Emperor Ninkō (仁孝天皇, Ninkō-tennō, 16 March 1800 – 21 February 1846) was the 120th Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.[1][2] Ninkō's reign spanned the years from 1817 until his death in 1846, and saw further deterioration of the power of the ruling Shōgun.[3] Disasters, which included famine, combined with corruption and increasing Western interference, helped to erode public trust in the bakufu government. Emperor Ninkō attempted to revive certain court rituals and practices upon the wishes of his father. However, it is unknown what role, if any, the Emperor had in the turmoil which occurred during his reign. His family included fifteen children from various concubines, but only three of them lived to adulthood. His fourth son, Imperial Prince Osahito became the next Emperor upon Ninkō's death in 1846. While political power at the time still resided with the Shōgun, the beginnings of the Bakumatsu (end of military government) were at hand.
Before Ninkō's ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (imina) was Ayahito (恵仁).[4] He was born on 16 March 1800 and was the fourth son of Emperor Kōkaku. He was the only child of sixteen others to survive into adulthood. Ayahito was named as crown prince in 1809, having been adopted by his father's chief wife Imperial Princess Yoshiko (欣子内親王), also known as Shin-Seiwa-in (新清和院). His birth mother was one of his father's concubines named Kajyūji Tadako (勧修寺婧子).
Reign
Prince Ayahito was enthroned as Emperor on 31 October 1817, after his father retired from the throne. Following his father the Retired Emperor's wishes, he attempted to revive certain court rituals and practices. These included, among other things, restoring the title tennō, which identified the Emperor. Among Ninkō's innovations was the establishment of the Gakushūsho (the predecessor of the Gakushūin) for the Court Nobility just outside the Imperial Palace. One major event during his reign was the Tenpō famine which lasted from 1833 to 1837. The famine was most severe in northern Honshū and was caused by flooding and cold weather.[5] Ninkō's reign also saw some deterioration of the Shōgun's power. The Tenpō famine and other concurring natural disasters hit hard, and shook the faith of the people in the ruling Shōgun. In 1837, Ōshio Heihachirō led a revolt in Osaka against corrupt officials who refused to help feed the impoverished residents of the city. That same year also had an incident take place where an American merchant vessel was driven away by coastal artillery. While order was eventually restored, long term resentment resonated with the commoners against the ruling government. It is unclear though what role, if any, the Emperor played during this period of unrest.
The years of Ninkō's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.[3] While Kugyō (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted.
Emperor Ninkō's family included 7 sons and 8 daughters from various concubines, but only the future Emperor Komei (Komei-tennō), Princess Sumiko (Sumiko-naishinnō) and Princess Chikako (Chikako-naishinnō) survived beyond childhood.[8]
Spouse
Position
Name
Birth
Death
Father
Issue
Kōgō
Takatsukasa Tsunako (鷹司繋子) later Shinkokamon'in (新皇嘉門院)
^Bolitho, Harold (1989). "Chapter 2: The Tempō Crisis". In Jansen, Marius (ed.). The Nineteenth Century: Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. p. 118. ISBN0-521-22356-3.
Meyer, Eva-Maria. (1999). Japans Kaiserhof in der Edo-Zeit: unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Jahre 1846 bis 1867. Münster: LIT Verlag. ISBN978-3-8258-3939-0; OCLC 42041594
Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN978-0-231-04940-5; OCLC 59145842
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This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Emperor Ninkō news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message Emperor Ninkō 仁孝天皇 Ninkō tennō 16 March 1800 21 February 1846 was the 120th Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession 1 2 Ninkō s reign spanned the years from 1817 until his death in 1846 and saw further deterioration of the power of the ruling Shōgun 3 Disasters which included famine combined with corruption and increasing Western interference helped to erode public trust in the bakufu government Emperor Ninkō attempted to revive certain court rituals and practices upon the wishes of his father However it is unknown what role if any the Emperor had in the turmoil which occurred during his reign His family included fifteen children from various concubines but only three of them lived to adulthood His fourth son Imperial Prince Osahito became the next Emperor upon Ninkō s death in 1846 While political power at the time still resided with the Shōgun the beginnings of the Bakumatsu end of military government were at hand Emperor Ninkō仁孝天皇Emperor of JapanReign7 May 1817 21 February 1846Enthronement31 October 1817PredecessorKōkakuSuccessorKōmeiShōgunsSee list Tokugawa IenariTokugawa IeyoshiBornAyahito 恵仁 1800 03 16 16 March 1800Tokugawa shogunateDied21 February 1846 1846 02 21 aged 45 Kyoto Kyoto Prefecture Tokugawa shogunateBurialTsuki no wa no misasagi 後月輪陵 KyotoSpouseTakatsukasa Tsunako Takatsukasa YasukoIssuemore Princess Sumiko Emperor Kōmei Princess KazuPosthumous nameChinese style shigō Emperor Ninkō 仁孝天皇 HouseImperial House of JapanFatherEmperor KōkakuMotherKajyuji TadakoReligionShintoSignature Contents 1 Events of Ninkō s life 1 1 Early life 1 2 Reign 2 Eras and Kugyō 3 Genealogy 3 1 Spouse 3 2 Concubines 3 3 Issue 4 Ancestry 5 Notes 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksEvents of Ninkō s life EditEarly life Edit Before Ninkō s ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne his personal name imina was Ayahito 恵仁 4 He was born on 16 March 1800 and was the fourth son of Emperor Kōkaku He was the only child of sixteen others to survive into adulthood Ayahito was named as crown prince in 1809 having been adopted by his father s chief wife Imperial Princess Yoshiko 欣子内親王 also known as Shin Seiwa in 新清和院 His birth mother was one of his father s concubines named Kajyuji Tadako 勧修寺婧子 Reign Edit Prince Ayahito was enthroned as Emperor on 31 October 1817 after his father retired from the throne Following his father the Retired Emperor s wishes he attempted to revive certain court rituals and practices These included among other things restoring the title tennō which identified the Emperor Among Ninkō s innovations was the establishment of the Gakushusho the predecessor of the Gakushuin for the Court Nobility just outside the Imperial Palace One major event during his reign was the Tenpō famine which lasted from 1833 to 1837 The famine was most severe in northern Honshu and was caused by flooding and cold weather 5 Ninkō s reign also saw some deterioration of the Shōgun s power The Tenpō famine and other concurring natural disasters hit hard and shook the faith of the people in the ruling Shōgun In 1837 Ōshio Heihachirō led a revolt in Osaka against corrupt officials who refused to help feed the impoverished residents of the city That same year also had an incident take place where an American merchant vessel was driven away by coastal artillery While order was eventually restored long term resentment resonated with the commoners against the ruling government It is unclear though what role if any the Emperor played during this period of unrest Emperor Ninkō died on 21 February 1846 and was enshrined in the Imperial mausoleum Nochi no Tsukinowa no Higashiyama no misasagi 後月輪東山陵 which is at Sennyu ji in Higashiyama ku Kyoto Also enshrined in Tsuki no wa no misasagi at Sennyu ji are this Emperor s immediate Imperial predecessors since Emperor Go Mizunoo Meishō Go Kōmyō Go Sai Reigen Higashiyama Nakamikado Sakuramachi Momozono Go Sakuramachi Go Momozono and Kōkaku The shrine complex also encompasses the misasagi of Ninkō s immediate successor Kōmei 6 Empress Dowager Yoshikō is also entombed at this Imperial mausoleum complex 7 Eras and Kugyō EditThe years of Ninkō s reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō 3 While Kugyō 公卿 is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre Meiji eras Even during those years in which the court s actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal the hierarchic organization persisted The following eras occurred during Ninkō s reign Bunka 1804 1818 Bunsei 1818 1830 Tenpō 1830 1844 Kōka 1844 1848 During Ninkō s reign this apex of the Daijō kan included Kampaku Ichijō Tadayoshi 1814 1823 Kampaku Takatsukasa Masamichi 1823 1856 Sadaijin Udaijin Naidaijin DainagonGenealogy EditEmperor Ninkō s family included 7 sons and 8 daughters from various concubines but only the future Emperor Komei Komei tennō Princess Sumiko Sumiko naishinnō and Princess Chikako Chikako naishinnō survived beyond childhood 8 Spouse Edit Position Name Birth Death Father IssueKōgō Takatsukasa Tsunako 鷹司繋子 later Shinkokamon in 新皇嘉門院 1798 1823 Takatsukasa Masahiro First Son Imperial Prince Yasuhito First daughter Princess Jihishin inNyōgo Takatsukasa Yasuko 鷹司祺子 later Shinsakuheimon in 新朔平門院 1811 1847 Takatsukasa Masahiro Fourth Daughter Princess Maninshu inConcubines Edit Name Birth Death Father IssueOgimachi Naoko 正親町雅子 later Shintaikemon in 新待賢門院 1803 1856 Ogimachi Sanemitsu Second Son Prince Yo Fourth Son Imperial Prince Osahito later Emperor Komei Sixth Son Imperial Prince Katsura no Miya Misahito Seventh Daughter Princess KyoKanroji Kiyoko 甘露寺妍子 1806 1861 Kanroji Kuninaga Second Daughter Princess Nori Third Daughter Imperial Princess Katsura no Miya Sumiko Third Son San no miya Fifth Daughter Princess So Sixth Daughter Princess TsuneHashimoto Tsuneko 橋本経子 later Kangyou in 観行院 1826 1865 Hashimoto Sanehisa Eighth Daughter Imperial Princess Kazu no miya Chikako Seventh Prince Prince TaneNakayama Isako 中山績子 1795 1875 Nakayama Naruchika NoneImaki Haruko 今城媋子 1809 1875 Imaki Sadanori Fifth son Prince Jōjakkō inIssue Edit Status Name Birth Death Mother Marriage Issue01 First Son Imperial Prince Yasuhito 安仁親王 1820 1821 Takatsukasa Tsunako 01 First Daughter Princess Jihishin in 慈悲心院宮 Stillbirth 1823 1823 Takatsukasa Tsunako 02 Second Son Prince Yo 鎔宮 1825 1826 Ogimachi Naoko 02 Second Daughter Princess Nori 成宮 1825 1826 Kanroji Kiyoko 03 Third Daughter Imperial Princess Katsura no Miya Sumiko 桂宮淑子内親王 1829 1881 Kanroji Kiyoko 04 Fourth Daughter Princess Maninshu in 摩尼珠院宮 1829 1831 Takatsukasa Yasuko 03 Third Son San no miya 三宮 1830 1831 Kanroji Kiyoko 04 Fourth Son Imperial Prince Osahito 統仁親王 Emperor Komei 1831 1867 Ogimachi Naoko Asako Kujō Mutsuhito05 Fifth son Prince Jōjakkō in 常寂光院宮 Stillbirth 1832 1832 Imaki Haruko 05 Fifth Daughter Princess So 総宮 1832 1833 Kanroji Kiyoko 06 Sixth Son Imperial Prince Katsura no Miya Misahito 桂宮節仁親王 1833 1836 Ogimachi Naoko 06 Sixth Daughter Princess Tsune 経宮 Stillbirth 1836 1836 Kanroji Kiyoko 07 Seventh Daughter Princess Kyo 恭宮 1837 1838 Ogimachi Naoko 07 Seventh Son Prince Tane 胤宮 1844 1845 Hashimoto Tsuneko 08 Eighth Daughter Imperial Princess Kazu no miya Chikako 和宮親子内親王 1846 1877 Hashimoto Tsuneko Tokugawa Iemochi Tokugawa IesatoAncestry Edit 9 Ancestors of Emperor Ninkō8 Prince of the Blood Kan in no miya Naohito 1704 1753 4 Prince of the Blood Kan in no miya Sukehito 1733 1794 9 Itō2 Emperor Kōkaku 1771 1840 10 Iwamuro Sōken 1713 1792 5 Ōe Iwashiro 1744 1813 11 Rin1 Emperor Ninkō12 Kanshuji Akimichi 1717 1756 6 Kanshuji Tsunehaya 1748 1805 13 Inaba3 Kanshuji Tadako 1780 1843 Notes Edit Japanese Imperial kamon a stylized chrysanthemum blossom Imperial Household Agency Kunaichō 仁孝天皇 120 Ponsonby Fane Richard 1959 The Imperial House of Japan pp 122 123 a b Titsingh Isaac 1834 Annales des empereurs du japon p 421 Ponsonby Fane p 10 Titsingh p 421 Bolitho Harold 1989 Chapter 2 The Tempō Crisis In Jansen Marius ed The Nineteenth Century Cambridge History of Japan Vol 5 Cambridge University Press p 118 ISBN 0 521 22356 3 Ponsonby Fane p 423 Ponsonby Fane pp 333 334 Ponsonby Fane p 123 Genealogy Reichsarchiv in Japanese Retrieved 19 January 2018 See also EditEmperor of Japan List of Emperors of Japan Imperial cult Modern system of ranked Shinto ShrinesReferences EditMeyer Eva Maria 1999 Japans Kaiserhof in der Edo Zeit unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Jahre 1846 bis 1867 Munster LIT Verlag ISBN 978 3 8258 3939 0 OCLC 42041594 Ponsonby Fane Richard Arthur Brabazon 1959 The Imperial House of Japan Kyoto Ponsonby Memorial Society OCLC 194887 Titsingh Isaac 1834 Nihon Ōdai Ichiran ou Annales des empereurs du Japon Paris Royal Asiatic Society Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland OCLC 5850691 Varley H Paul 1980 Jinnō Shōtōki A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns New York Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 231 04940 5 OCLC 59145842External links EditKazu No Miya ChikakoRegnal titlesPreceded byEmperor Kōkaku Emperor of Japan Ninkō1817 1846 Succeeded byEmperor Kōmei Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Emperor Ninkō amp oldid 1148069778, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
