Sesshō and Kampaku
In Japan, Sesshō (摂政) was a title given to a regent who was named to act on behalf of either a child emperor before his coming of age, or an empress regnant. The Kampaku (関白) was theoretically a sort of chief advisor for the Emperor, but was in practice the title of both first secretary and regent who assisted an adult Emperor. The duties of the Sesshō and Kampaku were to convey to the Emperor the policies formulated by the Sadaijin (左大臣, Minister of the Left) and other senior officials of the Daijō-kan (太政官, Council of State), and to convey the Emperor's decisions to them. As regents of the Emperor, the Sesshō and Kampaku sometimes made decisions on behalf of the Emperor, but their positions were not defined by law and they had no specific political authority. The two titles were collectively known as sekkan (摂関), and the families that exclusively held the titles were called sekkan-ke (sekkan family).[1]
During the Heian period (794-1185), from the middle of the 9th century, the Fujiwara clan began to marry off their daughters to the Emperor and assume the positions of Sesshō and Kampaku, thereby excluding other clans from the political centre and increasing their political power. From the 10th century, the Fujiwara clan monopolized the Sesshō and Kampaku, and at the end of the 10th century, around the time of Fujiwara no Michinaga and Fujiwara no Yorimichi, the power of the Fujiwara clan reached its zenith. In the mid-11th century, Emperor Go-Sanjo ran his own government, and the next Emperor, Shirakawa, abdicated to become Cloistered Emperor, beginning the cloistered rule. From then on, the cloistered rule of Cloistered Emperor took root, and the de facto Fujiwara regime, which used the positions of Sesshō and Kampaku, was over, and the Sesshō and Kampaku lost their real political power and became mere names.[1][2][3]
During the Kamakura period (1185-1333), when the warrior class seized power and the Kamakura shogunate was established, the Fujiwara were divided into Five regent houses (五摂家, Go-sekke): the Konoe, Kujō, Nijō, Ichijo, and Takatsukasa families. From then on, these five families served as Sesshō and Kampaku on a rotating basis.[4]
Toyotomi Hideyoshi was the first person in history to become a Kanpaku who was not a noble by birth; his nephew Toyotomi Hidetsugu also became a Kampaku. Hideyoshi obtained this title, the highest position in the aristocracy, by being adopted into the Konoe family and formally becoming an aristocrat. A retired Kampaku was called Taikō (太閤), which came to commonly refer to Toyotomi Hideyoshi.[5][6]
Both sesshō and kampaku were styled as denka (or tenga (殿下) in historical pronunciation; translated as "(Imperial) Highness"), as were Imperial princes and princesses.
History edit
In earlier times, only members of the Imperial Family could be appointed sesshō. The Kojiki reports that Emperor Ōjin was assisted by his mother, Empress Jingū, but it is doubtful if it is a historical fact. The first historical sesshō was Prince Shōtoku, who assisted Empress Suiko.
The Fujiwara clan was the primary holder of the kampaku and sesshō titles. More precisely, those titles were held by the Fujiwara Hokke (northern Fujiwara family) and its descendants, to which Fujiwara no Yoshifusa belonged.
In 858, Fujiwara no Yoshifusa became sesshō. He was the first sesshō not to be a member of the Imperial house. In 887, Fujiwara no Mototsune, the nephew and adopted son of Yoshifusa, was appointed to the newly created office of kampaku.
In the 12th century, there were five families among the descendants of Yorimichi called sekke: the Konoe family, Kujō family, Ichijō family, Takatsukasa family and Nijō family. Both the Konoe and Kujō families were descendants of Fujiwara no Yorimichi, through Fujiwara no Tadamichi. The other three families were derived from either the Konoe or Kujō families. Until the Meiji Restoration of 1868, those five families held those title exclusively with the two exceptions of Toyotomi Hideyoshi and his nephew Toyotomi Hidetsugu.
The offices and titles of sesshō and kampaku were abolished by the declaration of the Imperial Restoration in 1868 during the Meiji Restoration in order to reorganize the government structure. The office and title of sesshō was stipulated under the former Imperial Household Law in 1889 and also under the new Imperial Household Law in 1948. Under these laws, the officeholder of sesshō is restricted to a member of the Imperial family. Crown Prince Hirohito, before becoming Emperor Shōwa, was sesshō from 1921 to 1926 for the mentally disabled Emperor Taishō. He was called sesshō-no-miya (摂政宮, "the Prince-Regent").
The area of Taikō in Nagoya is named after the title, although it refers to Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The main street is Taikō-dōri, which is served by the subway Taiko-dori Station.
List edit
The following is a list of sesshō and kampaku in the order of succession.[7] The list is not exhaustive:
| Portrait | Name | Regent title | Tenure | Monarch |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prince Shōtoku (574–622) | Sesshō | 593–622 | Empress Suiko | |
| Prince Naka no Ōe[8] (626–672) | Sesshō | 655–661 | Empress Saimei | |
| Prince Kusakabe[9] (662–689) | Sesshō | 681–686 | Emperor Tenmu | |
| Fujiwara no Yoshifusa[10] (804–872) | Sesshō | 858–872 | Emperor Seiwa | |
| Fujiwara no Mototsune (836–891) | Sesshō | 872–880 | ||
| Emperor Yōzei | ||||
| Kampaku | 887–890 | |||
| Emperor Kōkō | ||||
| Emperor Uda | ||||
| Fujiwara no Tokihira[11] (871–909) | Sesshō | 909 | Emperor Daigo | |
| Fujiwara no Tadahira (880–949) | Sesshō | 930–941 | Emperor Suzaku | |
| Kampaku | 941–949 | |||
| Emperor Murakami | ||||
| Fujiwara no Saneyori[12] (900–970) | Kampaku | 967–969 | Emperor Reizei | |
| Sesshō | 969–970 | Emperor En'yū | ||
| Fujiwara no Koretada (924–972) | Sesshō | 970–972 | ||
| Fujiwara no Kanemichi[13] (925–977) | Kampaku | 972–977 | ||
| Fujiwara no Yoritada (924–989) | Kampaku | 977–986 | ||
| Emperor Kazan | ||||
| Fujiwara no Kaneie (929–990) | Sesshō | 986–990 | Emperor Ichijō | |
| Kampaku | 990 | |||
| Fujiwara no Michitaka (953–995) | Kampaku | 990 | ||
| Sesshō | 990–993 | |||
| Kampaku | 993–995 | |||
| Fujiwara no Michikane (961–995) | Kampaku | 995 | ||
| Fujiwara no Michinaga (966–1028) | Sesshō | 1016–1017 | Emperor Go-Ichijō | |
| Fujiwara no Yorimichi[14] (992–1071) | Sesshō | 1017–1019 | ||
| Kampaku | 1020–1068 | |||
| Emperor Go-Suzaku | ||||
| Emperor Go-Reizei | ||||
| Fujiwara no Norimichi (996–1075) | Kampaku | 1068–1075 | Emperor Go-Sanjō | |
| Emperor Shirakawa | ||||
| Fujiwara no Morozane (1042–1101) | Kampaku | 1075–1086 | ||
| Sesshō | 1086–1090 | Emperor Horikawa | ||
| Kampaku | 1090–1094 | |||
| Fujiwara no Moromichi (1062–1099) | Kampaku | 1094–1099 | ||
| Fujiwara no Tadazane (1078–1162) | Kampaku | 1105–1107 | ||
| Sesshō | 1107–1113 | Emperor Toba | ||
| Kampaku | 1113–1121 | |||
| Fujiwara no Tadamichi (1097–1164) | Kampaku | 1121–1123 | ||
| Sesshō | 1123–1129 | Emperor Sutoku | ||
| Kampaku | 1129–1141 | |||
| Sesshō | 1141–1150 | Emperor Konoe | ||
| Kampaku | 1150–1158 | |||
| Emperor Go-Shirakawa | ||||
| Konoe Motozane (1143–1166) | Kampaku | 1158–1165 | Emperor Nijō | |
| Sesshō | 1165–1166 | Emperor Rokujō | ||
| Fujiwara no Motofusa (1144–1230) | Sesshō | 1166–1172 | ||
| Emperor Takakura | ||||
| Kampaku | 1172–1179 | |||
| Konoe Motomichi (1160–1233) | Kampaku | 1179–1180 | ||
| Sesshō | 1180–1183 | Emperor Antoku | ||
| Matsudono Moroie (1172–1238) | Sesshō | 1183–1184 | ||
| Konoe Motomichi (1160–1233) | Sesshō | 1184–1186 | ||
| Emperor Go-Toba | ||||
| Kujō Kanezane (1149–1207) | Sesshō | 1186–1191 | ||
| Kampaku | 1191–1196 | |||
| Konoe Motomichi (1160–1233) | Kampaku | 1196–1198 | Emperor Tsuchimikado | |
| Sesshō | 1198–1202 | |||
| Kujō Yoshitsune (1169–1206) | Sesshō | 1202–1206 | ||
| Konoe Iezane[15][16] (1179–1243) | Sesshō | 1206 | ||
| Kampaku | 1206–1221 | |||
| Emperor Juntoku | ||||
| Kujō Michiie[17] (1193–1252) | Sesshō | 1221 | Emperor Chūkyō | |
| Konoe Iezane[18][19] (1179–1243) | Sesshō | 1221–1223 | Emperor Go-Horikawa | |
| Kampaku | 1223–1228 | |||
| Kujō Michiie (1193–1252) | Kampaku | 1228–1231 | ||
| Kujō Norizane (1210–1235) | Sesshō | 1231–1235 | ||
| Emperor Shijō | ||||
| Kujō Michiie (1193–1252) | Sesshō | 1235–1237 | ||
| Konoe Kanetsune (1210–1259) | Sesshō | 1237–1242 | ||
| Kampaku | 1242 | Emperor Go-Saga | ||
| Nijō Yoshizane (1216–1273) | Kampaku | 1242–1246 | ||
| Ichijō Sanetsune (1223–1284) | Kampaku | 1246 | ||
| Sesshō | 1246–1247 | Emperor Go-Fukakusa | ||
| Konoe Kanetsune (1210–1259) | Sesshō | 1247–1252 | ||
| Takatsukasa Kanehira (1228–1294) | Sesshō | 1252–1254 | ||
| Kampaku | 1254–1261 | |||
| Emperor Kameyama | ||||
| Nijō Yoshizane (1216–1273) | Kampaku | 1261–1265 | ||
| Ichijō Sanetsune (1223–1284) | Kampaku | 1265–1267 | ||
| Konoe Motohira (1246–1268) | Kampaku | 1267–1268 | ||
| Takatsukasa Mototada (1247–1313) | Kampaku | 1268–1273 | ||
| Kujō Tadaie (1229–1275) | Kampaku | 1273–1274 | ||
| Sesshō | 1274 | Emperor Go-Uda | ||
| Ichijō Ietsune (1248–1293) | Sesshō | 1274–1275 | ||
| Takatsukasa Kanehira (1228–1294) | Sesshō | 1275–1278 | ||
| Kampaku | 1278–1287 | |||
| Nijō Morotada (1254–1341) | Kampaku | 1287–1289 | ||
| Emperor Fushimi | ||||
| Konoe Iemoto (1261–1296) | Kampaku | 1289–1291 | ||
| Kujō Tadanori (1248–1332) | Kampaku | 1291–1293 | ||
| Konoe Iemoto (1261–1296) | Kampaku | 1293–1296 | ||
| Takatsukasa Kanetada (1262–1301) | Kampaku | 1296–1298 | ||
| Sesshō | 1298 | Emperor Go-Fushimi | ||
| Nijō Kanemoto (1268–1334) | Sesshō | 1298–1300 | ||
| Kampaku | 1300–1305 | |||
| Emperor Go-Nijō | ||||
| Kujō Moronori (1273–1320) | Kampaku | 1305–1308 | ||
| Sesshō | 1308 | Emperor Hanazono | ||
| Takatsukasa Fuyuhira (1275–1327) | Sesshō | 1308–1311 | ||
| Kampaku | 1311–1313 | |||
| Konoe Iehira (1282–1324) | Kampaku | 1313–1315 | ||
| Takatsukasa Fuyuhira (1275–1327) | Kampaku | 1315–1316 | ||
| Nijō Michihira (1288–1335) | Kampaku | 1316–1318 | ||
| Emperor Go-Daigo | ||||
| Ichijō Uchitsune (1291–1325) | Kampaku | 1318–1323 | ||
| Kujō Fusazane (1290–1327) | Kampaku | 1323–1324 | ||
| Takatsukasa Fuyuhira (1275–1327) | Kampaku | 1324–1327 | ||
| Nijō Michihira (1288–1335) | Kampaku | 1327–1330 | ||
| Konoe Tsunetada (1302–1352) | Kampaku | 1330 | ||
| Takatsukasa Fuyunori (1295–1337) | Kampaku | 1330–1333 | ||
| Emperor Kōgon | ||||
| Konoe Tsunetada (1302–1352) | Kampaku | 1336–1337 | Emperor Kōmyō | |
| Konoe Mototsugu (1305–1354) | Kampaku | 1337–1338 | ||
| Ichijō Tsunemichi (1317–1365) | Kampaku | 1338–1342 | ||
| Kujō Michinori (1315–1349) | Kampaku | 1342 | ||
| Takatsukasa Morohira[20] (1310–1353) | Kampaku | 1342–1346 | ||
| Nijō Yoshimoto (1320–1388) | Kampaku | 1346–1358 | ||
| Emperor Sukō | ||||
| Emperor Go-Kōgon | ||||
| Kujō Tsunenori (1331–1400) | Kampaku | 1358–1361 | ||
| Konoe Michitsugu (1333–1387) | Kampaku | 1361–1363 | ||
| Nijō Yoshimoto (1320–1388) | Kampaku | 1363–1367 | ||
| Takatsukasa Fuyumichi (1330–1386) | Kampaku | 1367–1369 | ||
| Nijō Moroyoshi (1345–1382) | Kampaku | 1369–1375 | ||
| Emperor Go-En'yū | ||||
| Kujō Tadamoto (1345–1397) | Kampaku | 1375–1379 | ||
| Nijō Morotsugu (1356–1400) | Kampaku | 1379–1382 | ||
| Nijō Yoshimoto (1320–1388) | Sesshō | 1382–1388 | Emperor Go-Komatsu | |
| Konoe Kanetsugu (1360–1388) | Sesshō | 1388 | ||
| Nijō Yoshimoto (1320–1388) | Sesshō | 1388 | ||
| Kampaku | 1388 | |||
| Nijō Morotsugu (1356–1400) | Kampaku | 1388–1394 | ||
| Ichijō Tsunetsugu (1358–1418) | Kampaku | 1394–1398 | ||
| Nijō Morotsugu (1356–1400) | Kampaku | 1398–1399 | ||
| Ichijō Tsunetsugu (1358–1418) | Kampaku | 1399–1408 | ||
| Konoe Tadatsugu (1383–1454) | Kampaku | 1408–1409 | ||
| Nijō Mitsumoto (1383–1410) | Kampaku | 1409–1410 | ||
| Ichijō Tsunetsugu (1358–1418) | Kampaku | 1410–1418 | ||
| Emperor Shōkō | ||||
| Kujō Mitsuie (1394–1449) | Kampaku | 1418–1424 | ||
| Nijō Mochimoto (1390–1445) | Kampaku | 1424–1428 | ||
| Sesshō | 1428–1432 | Emperor Go-Hanazono | ||
| Ichijō Kaneyoshi (1402–1481) | Sesshō | 1432 | ||
| Nijō Mochimoto (1390–1445) | Sesshō | 1432–1433 | ||
| Kampaku | 1433–1445 | |||
| Konoe Fusatsugu (1402–1488) | Kampaku | 1445–1447 | ||
| Ichijō Kaneyoshi (1402–1481) | Kampaku | 1447–1453 | ||
| Takatsukasa Fusahira (1408–1472) | Kampaku | 1454–1455 | ||
| Nijō Mochimichi (1416–1493) | Kampaku | 1455–1458 | ||
| Ichijō Norifusa (1423–1480) | Kampaku | 1458–1463 | ||
| Nijō Mochimichi (1416–1493) | Kampaku | 1463–1467 | ||
| Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado | ||||
| Ichijō Kaneyoshi (1402–1481) | Kampaku | 1467–1470 | ||
| Nijō Masatsugu (1443–1480) | Kampaku | 1470–1476 | ||
| Kujō Masamoto (1445–1516) | Kampaku | 1476–1479 | ||
| Konoe Masaie (1445–1505) | Kampaku | 1479–1483 | ||
| Takatsukasa Masahira (1445–1517) | Kampaku | 1483–1487 | ||
| Kujō Masatada (1439–1488) | Kampaku | 1487–1488 | ||
| Ichijō Fuyuyoshi (1465–1514) | Kampaku | 1488–1493 | ||
| Konoe Hisamichi (1472–1544) | Kampaku | 1493–1497 | ||
| Nijō Hisamoto (1471–1497) | Kampaku | 1497 | ||
| Ichijō Fuyuyoshi (1465–1514) | Kampaku | 1497–1501 | ||
| Emperor Go-Kashiwabara | ||||
| Kujō Hisatsune (1469–1530) | Kampaku | 1501–1513 | ||
| Konoe Hisamichi (1472–1544) | Kampaku | 1513–1514 | ||
| Takatsukasa Kanesuke (1480–1552) | Kampaku | 1514–1518 | ||
| Nijō Korefusa (1496–1551) | Kampaku | 1518–1525 | ||
| Konoe Taneie (1503–1566) | Kampaku | 1525–1533 | ||
| Emperor Go-Nara | ||||
| Kujō Tanemichi (1507–1594) | Kampaku | 1533–1534 | ||
| Nijō Korefusa (1496–1551) | Kampaku | 1534–1536 | ||
| Konoe Taneie (1503–1566) | Kampaku | 1536–1542 | ||
| Takatsukasa Tadafuyu (1509–1546) | Kampaku | 1542–1545 | ||
| Ichijō Fusamichi (1509–1556) | Kampaku | 1545–1548 | ||
| Nijō Haruyoshi (1526–1579) | Kampaku | 1548–1553 | ||
| Ichijō Kanefuyu (1529–1554) | Kampaku | 1553–1554 | ||
| Konoe Sakihisa (1536–1612) | Kampaku | 1554–1568 | ||
| Emperor Ōgimachi | ||||
| Nijō Haruyoshi (1526–1579) | Kampaku | 1568–1578 | ||
| Kujō Kanetaka (1553–1636) | Kampaku | 1578–1581 | ||
| Ichijō Uchimoto (1548–1611) | Kampaku | 1581–1585 | ||
| Nijō Akizane (1556–1619) | Kampaku | 1585 | ||
| Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1538–1598) | Kampaku | 1585–1591 | ||
| Emperor Go-Yōzei | ||||
| Toyotomi Hidetsugu (1568–1595) | Kampaku | 1591–1595 | ||
| Kujō Kanetaka (1553–1636) | Kampaku | 1600–1604 | ||
| Konoe Nobutada (1565–1614) | Kampaku | 1605–1606 | ||
| Takatsukasa Nobufusa (1565–1658) | Kampaku | 1606–1608 | ||
| Kujō Yukiie (1586–1665) | Kampaku | 1608–1612 | ||
| Emperor Go-Mizunoo | ||||
| Takatsukasa Nobuhisa (1590–1621) | Kampaku | 1612–1615 | ||
| Nijō Akizane (1556–1619) | Kampaku | 1615–1619 | ||
| Kujō Yukiie (1586–1665) | Kampaku | 1619–1623 | ||
| Konoe Nobuhiro (1599–1649) | Kampaku | 1623–1629 | ||
| Ichijō Akiyoshi (1605–1672) | Kampaku | 1629 | ||
| Sesshō | 1629–1635 | Empress Meishō | ||
| Nijō Yasumichi (1607–1666) | Sesshō | 1635–1647 | ||
| Emperor Go-Kōmyō | ||||
| Kujō Michifusa (1609–1647) | Sesshō | 1647 | ||
| Ichijō Akiyoshi (1605–1672) | Sesshō | 1647 | ||
| Kampaku | 1647–1651 | |||
| Konoe Hisatsugu (1622–1653) | Kampaku | 1651–1653 | ||
| Nijō Mitsuhira (1624–1682) | Kampaku | 1653–1663 | ||
| Emperor Go-Sai | ||||
| Sesshō | 1663–1664 | Emperor Reigen | ||
| Takatsukasa Fusasuke (1637–1700) | Sesshō | 1664–1668 | ||
| Kampaku | 1668–1682 | |||
| Ichijō Kaneteru (1652–1705) | Kampaku | 1682–1687 | ||
| Sesshō | 1687–1689 | Emperor Higashiyama | ||
| Kampaku | 1689–1690 | |||
| Konoe Motohiro (1648–1722) | Kampaku | 1690–1703 | ||
| Takatsukasa Kanehiro (1659–1725) | Kampaku | 1703–1707 | ||
| Konoe Iehiro (1667–1736) | Kampaku | 1707–1709 | ||
| Sesshō | 1709–1712 | Emperor Nakamikado | ||
| Kujō Sukezane (1669–1729) | Sesshō | 1712–1716 | ||
| Kampaku | 1716–1722 | |||
| Nijō Tsunahira (1672–1732) | Kampaku | 1722–1726 | ||
| Konoe Iehisa (1687–1737) | Kampaku | 1726–1736 | ||
| Emperor Sakuramachi | ||||
| Nijō Yoshitada (1689–1737) | Kampaku | 1736–1737 | ||
| Ichijō Kaneka (1692–1751) | Kampaku | 1737–1746 | ||
| Ichijō Michika (1722–1769) | Kampaku | 1746–1747 | ||
| Sesshō | 1747–1755 | Emperor Momozono | ||
| Kampaku | 1755–1757 | |||
| Konoe Uchisaki (1728–1785) | Kampaku | 1757–1762 | ||
| Sesshō | 1762–1772 | Empress Go-Sakuramachi | ||
| Emperor Go-Momozono | ||||
| Kampaku | 1772–1778 | |||
| Kujō Naozane (1717–1787) | Kampaku | 1778–1779 | ||
| Sesshō | 1779–1785 | Emperor Kōkaku | ||
| Kampaku | 1785–1787 | |||
| Takatsukasa Sukehira (1738–1819) | Kampaku | 1787–1791 | ||
| Ichijō Teruyoshi (1756–1795) | Kampaku | 1791–1795 | ||
| Takatsukasa Masahiro (1761–1841) | Kampaku | 1795–1814 | ||
| Ichijō Tadayoshi (1774–1837) | Kampaku | 1814–1823 | ||
| Emperor Ninkō | ||||
| Takatsukasa Masamichi (1789–1868) | Kampaku | 1823–1856 | ||
| Emperor Kōmei | ||||
| Kujō Hisatada (1798–1871) | Kampaku | 1856–1862 | ||
| Konoe Tadahiro (1808–1898) | Kampaku | 1862–1863 | ||
| Takatsukasa Sukehiro (1807–1878) | Kampaku | 1863 | ||
| Nijō Nariyuki (1816–1878) | Kampaku | 1863–1866 | ||
| Sesshō | 1867–1868 | Emperor Meiji | ||
| Crown Prince Hirohito (1901–1989) | Sesshō | 1921–1926 | Emperor Taishō |
See also edit
Citations edit
- ^ a b (in Japanese). Tomonokai. 19 July 2015. Archived from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
- ^ (in Japanese). Yahoo News. 4 January 2024. Archived from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
- ^ (in Japanese). Kotobank. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
- ^ (in Japanese). kotobank. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
- ^ (in Japanese). Nikkei Business. 14 January 2017. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
- ^ (in Japanese). The Asahi Shimbun. 24 September 2023. Archived from the original on 29 February 2024. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
- ^ ネケト. (in Japanese). JP. Archived from the original on 2004-08-27. Retrieved 2007-09-20.
- ^ 『藤氏家伝』上に「（斉明天皇）悉以庶務、委皇太子。皇太子毎事諮決、然後施行」とあることによる。
- ^ 『日本書紀』天武天皇10年2月25日条に「立草壁皇子尊、為皇太子。因以令摂万機」とあることによる。
- ^ Brown & Ishida 1979, p. 286.
- ^ Titsingh 1834, p. 132, https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA132,M1.
- ^ Titsingh 1834, p. 142, https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP142&dq=.
- ^ Titsingh 1834, p. 145, https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP145&dq=.
- ^ Titsingh 1834, p. 160, https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP160&dq=;.
- ^ Titsingh 1834, p. 229.
- ^ Titsingh 1834, pp. 229–36.
- ^ Titsingh 1834, p. 236.
- ^ Titsingh 1834, p. 238.
- ^ Titsingh 1834, p. 239.
- ^ Titsingh 1834, p. 297.
General references edit
- Brown, Delmer M; Ishida, Ichirō, eds. (1979) [Jien, c. 1220], Gukanshō [The Future and the Past, a translation and study of […] an interpretative history of Japan written in 1219], Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-03460-0
- Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834) [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652], Nipon o daï itsi ran [Annales des empereurs du Japon] (in French), Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland, OCLC 84067437.