This article or section should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{lang}}, {{transliteration}} for transliterated languages, and {{IPA}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate ISO 639 code. Wikipedia's multilingual support templates may also be used.See why.(July 2021)
Sepik–Ramu would consist of a hundred languages of the Sepik and Ramu river basins of northern Papua New Guinea, but spoken by only 200,000 people in all. The languages tend to have simple phonologies, with few consonants or vowels and usually no tones.
The best known Sepik–Ramu language is Iatmül. The most populous are Iatmül's fellow Ndu languages Abelam and Boiken, with about 35,000 speakers apiece.
Malcolm Ross and William A. Foley separately re-evaluated the Sepik–Ramu hypothesis in 2005. They both found no evidence that it forms a valid family. However, all of the constituent branches, except for Yuat within Ramu, remain individually valid in his evaluation. Ross links Nor–Pondo to Ramu in a Ramu–Lower Sepik proposal, places Leonhard Schultze (tentatively broken up into Walio and Papi) within an extended Sepik family, and treats Yuat and Taiap as independent families.
^Laycock, D. C. and Z'graggen, John A. 1975. The Sepik-Ramu Phylum. In Wurm, S.A. (ed.), Papuan Languages and the New Guinea Linguistic Scene, New Guinea Area Languages and Language Study 1, 729-763. Australian National University.
^Foley, William A. (2018). "The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 197–432. ISBN978-3-11-028642-7.
^ abcdeFoley, William A. (2005). "Linguistic prehistory in the Sepik-Ramu basin". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 109–144. ISBN0858835622. OCLC 67292782.
^Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.
^ abUsher, Timothy (2020). "New Guinea World". Retrieved 2020-12-31.
^Kulick, Don; Terrill, Angela (2019). A Grammar and Dictionary of Tayap: The Life and Death of a Papuan Language. Pacific Linguistics 661. Boston/Berlin: Walter de Gruyter Inc. ISBN9781501512209.
August 06, 2023
sepik, ramu, languages, this, article, section, should, specify, language, english, content, using, lang, transliteration, transliterated, languages, phonetic, transcriptions, with, appropriate, code, wikipedia, multilingual, support, templates, also, used, ju. This article or section should specify the language of its non English content using lang transliteration for transliterated languages and IPA for phonetic transcriptions with an appropriate ISO 639 code Wikipedia s multilingual support templates may also be used See why July 2021 The Sepik Ramu languages are an obsolete language family of New Guinea linking the Sepik Ramu Nor Pondo Lower Sepik Leonhard Schultze Walio Papi and Yuat families together with the Taiap language isolate and proposed by Donald Laycock and John Z graggen in 1975 1 Sepik Ramu obsolete GeographicdistributionNew GuineaLinguistic classificationProposed language familySubdivisionsSepik Ramu Nor Pondo Leonhard Schultze Walio Papi TayapGlottologNoneSepik Ramu would consist of a hundred languages of the Sepik and Ramu river basins of northern Papua New Guinea but spoken by only 200 000 people in all The languages tend to have simple phonologies with few consonants or vowels and usually no tones The best known Sepik Ramu language is Iatmul The most populous are Iatmul s fellow Ndu languages Abelam and Boiken with about 35 000 speakers apiece Malcolm Ross and William A Foley separately re evaluated the Sepik Ramu hypothesis in 2005 They both found no evidence that it forms a valid family However all of the constituent branches except for Yuat within Ramu remain individually valid in his evaluation Ross links Nor Pondo to Ramu in a Ramu Lower Sepik proposal places Leonhard Schultze tentatively broken up into Walio and Papi within an extended Sepik family and treats Yuat and Taiap as independent families Contents 1 Classification 1 1 Ethnologue 1 2 Foley 2018 2 Lexical comparison 3 See also 4 ReferencesClassification EditEthnologue Edit This list is a mirror of the classification in Ethnologue 15 Sepik Ramu phylum based on Laycock 1973 Taiap isolate Leonhard Schultze stock Walio family 4 languages Papi family 2 languages Nor Pondo stock 6 languages Ramu subphylum 37 languages Ramu superstock 29 languages Grass stock 5 languages Arafundi family 2 languages Annaberg stock 3 languages Ruboni stock 8 languages Ottilien family Misegian family Goam stock 11 languages Ataitan family Tamolan family Yuat Langam superstock 13 languages Mongol Langam family Yuat Maramba stock Maramba isolate unattested Yuat family Sepik subphylum 50 languages see subclassification at that article Foley 2018 Edit Uncontroversially coherent subgroups accepted by Foley 2018 are 2 Sepik 11 groups Ndu Middle Sepik Nukuma Middle Sepik Yerakai Middle Sepik Yellow River Middle Sepik Tama Sepik Hill Ram Wogamus Upper Sepik Iwam Upper Sepik Abau Upper Sepik Amal Ramu 5 groups Middle Ramu Tamolan Ataitan Tanggu Ottilien Misegian GrassLower SepikLeonhard Schultze Walio Papi Walio PapiYuatTaiapLexical comparison EditBelow is a comparison of proto Ndu proto Lower Sepik and proto Ottilien reconstructed by and listed in Foley 2005 3 gloss proto Ndu proto Lower Sepik proto Ottilienman person ntɨw nor namotwater ŋkɨw arɨmfire ya awr s u eksun ɲa ra u moon mpapmɨw m w il ker v ibreast mɨwɲ nɨŋgay mɨrtooth nɨmpɨy sisiŋk nda r bone ape sariŋamp ɣartongue tɨkŋa minɨŋ mi m eye mɨyR tambri remeaknose tam w e ŋgumleg man namuŋk or ear wan kwand name cɨ ɣipig mp w al numpran rekemsnake kampwey wakɨn ndopmosquito kɨvɨy naŋgun ŋgiteat kɨ am b ambgo yɨ wa saŋgcome ya ya kɨpsit re sa mbirakstand rap m tikone nek mb w ia kakutwo ri pa mbuniŋthree ramDue to its highly divergent lexicon Foley does not classify Sepik with Lower Sepik and Ramu The lexical data below is from the Trans New Guinea database 4 Foley 2005 3 and Usher 2020 for Proto Arafundi 5 Body parts family language head hair ear eye nose tooth tongue leg blood bone skin breastTrans New Guinea Proto Trans New Guinea kobutu kV mb p utu mUtUna mVtVna iti nd s umu n t V zumun ka nd t i e C kat i e C tVmV d g a u mu ŋg a u mu ŋg k iti maŋgV nVpV mundu mutu magata maŋgat a titi balaŋ mbilaŋ me l n e me n l e kani n k a o ond a o C kitu ke nj s a kesa kondaC kwata l n gatapu ŋg k a nd t apu amuYade Nagatiman ʌsu ʌsʌǏahuᵽa ahuǏuʔ na ba yɛlu aǏiziʔ wi nuʔ ɛlɛ b u zib uʔ ma baBusa Odiai owuna etete dinʌ dena wʌti wuti dʌgʌrʌ aɔ ab uwibʌ tati naAmto Musan Amto twae twae iwɔ ye mo ni i haene hʌne nʌkei hae ka neAmto Musan Siawi nani nanigi eʔ mene Ǐimʌ ʔi hanɛ harʔ harʔ ʔaoko neLeft May Bo kʌmi kʌmsiya kɔ mʌǏo ki ki lɛsɛ kwo mutuk tʌpɔ nɔWalio Yawiyo Wosawari dialect tipafu yei afe nimau tɩmʌsi nʌfe tanotai teyuowa ihuwa toefahewa mamaPapi Papi auwiyu arupisi mʌgʌnaba sunweyo tʌnipɔku sʋmunu sakeyo taneke naikʌmio pʌsiyae abiyaiɔSepik Abau Abau makwe nwek nane nanɛ kasan nas sane sanɛ sune sunɛ nyoh ayo i ohi muSepik Iwam Iwam mu wun nu nomwos piknu kwane werku wɨrku ni keew kew pew muySepik Wogamusin Chenapian Chenapian toapᵒ tuwap taoɛnavon taunabon gwabuo ugwabe dzinano ǰinino mɨnɨk munɩk diu duɨʔ taun ton soʷanaup sonawep ne nᵊe dza ǰa bɩn bon mu muʔSepik Tama Yessan Mayo tara wan la le raŋkɨ raŋki ler lir tawle towa ware nap yaha was mu mukwSepik Ram Pouye nouraka maroalaka nowar woloke piyapa lalemu lale aywi lake nepyei muySepik Yellow River Namia magu mak eno nemala nɨmala pinarɨ pinare lar li lipala nore lak urare muSepik Ndu Proto Ndu 3 wan mɨyR tam w e nɨmpɨy tɨkŋa man ape mɨwɲSepik Nukuma Kwoma masek fu mabiya mi miyi sumojɨ sumwonj pu tarekwi kwunja tarekwoy ya te yati pi apo hapa mampe muk mukuSepik Sanio Saniyo Hiyewe tu worɛ siyaʔi mato towe tutowe apahɛ apaniyɛ nihe nihɛ ɛrɛme ɛrɛmɛ pi sorowɛ soruwɛ lowe rowɛ fisa i fisaʔi paʔare pa arɛ tahɛ mo u moʔuSepik Bahinemo Bahinemo thu thunʌba bʌsiya niya sɛkʌnɩ pi thɔlu lowa mahele hʌbi thʌbi mosuSepik Alamblak Alamblak mʌbogath mɛ ƀɨǥatʰ tʰɨ maʀ c tʌmarts tʰɨ maʀ s yimbɣindang yɩmbɨǥin daŋgɨtʰ yɩmbʌlindangʌm ɲinga ɲiŋgaʀ ningaw hʰusɨ ɨtʰ khusɩmʌth kʰucɨmɨtʰ kusm bɩ cɛ tʰ biʃe bɩ sɛ tʰ bɩsʌm tor torkh tʰoʀ tʰ wʌlat wɷ ratʰ wura khukhupam kɨ kʰupʰam thʌphim tɨ pɩʀ tɨpi tʰɨ ǥatʰ thʌkhath mingam miŋatʰ niŋgamTayap Tayap 6 kokir kokɨrŋgrɨt neke ŋgino raw rewi malɨt ndow and nɨŋg toto minPiawi Haruai Wiyaw dialect jeʥ ᵊ mat ɑ jeʥ ᵊˈϕan ɾ ɨmɨnt ɕ momakʰ haŋi etʰ andzᵊmakᵡ alᵊ bʌɲ ϕa letʰ haɲ jantʰ jɩmaɤ wɨɲ kauPiawi Pinai Hagahai Aramo dialect iʥ ue xe iˌʥ ime da jɛn waϕe mɛmɛʥ e mage nama ge ˌjɛd ʑɩ mage su e sye he dame si ga ja jɛ de wɩ ɲi a huArafundi Proto Arafundi 5 kopa tum a kund a pok kandz a taTumat a panamb a kombet jekimb a kumb a tut a ji t s Yuat Biwat fop fopeh fufuimaivi fufuimaye tuanhe tundu siketeh sipta gerekeh ŋerek andu andusivahe be behe gambang geambangeh amberaeh ambra amfuva amfuvaheh gamfuin iaveteh meru meruheYuat Kyenele Miyak dialect ᵽop fusibɩľu tandu sɩpʰala nʌnɛlɩŋ ŋandu mpe ŋgambaŋ ambala amᵽuwa nᵽɩsakʰ miruLower Sepik Proto Lower Sepik 3 kwand kwandum tambri sisiŋk sisiŋk minɨŋ minɨŋk namuŋk ya ya r sariŋamp nɨŋgay nɨŋkayRamu Ambakich Arango dialect katʃi katʃokei ker dun kɨpɨ aur mil brip sin karatʃ okanɨk oɾitʃRamu Proto Watam Awar Gamay 3 kwar remeak ŋgum nda r mi m or ɣar mɨrNature family language louse dog pig bird egg tree sun moon water fire stone pathTrans New Guinea Proto Trans New Guinea niman n e i n e i n e i yak yaka i yanem maŋgV munaka mun a u ka ida inda inja kamali kamuli ketana kal a i m kamali takVn takVn V nok n ok ok u ok V inda k a e dap k a e n d ap kambu k a o nd a u p kamb a u na na muna na munaYade Nagatiman mibaʔ kaliʔ gǏɛǏiʔ pʋlɛʔ kah ti tuʔ ahuz iʔ anɩziʔ arʌgɛʔBusa Odiai amo inʌri waru wʌnʌ mʌiyʌ nda ani bitɔ tiAmto Musan Amto nanu hɔ ma ai ai amɩ wi mari tipeki moAmto Musan Siawi nani so kinʌdiʔ ʔai iǏɔ ameʔ wi maǏi tʌbɛki monoLeft May Bo ka nari ᵽu wɔ wɔi ka ʔu ta tʌpʌki keri kʌriWalio Yawiyo Wosawari dialect dibafuyei ifau ivau ami ami auma aumufu yanu utlauwe tanuwa tiyami tab iya efʌmowaPapi Papi arupɩsɩ agabu tʌmaub o ɔb ɔ ɔ sani usouyo na b ʌkʌ arukowa riku tab iyaio pʌbriyaioSepik Abau Abau mapru nwɔf nwɔhɔ fwok ahnɛ ne no nɔw e ey yen yeny fu hu ya menySepik Iwam Iwam ŋen nɨn nwa hu owit yen pae kap paykap pi pwan op o p pay siyaSepik Wogamusin Chenapian Chenapian damian demiaʔ gwara ogwara kᵘo ku dzɛosiʔ ǰɛosi noe ṣⁱu no mentep montoap dzabɨn ǰaƀan nu dzoʔ ǰoʔ un nogɛrao noguaro uniSepik Tama Yessan Mayo nɨ ni wala for ap yen yɨn me yabel yampel lup lɨyf ok okw k er ker paSepik Ram Pouye nipikem aukwe yio ware tau taliye yalma you tapo tɨlSepik Yellow River Namia nanpeu ar ara lwae eyu puna mi wuluwa yem ijo ito ipi lijeiSepik Ndu Proto Ndu r wac mp w al mɨy ɲa mpapmɨw ŋkɨw yaSepik Nukuma Kwoma neke nɨka asa buri poyi apu apo bey mpei me ya noweka nɨwɨka uku hi hi papaSepik Sanio Saniyo Hiyewe nɛmɛ yo you fe irowɛ iruwɛ hotɛ me mɛ poɔyuɛ poweyɛ yamɛ yamɛ sa i saʔi yɛhɛ tapiyɛSepik Bahinemo Bahinemo nʌmu yo fa wabo wabo mu mi tɩniya yamal hagi ya baSepik Alamblak Alamblak nem nɛ mɨtʰ nʌmo yauʀ ʸ yawi yawu ᵽɛ gɨʀ fagʌr feɣ nongwar nugwaʀ fɣa fokam ᵽo ǥat mᵼc mim mᵼs mɨy mar marɨʀ yam yamɨtʰ yamʌth bukbam bupʰam bu pam kaɣ kʰaǥɨtʰ khaxth s taxim yɨ ǥotʸoǥatʰTayap Tayap kɨkrikɨ pakɨnd nje mbor tam naŋa nɨm arawer karep awin otar moŋapat njiŋai ŋawmbɨ nderPiawi Haruai Wiyaw dialect jɩm waɲa han jaʷer jaur mɩntɕ bɨ naijʌ r ʌn ɾ a bʌ ɾ ᵼn ɾ ɩgɨ ganɨmϕPiawi Pinai Hagahai Aramo dialect i mɤd ʑi wɛ ɲa jɛ nɤ jau the jau t umu si mɤ na ɽe ma sɔ kɷne gɯ ɲa bɤ ɽɩ ge diedeArafundi Proto Arafundi emuŋg tawa m mb jat kenet mund a jes kVjom kepa jomb jamb naŋgumYuat Biwat uta utaeh ken kenhe vereh vre kaok kaokhek momoateh mumuat mung mungeh va vaeh mumere mumereh mam mumeh mehen men ghateh yiak maikua miakuaheYuat Kyenele Miyak dialect wututʰoma gɛn ƀeǏe wanma wanmuma mi ƀanma ŋgɨŋat maŋam mɨn mɨndɩm maytLower Sepik Proto Lower Sepik nam numpran awŋ awŋk y uw an sɨnmari m w il m w il arɨm awr aw rRamu Ambakich Arango dialect ɛwar ɛrɛl ksu gumai mimo ondɨr ɛmɩm bran amɨ an mɨndɨr duwanRamu Proto Watam Awar Gamay rekem ŋgwarak ra u ker v i s u ekMiscellaneous family language man woman name eat one twoTrans New Guinea Proto Trans New Guinea abV ambi panV pan V ibi imbi wani na na ta l t a e Yade Nagatiman mɩsɛʔ hiɛǏɛ zuwaʔ teǏɛʔBusa Odiai nutu tɔ muniʌren otutu tinʌnʌAmto Musan Amto kyu hama me ne ohu kiyaAAmto Musan Siawi yɛnokono ʔeǏo pe sʌmo himoloLeft May Bo nʌkʌ kwa sanoʔ sɔsɔ tisʌWalio Yawiyo Wosawari dialect to to i wa sauto afaʔunaru arʌsʌbau arʌfriPapi Papi sanoᵽo su bu opo akepo sunuboku suwʌbiyaioSepik Abau Abau lu or ur sa uru ra mun rin prisSepik Iwam Iwam kam yen kam wik n ai nd ai oe ruk su ŋwisSepik Wogamusin Chenapian Chenapian tama tamo tauwo tawo tamgu nar sⁱereʔ ǰⁱek nɛsi ṣiṣiSepik Tama Yessan Mayo tama tame ta a m wurɨ fesSepik Ram Pouye lamo tʔlum yikenSepik Yellow River Namia lu ere ilei t tipia peliSepik Ndu Proto Ndu ntiw cɨ kɨ nekSepik Nukuma Kwoma ma mi ma hi a pochi uprusSepik Sanio Saniyo Hiyewe mɛni mitaru taunɛ tawnɛ yapɛ aiyei asiyʌ hɛta i taʔi hɛsiSepik Bahinemo Bahinemo ɩma swani wufa diyaw dʌbatha husiSepik Alamblak Alamblak yima yi maʀ metɨtʰ7 metum yuƀatʰ yufa yufat fa ka kʰaɛ ʀ weyanum ye rɛphar rpa rɨpʰatʰ hutsif xociᵽ xosɩᵽTayap Tayap munje noŋor nomb a nambar mbatep senePiawi Haruai Wiyaw dialect nabʌ mʌ hʌmpʰ nɨm da waɲɩŋ geϕ jɩ mag jɩŋgʷʌPiawi Pinai Hagahai Aramo dialect na ba me ge nabamɩ he ˌmome dɛɽe a ge ˌhege nabema ɨArafundi Proto Arafundi nuŋgum nam membi a nembV kamin kondaminYuat Biwat foakpa fuakpahe arepa arepahe vu geh vuŋ ueh jiveh u u give nategeh natek arauu aravuehYuat Kyenele Miyak dialect aƀɷt miandu tsɛntsɛntsuƀa ŋaykʰʌkʰ aǏawinLower Sepik Proto Lower Sepik ŋay am am b mb w ia ri pa Ramu Ambakich Arango dialect kambo anatʃo dʒi mɨondɨmqam koŋ ondɨsɨno nuŋgunRamu Proto Watam Awar Gamay ɣi amb kaku mbuniŋSee also EditPapuan languages Northwest Papuan languagesReferences Edit Laycock D C and Z graggen John A 1975 The Sepik Ramu Phylum In Wurm S A ed Papuan Languages and the New Guinea Linguistic Scene New Guinea Area Languages and Language Study 1 729 763 Australian National University Foley William A 2018 The Languages of the Sepik Ramu Basin and Environs In Palmer Bill ed The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area A Comprehensive Guide The World of Linguistics Vol 4 Berlin De Gruyter Mouton pp 197 432 ISBN 978 3 11 028642 7 a b c d e Foley William A 2005 Linguistic prehistory in the Sepik Ramu basin In Andrew Pawley Robert Attenborough Robin Hide Jack Golson eds Papuan pasts cultural linguistic and biological histories of Papuan speaking peoples Canberra Pacific Linguistics pp 109 144 ISBN 0858835622 OCLC 67292782 Greenhill Simon 2016 TransNewGuinea org database of the languages of New Guinea Retrieved 2020 11 05 a b Usher Timothy 2020 New Guinea World Retrieved 2020 12 31 Kulick Don Terrill Angela 2019 A Grammar and Dictionary of Tayap The Life and Death of a Papuan Language Pacific Linguistics 661 Boston Berlin Walter de Gruyter Inc ISBN 9781501512209 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sepik Ramu languages amp oldid 1106175959, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
