɔ2牙齿 tooth ŋa2tʃʰi3 ŋa2 mun3舌头 tongue ʃet8ma2 set8ma2 pi6爪子 claw tsau3 tsau3 tsau5脚 foot kioʔ7 kiɔk7 tɔ5膝 knee kioʔ7puʔ7tʰeu3 tsʰit7tʰiu2 tɔ5tʰju4kui3 a 手 hand ʃeu3 siu3 kʰwa4肚子 belly tu3ʃi3 tu3pʰat8 ŋiɔ3ka3脖子 neck kiaŋ3 kjaŋ3 ka3kjen1乳房 breast ŋiɛn5pʰɔŋ2 ŋjuŋ3心脏 heart ɕim1 sim1 fun1肝 liver kan1 kɔn1 fun1喝 drink hɔt7 hɔ6吃 eat ʃiʔ8 sit8 luŋ2咬 bite ŋieʔ8 ŋau1 tʰu6看见 see tʰai3 tʰe3tʰau2 mɔ6pʰu6听见 hear tʰaŋ5 tʰaŋ5tʰau2 kuŋ5知道 know tɛ1 ti1 pe1睡 sleep fun2 sɔi5 pɔ5死 die si2 tʰa4杀 kill laʔ7 sat7 ta5游泳 swim ju2sui3 ka1tu6kwe2飞 fly pui1 fui1 ŋi5走 go ham2 tsiu2 ka1pi1来 come lɔi2 lɔi4 lu4躺 lie sɔi5 ɔŋ2坐 sit tsʰɔŋ3 tsʰɔ1 ŋjuŋ1站 stand kʰi1 kʰi1 su3给 give pun1 pi1 puŋ1说 say va6kɔŋ3 kuŋ3 kuŋ1太阳 sun ŋiet8tʰeu2 tʰai5jɔŋ1 lɔ1kɔ3月亮 moon ŋiɔt8hau6 ŋiet7kɔŋ1 le5星星 star saŋ6 sin1 le5taŋ1水 water ʃui3 sui3 ɔŋ2雨 rain ʃui3 sui1 luŋ1石头 stone ʃaʔ8 sak8tʰiu2 za1kɔ3沙子 sand ʃa6 sa1 hja1土地 earth tʰi6 tu2 ta1云 cloud vun2 vun2 tsɔŋ1ɔŋ2烟 smoke ien1 iɛn1 in1火 fire fɔ3 tʰɔ4灰 ash fɔi1 fɔi1 si3 b 烧 burn sau1 fa3路 road lu6 lu6 kja3山 mountain san1 san1 kje6红 red fuŋ2 fuŋ2 si5绿 green luʔ8 luk8 ka6pʰu2黄 yellow vɔŋ3 vɔŋ2 kʰun2白 white pʰaʔ8 pʰak8 kjɔ1黑 black vu1 u1 kjaŋ1晚上 night am1pu6ʃi2 man1sɔŋ5 lɔ3kaŋ4tsʰi2热 hot ŋiet8 ŋiet8 kʰaŋ1冷 cold laŋ1 laŋ1 kjɔŋ5满 full man1 paŋ3新 new ɕin1 sin1 tu6fun1好 good hou3 hau2 ŋɔŋ5圆 round ʒen2 jin2 zin2干 dry kɔn1 kʰui1名字 name miaŋ2 mui2Further reading EditLiu Lunxin 刘纶鑫 2008 Guixi Zhangping Shehua yanjiu 贵溪樟坪畲话研究 Beijing China Social Sciences Academy Press 中国社会科学出版社 Zhao Zeling 赵则玲 2004 Zhejiang Shehua yanjiu 浙江畲话硏究 Hangzhou Zhejiang People s Press 浙江人民出版社 Wu Chong chieh 吳中杰 2004 Languages of She Minority Shezu yuyan yanjiu 畬族語言研究 Ph D dissertation Hsinchu Taiwan National Tsing Hua University 國立清華大學語言研究所 Chang Kuang yu 張光宇 2008 Guangdong Chao an Shehua diaocha yanjiu 廣東潮安畬話調查研究 Hsinchu Taiwan National Tsing Hua University 國立清華大學語言研究所 Fujian Provincial Gazetteer 福建省志 方言志 Appendix The Fujian She language 附 福建畲语 曹志耘 2002 南部吴语语音研究 北京 商务印书馆 2002年9月 ISBN 7 100 03533 3 傅国通 2010 方言丛稿 北京 中华书局 2010年9月 ISBN 978 7 101 06896 2 繁体中文 Luo Meizhen 罗美珍 1980 Shezu suo shuo de Kejiahua 畲族所说的客家话 In 中央民族学院学报 1980年01期 傅根清 2003 从景宁畲话的语音特点论其与客家话的关系 山东大学学报 2003 5 Deng Xiaohua 邓晓华 1999 Kejiahua gen Miao yao Zhuangdongyu de Guanxi wenti 客家话跟苗瑶壮侗语的关系问题 Minzu Yuwen 民族语文 3 42 49 Hsiu Andrew 2018 The origins of Shehua Archive org https web archive org web 20190420131003 https sites google com site msealangs home blog shehuaNotes Edit kneecap 膝盖 ash of grass wood 草木灰References EditCitations Edit a b c d e f g h i You Wenliang 游文良 2002 Shezu yuyan 畲族语言 Fuzhou Fujian People s Press 福建人民出版社 ISBN 7 211 03885 3 You 2002 29 a b Wu Chong chieh 吳中杰 2014 Northern and Southern Vernaculars of She San hak On Shuangguishan Youxi County Fujian Province 畲話的南北分片問題 以閩中尤溪雙貴山為例的探討 In 客家研究第七卷第二期 2014 年12 月39 62 頁 赵则玲 2004 试论畲话的归属 语言科学 2004年第5期87 94 共8页 林清书 2008 山羊隔畲族村的语言传承和语言使用现状 龙岩学院学报 2008年第2期87 91 共5页 a b Lin Jinlu etc Longyan Prefecture Geographical Gazetteer Editorial Committee 龙岩地区地方志编纂委员会编 总编林金禄 1992 Longyan Prefecture Geographical Gazetteer 福建省龙岩地区志 Shanghai Shanghai People s Press 上海人民出版社 大岛广美 2011 丰顺县凤坪村畲话的上声调嘎裂声 文化遗产 中文社会科学引文索引 2011年第3期共6页 You Wenliang 游文良 Lei Nan 雷楠 Lan Ruitang 蓝瑞汤 2005 Fenghuangshan Sheyu 凤凰山畲语 Jilin People s Press 吉林人民出版社 Hu Songbai 胡松柏 Hu Derong 胡德荣 2013 Yanshan Taiyuan Shehua yanjiu 铅山太源畲话研究 Beijing China Social Sciences Academy Press 中国社会科学出版社 Liu Lunxin 刘纶鑫 2008 Guixi Zhangping Shehua yanjiu 贵溪樟坪畲话研究 Beijing China Social Sciences Academy Press 中国社会科学出版社 Wu Chong chieh 吳中杰 2004 Languages of She Minority Shezu yuyan yanjiu 畬族語言研究 Ph D dissertation Hsinchu Taiwan National Tsing Hua University 國立清華大學語言研究所 钱虹 2015 语言接触下的畲话语音变迁 以安徽宁国云梯畲话为例 广西民族大学学报 哲学社会科学版 2015年第1期163 167 共5页 Gan Chunyan 甘春妍 2011 Boluo Sheyu yanjiu 博罗畲语研究 Tianjin Nankai University Press 南开大学出版社 ISBN 978 7 310 03777 3 Sources Edit Nakanishi Hiroki 中西裕树 2010 On the genetic affiliation of Shehua 论畬话的归属 Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series no 24 2010 247 67 https www jstor org stable 23825447 Hu Songbai 胡松柏 Hu Derong 胡德荣 2013 Yanshan Taiyuan Shehua yanjiu 铅山太源畲话研究 Beijing China Social Sciences Academy Press 中国社会科学出版社 You Wenliang 游文良 2002 Shezu yuyan 畲族语言 Fuzhou Fujian People s Press 福建人民出版社 ISBN 7 211 03885 3 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Shehua amp oldid 1175260030, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
