fbpx
Wikipedia

Seven Second Summits

January 01, 1970

The Seven Second Summits are the second-highest mountains of each of the seven continents. All of these mountains are separate peaks rather than a sub-peak of the continents' high point. The Seven Second Summits are considered a harder challenge than the traditional Seven Summits.[2]

Location of some of the Seven Second Summits. In this map, Puncak Trikora is indicated, though Puncak Mandala is widely recognised as the taller summit.[1]

Definitions edit

 
Comparison the Seven Second Summits with the Seven Summits and Eight-thousanders.

What constitutes a continent is a matter of some dispute among mountaineers seeking to complete this challenge. The main ridge of the Greater Caucasus range is generally considered to form the boundary between Europe and Asia. In that case, Mount Elbrus, (5,642 m (18,510 ft)) situated some 10 km north of the continental divide, is the highest mountain in Europe. Excluding the Caucasus Mountains, Mont Blanc (4,808 m (15,774 ft)) would be Europe's highest mountain.

The Australian continent is defined as comprising the mainland of Australia and proximate islands on the same continental shelf, including Tasmania and New Guinea. In the convention of the seven continents, one of the continents is the region of Australasia, which includes, for example, the mountainous islands of New Zealand.

For both the geological and conventional continent, New Guinea's Carstensz Pyramid (4,884 m (16,024 ft)) is the highest summit. When considering a continent as a continuous landmass surrounded by oceans, mainland Australia would be its own continent, with Mount Kosciuszko (2,228 m (7,310 ft)) as its highest summit.

Bass and Messner lists edit

The Seven Second Summits list follows the Seven Summits list from Richard Bass,[3] which uses Mount Kosciuszko (2,228 m) to represent the Australian continent's highest summit. Reinhold Messner proposed another list (the Messner or Carstensz list), replacing Mount Kosciuszko with Western New Guinea's Carstensz Pyramid, which is part of Indonesia (4,884 m). Following the Bass list, Mount Townsend is the second-highest summit (2,209 m) in Australia. According to the Messner list, Puncak Mandala (4,760 m) on New Guinea is the second highest of the Australian continent.[1][4] Heights of mountain peaks in West Papua are poorly established, and Puncak Trikora has been listed as the second-highest summit on the island, but SRTM data do support a higher elevation for Mandala.

Both lists count Mount Elbrus as the highest peak in Europe. This makes Dykh-Tau (5,205 m), located in Russia, the second-highest summit in Europe. Those who consider Mont Blanc to be the highest mountain in Europe would consider Monte Rosa (4,634 m), located between Switzerland and Italy, to be the second-highest summit.

Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap

Download coordinates as:

Seven Second Summits (sorted by elevation)
Peak Bass list Messner list Elevation Prominence Continent Range Country Coordinates
K2 ✔ ✔ 8,611 m (28,251 ft) 4,017 m (13,179 ft) Asia Karakoram Pakistan / China

35°52′52″N 76°30′48″E / 35.88111°N 76.51333°E / 35.88111; 76.51333 (K2 (8611 m))


Ojos del Salado ✔ ✔ 6,893 m (22,615 ft) 3,688 m (12,100 ft) South America Andes Argentina / Chile

27°6′34″S 68°32′32″W / 27.10944°S 68.54222°W / -27.10944; -68.54222 (Ojos del Salado (6893 m))


Mount Logan ✔ ✔ 5,959 m (19,551 ft) 5,250 m (17,224 ft) North America Saint Elias Canada

60°34′2″N 140°24′10″W / 60.56722°N 140.40278°W / 60.56722; -140.40278 (Mount Logan (5959 m))


Dykh-Tau ✔ ✔ 5,205 m (17,077 ft) 2,002 m (6,568 ft) Europe Caucasus Russia

43°3′9″N 43°7′54″E / 43.05250°N 43.13167°E / 43.05250; 43.13167 (Dykh-Tau (5204 m))


Mount Kenya ✔ ✔ 5,199 m (17,057 ft) 3,825 m (12,549 ft) Africa – Kenya

0°6′S 37°12′E / 0.100°S 37.200°E / -0.100; 37.200 (Mount Kenya (5199 m))


Mount Tyree ✔ ✔ 4,852 m (15,919 ft) 1,152 m (3,780 ft) Antarctica Sentinel –

78°24′42″S 85°51′43″W / 78.41167°S 85.86194°W / -78.41167; -85.86194 (Mount Tyree (4852 m))


Sumantri ✔ 4,870 m (15,978 ft) 2,760 m (9,055 ft) Australia (continent) Jayawijaya Indonesia

4°42′31″S 140°17′21″E / 4.70861°S 140.28917°E / -4.70861; 140.28917 (Puncak Mandala (4760 m))


Mount Townsend ✔ 2,209 m (7,247 ft) 189 m (620 ft) Australia Snowies Australia

36°25′S 148°16′E / 36.417°S 148.267°E / -36.417; 148.267 (Mount Townsend (2209 m))


Climbing history edit

Austrian mountaineer Christian Stangl became the first person to successfully climb the Second Seven Summits.[5] Stangl climbed all possible candidates for the Second Seven Summits quest (K2, Mount Logan, Ojos del Salado, Batian, Mount Tyree, Dych Tau, Dufourspitze, Sumantri, Ngga Pulu, Puncak Trikora, Puncak Mandala and Mount Townsend) to exclude any errors and to satisfy all geographers. He finished the quest on 15 January 2013 and was certified by Guinness World Records on 17 September 2013. Later, he also completed the Challenge for the Seven Third Summits.[6][7][8]

In 2012 the Italian mountaineer Hans Kammerlander claimed to be the first person to complete the Seven Second Summits, but doubts were raised about his ascent of Mount Logan.[9] A further fraudulent summit claim on Mount Puncak Trikora confirms that Italian Hans Kammerlander never completed the Second Seven Summits series.[10][11][12]

Comparison with Seven Summits edit

The presentation of the Second Seven Summits concept and its relative difficulty was first published in January 1997 by Rock and Ice Magazine (#77) in the article The Second Seven Summits written by mountaineer and writer David D. Keaton. Later that year, the author Jon Krakauer in his book Into Thin Air echoed those sentiments by writing that it would be a bigger challenge to climb the second-highest peak of each continent instead of the highest.[13] In the climbing community, mountaineers such as Rob Hall had previously discussed the idea.

In Asia, K2 (8,611 m (28,251 ft)) demands greater technical climbing skills than Everest (8,848 m (29,029 ft)), while altitude-related factors such as the thinness of the atmosphere, high winds, and low temperatures remain much the same.

In Africa, the summit of Mount Kenya (5,199 m (17,057 ft)) is a rock climb, while Mount Kilimanjaro (5,895 m (19,341 ft)) can be ascended without any technical difficulty.

In North America, some sources[who?] consider Mount Logan a more difficult climb than Denali, although the climbing and outdoor recreation website Summitpost considers Logan no more difficult than Denali because it is neither technical nor steep.[14] Climber Mark Horrell, in a 2012 post on his blog, considered Mount Logan to be no more difficult technically than Denali, but much more difficult to approach. Denali's base camp, at 2,200 m (7,200 ft) elevation, is regularly served by air, while climbers without the means to charter a plane must tow their supplies by sledge for over 100 km (62 mi) to reach Mount Logan.[2]

In South America, Ojos del Salado involves a short scramble while Aconcagua is just a walk.[15] Horrell acknowledged that Ojos del Salado was more technically difficult, but considered Aconcagua a greater challenge because of physical demands. Aconcagua's base camp, at 4,500 m (14,800 ft), is accessible by mule, but from that point on, climbers must carry all of their supplies to as many as three higher camps before the final ascent. By contrast, Ojos del Salado is accessible by four-wheel-drive vehicles up to 5,200 m (17,100 ft); from that point on, climbers need only carry supplies to a mountain hut at 5,800 m (19,000 ft) before making their final push to the summit.[2]

In Europe, Dykh-Tau is a considerably harder climb than Mount Elbrus.[16] According to Horrell, the main route on Elbrus is "long and physically tiring, but it’s not technically difficult," while Dykh-Tau's "easiest is graded at Russian alpine 4B, which involves steep rock sections and 55 degree snow and ice slopes."[2]

In Australasia, the continent's Second Summit on the Bass list, Mount Townsend, is more challenging than Mount Kosciuszko, but still just a walk-up.[17] The normal route on the highest peak of the Messner list, Puncak Jaya, is technically difficult (UIAA grade V+). Sumantri, however, is extremely challenging with respect to the approach route, which is arguably the more significant problem in climbing the New Guinea peaks. There have been perhaps only two successful approaches (and climbs) reported.[18]

In Antarctica, Mount Vinson presents little difficulty beyond normal challenges of Antarctica (the guiding company Adventure Peaks rates the ascent at PD/AD on the Alpine scale), but Mount Tyree requires technical climbing, and it has been climbed by a total of fifteen people since its discovery.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b See for example the lists at peaklist, peakbagger.com, and gunungbagging.com
  2. ^ a b c d Horrell, Mark (February 8, 2012). "Which is harder, the Second Seven Summits or the first one?". Footsteps on the Mountain. Retrieved January 28, 2017.
  3. ^ Bass, Dick; Frank Wells; Rick Ridgeway (1986). Seven Summits. Warner Books. ISBN 0-446-51312-1.
  4. ^ Several other summits of Mount Carstensz besides Carstensz Pyramid, like Ngga Pulu (4,862 m) and Carstensz East (4,820 or 4,840 m) are higher than both Mandala and Trikora, but because of their low prominence (200–300 m) and isolation (2.2–2.6 km) these are usually not regarded as separate mountains.
  5. ^ Jurgalski, Eberhard. "Kammerlander/Stangl: "Seven Second" and "Third" Facts". www.8000ers.com.
  6. ^ British Mountaineering Council: Christian Stangl completes the Triple Seven Summits (english)
  7. ^ skyrunning.at: Three records for Austrian Alpinist Christian Stangl 2013-12-31 at the Wayback Machine (english)
  8. ^ climbing.com: Stangl Completes Triple Seven Summits by Dougald MacDonald, Climbing (USA) 8/28/13
  9. ^ Andreas Lesti: Hans Kammerlanders scharfer Grat faz.net 3. April 2012.
  10. ^ [1]
  11. ^ [2]
  12. ^ "Kammerlander/Stangl: "Seven Second" and "Third" Facts". 8000ers.com. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  13. ^ Krakauer, Jon (1997). Into Thin Air. Villard. ISBN 0-385-49208-1.
  14. ^ "Logan Massif". Summitpost.org. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  15. ^ John Biggar: The Andes – A Guide for Climbers, ISBN 0-9536087-2-7
  16. ^ Bender: Classic Climbs of the Caucasus
  17. ^ Geehi Bushwalking Club: Snowy Mountains Walks ISBN 0-9599651-4-9
  18. ^ Puncak Mandala at the gunung bagging website

External links edit

  • Peak Bagger
  • Climbing Carstensz Pyramid, Papua Indonesia

January 01, 1970
seven, second, summits, second, highest, mountains, each, seven, continents, these, mountains, separate, peaks, rather, than, peak, continents, high, point, considered, harder, challenge, than, traditional, seven, summits, location, some, this, puncak, trikora. The Seven Second Summits are the second highest mountains of each of the seven continents All of these mountains are separate peaks rather than a sub peak of the continents high point The Seven Second Summits are considered a harder challenge than the traditional Seven Summits 2 Location of some of the Seven Second Summits In this map Puncak Trikora is indicated though Puncak Mandala is widely recognised as the taller summit 1 Contents 1 Definitions 1 1 Bass and Messner lists 2 Climbing history 3 Comparison with Seven Summits 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksDefinitions edit nbsp Comparison the Seven Second Summits with the Seven Summits and Eight thousanders What constitutes a continent is a matter of some dispute among mountaineers seeking to complete this challenge The main ridge of the Greater Caucasus range is generally considered to form the boundary between Europe and Asia In that case Mount Elbrus 5 642 m 18 510 ft situated some 10 km north of the continental divide is the highest mountain in Europe Excluding the Caucasus Mountains Mont Blanc 4 808 m 15 774 ft would be Europe s highest mountain The Australian continent is defined as comprising the mainland of Australia and proximate islands on the same continental shelf including Tasmania and New Guinea In the convention of the seven continents one of the continents is the region of Australasia which includes for example the mountainous islands of New Zealand For both the geological and conventional continent New Guinea s Carstensz Pyramid 4 884 m 16 024 ft is the highest summit When considering a continent as a continuous landmass surrounded by oceans mainland Australia would be its own continent with Mount Kosciuszko 2 228 m 7 310 ft as its highest summit Bass and Messner lists edit The Seven Second Summits list follows the Seven Summits list from Richard Bass 3 which uses Mount Kosciuszko 2 228 m to represent the Australian continent s highest summit Reinhold Messner proposed another list the Messner or Carstensz list replacing Mount Kosciuszko with Western New Guinea s Carstensz Pyramid which is part of Indonesia 4 884 m Following the Bass list Mount Townsend is the second highest summit 2 209 m in Australia According to the Messner list Puncak Mandala 4 760 m on New Guinea is the second highest of the Australian continent 1 4 Heights of mountain peaks in West Papua are poorly established and Puncak Trikora has been listed as the second highest summit on the island but SRTM data do support a higher elevation for Mandala Both lists count Mount Elbrus as the highest peak in Europe This makes Dykh Tau 5 205 m located in Russia the second highest summit in Europe Those who consider Mont Blanc to be the highest mountain in Europe would consider Monte Rosa 4 634 m located between Switzerland and Italy to be the second highest summit Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as KML GPX all coordinates GPX primary coordinates GPX secondary coordinates Seven Second Summits sorted by elevation Peak Bass list Messner list Elevation Prominence Continent Range Country Coordinates K2 8 611 m 28 251 ft 4 017 m 13 179 ft Asia Karakoram Pakistan China 35 52 52 N 76 30 48 E 35 88111 N 76 51333 E 35 88111 76 51333 K2 8611 m Ojos del Salado 6 893 m 22 615 ft 3 688 m 12 100 ft South America Andes Argentina Chile 27 6 34 S 68 32 32 W 27 10944 S 68 54222 W 27 10944 68 54222 Ojos del Salado 6893 m Mount Logan 5 959 m 19 551 ft 5 250 m 17 224 ft North America Saint Elias Canada 60 34 2 N 140 24 10 W 60 56722 N 140 40278 W 60 56722 140 40278 Mount Logan 5959 m Dykh Tau 5 205 m 17 077 ft 2 002 m 6 568 ft Europe Caucasus Russia 43 3 9 N 43 7 54 E 43 05250 N 43 13167 E 43 05250 43 13167 Dykh Tau 5204 m Mount Kenya 5 199 m 17 057 ft 3 825 m 12 549 ft Africa Kenya 0 6 S 37 12 E 0 100 S 37 200 E 0 100 37 200 Mount Kenya 5199 m Mount Tyree 4 852 m 15 919 ft 1 152 m 3 780 ft Antarctica Sentinel 78 24 42 S 85 51 43 W 78 41167 S 85 86194 W 78 41167 85 86194 Mount Tyree 4852 m Sumantri 4 870 m 15 978 ft 2 760 m 9 055 ft Australia continent Jayawijaya Indonesia 4 42 31 S 140 17 21 E 4 70861 S 140 28917 E 4 70861 140 28917 Puncak Mandala 4760 m Mount Townsend 2 209 m 7 247 ft 189 m 620 ft Australia Snowies Australia 36 25 S 148 16 E 36 417 S 148 267 E 36 417 148 267 Mount Townsend 2209 m Climbing history editAustrian mountaineer Christian Stangl became the first person to successfully climb the Second Seven Summits 5 Stangl climbed all possible candidates for the Second Seven Summits quest K2 Mount Logan Ojos del Salado Batian Mount Tyree Dych Tau Dufourspitze Sumantri Ngga Pulu Puncak Trikora Puncak Mandala and Mount Townsend to exclude any errors and to satisfy all geographers He finished the quest on 15 January 2013 and was certified by Guinness World Records on 17 September 2013 Later he also completed the Challenge for the Seven Third Summits 6 7 8 In 2012 the Italian mountaineer Hans Kammerlander claimed to be the first person to complete the Seven Second Summits but doubts were raised about his ascent of Mount Logan 9 A further fraudulent summit claim on Mount Puncak Trikora confirms that Italian Hans Kammerlander never completed the Second Seven Summits series 10 11 12 Comparison with Seven Summits editThe presentation of the Second Seven Summits concept and its relative difficulty was first published in January 1997 by Rock and Ice Magazine 77 in the article The Second Seven Summits written by mountaineer and writer David D Keaton Later that year the author Jon Krakauer in his book Into Thin Air echoed those sentiments by writing that it would be a bigger challenge to climb the second highest peak of each continent instead of the highest 13 In the climbing community mountaineers such as Rob Hall had previously discussed the idea In Asia K2 8 611 m 28 251 ft demands greater technical climbing skills than Everest 8 848 m 29 029 ft while altitude related factors such as the thinness of the atmosphere high winds and low temperatures remain much the same In Africa the summit of Mount Kenya 5 199 m 17 057 ft is a rock climb while Mount Kilimanjaro 5 895 m 19 341 ft can be ascended without any technical difficulty In North America some sources who consider Mount Logan a more difficult climb than Denali although the climbing and outdoor recreation website Summitpost considers Logan no more difficult than Denali because it is neither technical nor steep 14 Climber Mark Horrell in a 2012 post on his blog considered Mount Logan to be no more difficult technically than Denali but much more difficult to approach Denali s base camp at 2 200 m 7 200 ft elevation is regularly served by air while climbers without the means to charter a plane must tow their supplies by sledge for over 100 km 62 mi to reach Mount Logan 2 In South America Ojos del Salado involves a short scramble while Aconcagua is just a walk 15 Horrell acknowledged that Ojos del Salado was more technically difficult but considered Aconcagua a greater challenge because of physical demands Aconcagua s base camp at 4 500 m 14 800 ft is accessible by mule but from that point on climbers must carry all of their supplies to as many as three higher camps before the final ascent By contrast Ojos del Salado is accessible by four wheel drive vehicles up to 5 200 m 17 100 ft from that point on climbers need only carry supplies to a mountain hut at 5 800 m 19 000 ft before making their final push to the summit 2 In Europe Dykh Tau is a considerably harder climb than Mount Elbrus 16 According to Horrell the main route on Elbrus is long and physically tiring but it s not technically difficult while Dykh Tau s easiest is graded at Russian alpine 4B which involves steep rock sections and 55 degree snow and ice slopes 2 In Australasia the continent s Second Summit on the Bass list Mount Townsend is more challenging than Mount Kosciuszko but still just a walk up 17 The normal route on the highest peak of the Messner list Puncak Jaya is technically difficult UIAA grade V Sumantri however is extremely challenging with respect to the approach route which is arguably the more significant problem in climbing the New Guinea peaks There have been perhaps only two successful approaches and climbs reported 18 In Antarctica Mount Vinson presents little difficulty beyond normal challenges of Antarctica the guiding company Adventure Peaks rates the ascent at PD AD on the Alpine scale but Mount Tyree requires technical climbing and it has been climbed by a total of fifteen people since its discovery See also editSeven Summits Seven Third Summits Volcanic Seven Summits Three Poles Challenge Explorers Grand Slam also known as The Adventurers Grand Slam Eight thousanderReferences edit a b See for example the lists at peaklist peakbagger com and gunungbagging com a b c d Horrell Mark February 8 2012 Which is harder the Second Seven Summits or the first one Footsteps on the Mountain Retrieved January 28 2017 Bass Dick Frank Wells Rick Ridgeway 1986 Seven Summits Warner Books ISBN 0 446 51312 1 Several other summits of Mount Carstensz besides Carstensz Pyramid like Ngga Pulu 4 862 m and Carstensz East 4 820 or 4 840 m are higher than both Mandala and Trikora but because of their low prominence 200 300 m and isolation 2 2 2 6 km these are usually not regarded as separate mountains Jurgalski Eberhard Kammerlander Stangl Seven Second and Third Facts www 8000ers com British Mountaineering Council Christian Stangl completes the Triple Seven Summits english skyrunning at Three records for Austrian Alpinist Christian Stangl Archived 2013 12 31 at the Wayback Machine english climbing com Stangl Completes Triple Seven Summits by Dougald MacDonald Climbing USA 8 28 13 Andreas Lesti Hans Kammerlanders scharfer Grat faz net 3 April 2012 1 2 Kammerlander Stangl Seven Second and Third Facts 8000ers com Retrieved 12 January 2018 Krakauer Jon 1997 Into Thin Air Villard ISBN 0 385 49208 1 Logan Massif Summitpost org Retrieved 16 April 2017 John Biggar The Andes A Guide for Climbers ISBN 0 9536087 2 7 Bender Classic Climbs of the Caucasus Geehi Bushwalking Club Snowy Mountains Walks ISBN 0 9599651 4 9 Puncak Mandala at the gunung bagging websiteExternal links editPeak Bagger Climbing Carstensz Pyramid Papua Indonesia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Seven Second Summits amp oldid 1212186837, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.